Drug persistence in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases during a major economic crisis: results from a nationwide cross-sectional online survey.

To evaluate the drug persistence in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) during the current economic crisis in Lebanon and to estimate predictors of persistence. A nationwide multicentric cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire was conducted in Lebanon with patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRDs) and non-inflammatory RMDs controls between July and October 2022. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were categorized as conventional synthetic (cs), biological (b), subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV), and targeted synthetic (ts). Persistence was defined as "number of tablets or injections taken during the past month versus prescribed". The percentage of patients who discontinued or changed treatment due to cost or non-availability was reported. Factors associated with persistence were identified using multivariable linear regression. The study included 317 patients with RMDs (286 CIRDs); mean age 49.5 years, 68% females, 58% reporting currently low economic level. Persistence at one month was low for tsDMARDs (36%) and bDMARDs (SC55%, IV63%), and acceptable for csDMARDs (88%). A persistence ≥80% was found in 23.3% of patients on tsDMARDs, 42.9% on SC bDMARDs, 45.0% on IV bDMARDs, and 74.7% on csDMARDs. During the past 6 months, 55.8% of CIRD patients discontinued or changed treatment due to non-availability (45.3%) or cost (21.2%). Persistence was positively associated with finding alternative sources such as buying abroad (36%), depending on friends or families abroad (20%), charities (10%), and negatively associated with unemployment and low financial status. Persistence was significantly compromised for essential antirheumatic drugs and was mostly driven by treatment unavailability and cost.

A narrative review of illegal online pharmacies and contemporary issues with restricting FDA-approved medication access.

The rapid growth of technology has transformed the way the public purchases many products, including medications. Online medication purchasing has become a convenient and confidential route for patients to access healthcare without leaving their homes. Online pharmacies have many benefits but also present an increased risk for patient harm caused by unintentionally purchasing from illegal online pharmacies. Illegal online pharmacies are those that operate online without the requisite valid licenses or supply drugs not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As obtaining certain medications has become restricted, either due to policy or drug shortages, more patients are relying on services provided by Internet pharmacies. The overturning of Roe versus Wade has caused an emerging drug restriction that may coerce the public to turn to Internet pharmacies for purchasing medications. A narrative review was conducted to analyze both the past and present effects of medications sold by illegal online pharmacies to help recognize the implications of restricting access to FDA-approved medications. Several large science and health literature databases were searched to find relevant references. Resulting resources, which referenced the connection between restricting access to FDA-approved medications and the increase in illegal online sales, were included in this review. The information evaluated in this article will help inform healthcare providers and policymakers of the inadvertent effects of restricting access to FDA-approved medications.

Background: Illegal online pharmacies target vulnerable patient populations such as patients affected by drug shortages or patients who require restricted access medications.Increased production of substandard or falsified medications is rampant during drug shortages or restricted access use and can lead to patient harm.The overturning of Roe versus Wade in the United States may illicit a response from the public to acquire their medications through illegal online pharmacies which may be providing substandard or falsified medications. Methods: A narrative review was conducted to understand the implications of restricting access to FDA-approved medications. Previous instances of drug shortages and restricted access use medications were analyzed to understand the effects the overturning of Roe versus Wade may have on patient harm. Results: Illegal online pharmacies continue to threaten patient harm by supplying substandard or falsified medications to patients.Patient harm from substandard and falsified medications has been observed through previous abortion bans. Conclusion: Purchasing abortive medications from illegal online pharmacies is correlated with an increase in the number of serious or fatal events.This phenomenon can continue to impact the healthcare system as legal implications surrounding abortion develop.Education and advocacy to safe and effective abortive medications are key in ensuring patient safety in reproductive care.

A Narrative Review of Illegal Online Pharmacies and Contemporary Issues with Restricting FDA-Approved Medication Access.

A leap towards enforcing medicines prescribing by generic names in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): pitfalls, limitations, and recommendations for local drug regulatory agencies.

The Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) in response to the public outcry on increasing medicines prices in the country issued notifications to direct healthcare professionals to prescribe medicines with their generic names. Like DRAP, many regulators in the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are also inspiring from the west to legally enforce generic prescribing in a bid to reduce the out-of-pocket public expenditures. However, there are pitfalls in the LMICs drug regulatory framework, which if left unaddressed can severely jeopardise the foreseen benefits of medicines prescribing by generic names. This article critically appraises the impact of prescribing by generic names regulations in LMICs and highlights the key considerations that are vital to address before legally enforcing generic prescribing. The ethics, regulatory compliance, and good governance are the key to success; better generics for a better tomorrow.

