Secondary Neurulation Defects: Retained Medullary Cord.

Retained medullary cord (RMC) is a defect resulting from impaired secondary neurulation. Intraoperatively, RMC is recognizable as an elongated cord-like structure caudal to the conus, that contains histologically confirmed neuroglial components and a lumen with an ependymal lining. It characteristically does not possess neurological function. This chapter aims to summarize (1) the mechanisms that lead to the occurrence of RMC; (2) the various forms of RMC, such as cystic RMC and 'possible RMC', and (3) the treatment strategies, especially untethering through limited exposure.