Access to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder for Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States: Gaps in Coverage by State AIDS Drug Assistance Programs.

Life-saving medications for opioid use disorder are inaccessible for people with human immunodeficiency virus relying on the AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAP) in 40% of jurisdictions. Funding/policies should address this through increasing access through ADAP and the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP), partnerships between RWHAP and substance use programs, and other state/federal initiatives.

Organização dos entes públicos para atender a judicialização do acesso a medicamentos no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil / Organization of public entities to attend to the judicialization of access to medications in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Resumo Esse estudo descreve a organização do Estado de Santa Catarina (SC) para atender a judicialização do acesso a medicamentos do início dos anos 2000 a 2018. Foi feita análise documental e entrevistas com representantes do Executivo, do Judiciário, da Procuradoria Geral do Estado (PGE/SC), da Defensoria Pública do Estado de SC e do Ministério Público de SC (MPSC). O Judiciário, a PGE/SC e o MPSC se organizaram para abordar o fenômeno. Inicialmente, a Secretaria de Estado da Saúde não possuía uma organização para atender a judicialização; com o aumento do número de processos, criou setores, rotinas e sistemas, e ao final de 2018 havia uma Gerência e um setor específicos. As principais medidas utilizadas foram: Audiência Pública do Supremo Tribunal Federal, enunciados do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, Incidente de Resolução de Demanda Repetitiva, Comitê Estadual de Monitoramento e Resolução das Demandas de Assistência da Saúde de SC, Núcleo de Ações Repetitivas em Assistência à Saúde, Comissão Multidisciplinar de Apoio Judicial e Núcleo de Apoio Técnico. O fenômeno da judicialização do acesso a medicamentos em SC ainda não está bem solucionado, visto que todas as medidas implantadas não evitaram o aumento crescente dos gastos com as ações judiciais.

Abstract This study describes the organization of the State of Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, to attend to the judicialization of access to medications from the early 2000s to 2018. Document analysis and interviews with representatives of the Executive, the Judiciary, the State Attorney General Office (PGE, Procuradoria Geral do Estado/SC), the Public Defender's Office of the State of SC and the Public Prosecutor's Office of the State of SC (MPSC, Ministério Público de SC) were performed. The Judiciary, the PGE/SC and the MPSC organized themselves to address the phenomenon. Initially, the State Health Secretariat did not have an organization to attend to the judicialization; with the increase in the number of lawsuits, it created sectors, routines and systems, and at the end of 2018 there was a specific Administrative Management and sector. The main measures used were: public hearing of the Federal Supreme Court, statements by the National Justice Council, Incident of Resolution of Repetitive Demands, State Monitoring and Resolution Committee for Health Care Demands in SC, Center for Repetitive Actions in Health Care, Multidisciplinary Judicial Support Commission and the Technical Support Center. The judicialization of access to medications in SC has not yet been resolved, since all the implemented measures have not prevented the increasing rise in expenses with lawsuits.

Improving Medication Access within Integrated Treatment for Individuals with Co-Occurring Disorders in Substance Use Treatment Agencies.

BACKGROUND: The best approach to provide comprehensive care for individuals with co-occurring disorders (CODs) related to substance use and mental health is to address both disorders through an integrated treatment approach. However, only 25% of behavioral health agencies offer integrated care and less than 7% of individuals who need integrated treatment receive it. A project used a cluster-randomized waitlist control group design to evaluate the effectiveness of Network for the Improvement of Addiction Treatment (NIATx) implementation strategies to improve access to addiction and psychotropic medications. METHODS: This study represents a secondary analysis of data from the NIATx project. Forty-nine agencies were randomized to Cohort1 (active implementation group, receiving the NIATx strategy [n=25]) or Cohort2 (waitlist control group [n=24]). Data were collected at three time points (Baseline, Year1 and Year2). A two-level (patient within agency) multinomial logistic regression model investigated the effects of implementation strategy condition on one of four medication outcomes: both medication types, only psychotropic medication, only addiction medication, or neither medication type. A per-protocol analysis included time, NIATx fidelity, and agency focus as predictors. RESULTS: The intent-to-treat analysis found a statistically significant change in access to addiction versus neither medication, but Cohort1 compared to Cohort2 at Year1 showed no differences. Changes were associated with the experimental intervention and occurred in the transition from Year 1 to Year 2, where greater increases were seen for agencies in Cohort2 versus Cohort1. The per-protocol analysis showed increased access to both medications and addiction medications from pre- to post-intervention for agencies in both cohorts; however, differences in change between high- and low-implementation agencies were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Access to integrated services for people with CODs is a long-standing problem. NIATx implementation strategies had limited effectiveness in improving medication access for individuals with CODs. Implementation strategy adherence is associated with increased medication access.

Judicialização no acesso a medicamentos: análise das demandas judiciais no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / Judicialization of access to medicines: analysis of lawsuits in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Judicialización en el acceso a medicamentos: análisis de las demandas judiciales en el estado de Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Este trabalho objetivou analisar os processos judiciais que solicitavam medicamentos ao Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, no período de 2013 a 2017, descrevendo suas características sociodemográficas, jurídicas e médico-sanitárias. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, cuja unidade de análise foi o processo judicial individual de solicitação de medicamentos, em que o estado é réu. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de consulta ao sítio eletrônico do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Foram analisados 987 processos em que a maioria dos autores é do sexo feminino (58,8%), com idade média de 48,3 anos e residentes no interior do estado (56,9%). Houve predomínio de assistência jurídica pública (52,8%) e origem da prescrição no setor privado (38,1%). Em 68% dos casos, houve acesso ao medicamento, sendo o autor responsável pela compra em 56,1% deles, via bloqueio de verbas públicas. As doenças crônicas predominaram, bem como a solicitação de medicamentos não disponibilizados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foram solicitados 1.517 medicamentos, dos quais 936 (61,7%) não estavam na Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (Rename). O medicamento mais solicitado foi a insulina glargina (74 pedidos). Dos 10 medicamentos com maior número de ações judiciais, 4 foram posteriormente incorporados ao SUS, com destaque para as insulinas análogas. Os resultados mostraram que a via judicial tem se consolidado como forma de acesso a medicamentos ainda não incorporados ao SUS, o que pode contribuir como forma de pressão para a incorporação. O bloqueio de verbas públicas para o cumprimento das decisões é preocupante para o gestor do SUS, pois compromete a execução das políticas de assistência farmacêutica programadas.

This study aimed to analyze the lawsuits demanding access to medicines in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, from 2013 to 2017, describing their sociodemographic, legal, and medical/health characteristics. This was a descriptive study in which the unit of analysis was the individual judicial process for requesting medicines in which the state was the defendant. The data were obtained by consulting the website of the Rio Grande do Norte Court of Justice. A total of 987 suits were analyzed, in which the majority of the plaintiffs were females (58.8%), with a mean age of 48.3 years, and residing in the state's interior (56.9%). The legal aid was predominantly public (52.8%), and 38.1% of the prescriptions originated in the private healthcare sector. Access to the medicines was obtained in 68% of the cases, and the plaintiff was responsible for the purchase in 56.1%, via attachment of public funds. Chronic noncommunicable diseases predominated, as did demands for medicines not supplied by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). A total of 1,517 medicines were requested, of which 936 (61.7%) were not on the National List of Essential Medicines (Rename). The most frequently demanded drug was insulin glargine (74 case). Of the 10 medicines with the most lawsuits, four were later incorporated by the SUS, featuring insulin analogues. The results showed that legal recourse has been consolidated as a form of access to medicines that have still not been incorporated by the SUS, which can contribute as a form of pressure for such incorporation. The attachment of public funds to comply with these rulings is worrisome for the administration of the SUS, since it jeopardizes the execution of regularly scheduled and budgeted policies in pharmaceutical assistance.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los procesos judiciales que solicitaban medicamentos al estado de Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, durante el período de 2013 a 2017, describiendo sus características sociodemográficas, jurídicas y médico-sanitarias. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cuya unidad de análisis fue el proceso judicial individual de solicitud de medicamentos, en el que el estado es el acusado. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de la consulta a la página web del Tribunal de Justicia del Rio Grande do Norte. Se analizaron 987 procesos judiciales en los que la mayoría de los autores son del sexo femenino (58,8%), con una edad media de 48,3 años y residentes en el interior del estado (56,9%). Hubo un predominio de asistencia jurídica pública (52,8%) y origen de la prescripción en el sector privado (38,1%). En el 68% de los casos, hubo acceso al medicamento, siendo el autor responsable de la compra en un 56,1% de ellos, vía bloqueo de fondos públicos. Las enfermedades crónicas predominaron, así como la solicitud de medicamentos no puestos a disposición de los pacientes por parte del Sistema Único de Salud brasileño (SUS). Se solicitaron 1517 medicamentos, de los cuales 936 (61,7%) no se encontraban en la Relación Nacional de Medicamentos Esenciales (Rename). El medicamento más solicitado fue la Insulina glargina (74 pedidos). De los 10 medicamentos con mayor número de acciones judiciales, 4 fueron posteriormente incorporados al SUS, destacándose las insulinas análogas. Los resultados mostraron que la vía judicial se ha consolidado como forma de acceso a medicamentos todavía no incorporados al SUS, lo que puede contribuir como forma de presión para su incorporación. El bloqueo de fondos públicos para el cumplimiento de las decisiones es preocupante para el gestor del SUS, puesto que compromete la ejecución de las políticas de asistencia farmacéutica programadas.

Antenatal care satisfaction in a developing country: a cross-sectional study from Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Utilization of Antenatal Care (ANC) is very low in Nigeria. Self-reported patient satisfaction may be useful to identify provider- and facility-specific factors that can be improved to increase ANC satisfaction and utilization. METHODS: Exit interview data collected from ANC users and facility assessment survey data from 534 systematically selected facilities in four northern Nigerian states were used. Associations between patient satisfaction (satisfied, not-satisfied) and patient ratings of the provider's interactions, care processes, out-of-pocket costs, and quality of facility infrastructure were studied. RESULTS: Of 1336 mothers, 90% were satisfied with ANC. Patient satisfaction was positively associated with responsive service (prompt, unrushed service, convenient clinic hours and privacy during consultation, AOR 2.42, 95% CI 2.05-2.87), treatment-facilitation (medical care-related provider communication and ease of receiving medicines, AOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.46-2.80), equipment availability (AOR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.21), staff empathy (AOR 1.82, 95% CI 1.03-3.23), non-discriminatory treatment regardless of patient's socioeconomic status (AOR: 1.87, 95% CI 1.09-3.22), provider assurance (courtesy and patient's confidence in provider's competence, AOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.26-1.75), and number of clinical examinations received (AOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10-1.50). ANC satisfaction was negatively impacted by out-of-pocket payment for care (vs. free care, AOR 0.44, 95% CI 0.23-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: ANC satisfaction in Nigeria may be enhanced by improving responsiveness to clients, clinical care quality, ensuring equipment availability, optimizing easy access to medicines, and expanding free ANC services.

Persistent low adherence to hypertension treatment in Kyrgyzstan: How can we understand the role of drug affordability?

It is well known that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a growing cause of mortality and morbidity in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). While hypertension (HTN), a leading risk factor for CVD, can be easily managed with widely available medicines, there is a huge gap in treatment for HTN in many LMIC. One such country is Kyrgyzstan, where HTN is a major public health concern and adherence to medication is low. The reasons for low adherence in Kyrgyzstan are not well understood, but some evidence suggests that HTN medicines may be unaffordable for low-income families, resulting in inequitable access to HTN treatment. With data from the 2010 Kyrgyzstan Integrated Household Survey, we estimate the prevalence and factors associated with adherence to HTN medication in Kyrgyzstan. We then investigate the hypothesis that affordability may be an important factor in adherence to HTN medication. Using the coarsened exact matching approach, we estimate the economic burden faced by households with at least one member with elevated blood pressure (EBP) in Kyrgyzstan and their risk of catastrophic spending on health care. We find that EBP households have significantly higher total expenditure on health, as well as on medicines, and are more likely to experience catastrophic health spending, suggesting that out-of-pocket expenditure for EBP may be prohibitively expensive for the poorest in Kyrgyzstan. Our findings also reveal a high prevalence of self-medication (i.e. purchasing and using medication without a doctor's prescription), and increased expenditure due to self-medication, among those with EBP. Our research suggests that affordability of HTN medicines may be an important factor in low adherence to treatment in Kyrgyzstan. Low affordability may be due partly to the prescription of medicines that are not reimbursable under the national drug benefit plan, but more research is needed to identify solutions to the affordability problem.