The relationship between the food intake frequency, weight status and intelligence in school children.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between food intake frequency, weight status, and intelligence among school children. A cross-sectional study involved 562 children (aged 6.3-12.7 years) randomly selected from five elementary schools in Taichung City, Taiwan. Demographic information was collected, and the children's body weight and height were measured to calculate their body mass index. A food frequency questionnaire assessed the participating children's dietary habits. Intelligence quotient scores were evaluated using Raven's colored progress matrices for first and second graders, and Raven's standard progressive matrices for third to sixth graders. This study found that there was no significant relationship in intelligence quotient scores between gender, birth order groups, and weight status. The higher consumption of pork liver, hamburgers, fruit juices, and the Taiwanese snack "Science Noodles" was associated with lower intelligence quotient scores among school children.

Hop distance to body height ratio outperforms limb symmetry index in predicting second anterior cruciate ligament injury.

PURPOSE: The ability of current return-to-sport (RTS) tests to predict second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries (ACLI) in athletes with a history of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is unclear. This study aimed to prospectively assess the risk of a second ACLI by identifying the most significant deviation in hop test results in professional athletes after ACLR compared to healthy peers. METHODS: A total of 30 professional athletes with a history of ACLR and 30 healthy professional athletes participated in this study. Participants performed 10 functional hop tests, and the subsequent limb symmetry index (LSI) was compared between the groups. After a 3-year follow-up, the re-injury rate was assessed among the ACLR group. Fourteen ACLR athletes who sustained a second ACLI were included and matched with 14 controls from the healthy group. The LSI and the hop distance to body height percentage (D/H) were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Statistical analyses confirmed a significant decrease in LSI in the ACLR group compared to the healthy group in the triple hop for distance (p = .023). In re-injured ACLR athletes, seven different hop tests showed a significant decrease in the D/H index compared to the healthy controls. Meanwhile, for LSI, only the triple cross-over hop for distance (p = .045) showed a significant increase in the healthy group. CONCLUSION: Before clearing athletes for RTS, assessing functional hop test results using the hop distance to body height ratio, aligned with normative data from healthy controls, could further enhance the prediction of reduced graft rupture risk. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I.

The impact of hygienic living conditions on the differentiation of male body height at the beginning of the twentieth century in the USSR.

BACKGROUND: The positive changes in hygienic living conditions are commonly believed to explain secular changes in body height and the age of maturity. However, it is difficult to estimate the separate impacts of these factors due to the lack of social and economic data and variations in the sources of information. We hypothesized that final male body height could be associated with various socioeconomic indicators, such as the development of the medical care system, the quality of nutrition, and the level of sanitary and hygienic conditions. Moreover, we hypothesized that male body height could be associated with the level of morbidity in the region during the time of conscript childhood (from 1 to 7 years old). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used two main sources of information in the analyses. The first is the data from the Statistical Reference Book published by the Central Statistical Committee in 1929. The second is the annual data from the Statistical Reference Book published in the Russian Empire. Since the conscripts were born between 1906 and 1909, we used datasets from 1910 to 1913. To analyze the data, we used a method of analyzing interacting variables called St. Nicolas House Analysis (SNHA). RESULTS: Our analyses revealed direct associations between the morbidity of some diseases and male body height and other anthropometric parameters. CONCLUSIONS: There are associations between conscript final body height and the morbidity of influenza, dysentery and some venereal diseases, such as chancroid and syphilis. There were no associations between conscript final body height and the level of morbidity during childhood. However, other final parameters, such as BMI, weight, and chest circumference, could be associated with the morbidity of malaria, scabies, scurvy, and scarlet fever during childhood. The prevalence of these diseases could be strongly connected with unfavorable living conditions. The results are similar for both urban and rural areas.

Trajectory Patterns of Weight and Length in Children: From Birth Until 2-Years of Age.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to identify trajectory patterns of weight and length in children from birth until two years of life and establish associations with maternal and child characteristics. METHODS: A mixed-cohort study was conducted in public health services in Colombo-PR, Brazil, between 2018 and 2022. Pregnancy information was gathered through anthropometric data collection and questionnaires. Birth data were extracted from birth record forms, while weight and length data in the first two years of life were obtained from physical and electronic health service records. Weight and length trajectory patterns were identified using a group-based trajectory model. The definition of the number of trajectory patterns to be selected considered the model fit to the type of variable, its practical utility, as well as the probabilities of group membership. RESULTS: Two trajectory patterns of weight and length were identified among the children. The majority exhibited a pattern of weight (67.8%, n = 382) and length (90.9%, n = 472) considered high and stable, with a tendency to decelerate from one and a half years of age. The probability of belonging to the lower weight gain group was associated with female sex (41.5%, p < 0.001), smoking during pregnancy (48.7%, p = 0.008), prematurity (65.0%, p = 0.001), cesarean delivery (36.4%, p = 0.009), small for gestational age (69.0%, p < 0.001), and twinning (69.2%, p = 0.002). Similarly, the probability of belonging to the lower length gain group was associated with female sex (11.7%, p < 0.001), smoking during pregnancy (20.6%, p = 0.003), cesarean delivery (10.1%, p = 0.048), born small for gestational age (46.4%, p < 0.001), and twinning (46.1%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Conditions during pregnancy and childbirth can impact growth patterns in the first two years of life.

Inference of stature using segmental measures in comparison with directly measured height in children and adolescents: an analytical cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: In the clinical routine of pediatricians, height is the most reliable indicator for assessing growth. However, there are situations where it is not possible to measure this parameter directly, making the estimation of height or length a useful alternative. The main goal of this study is to identify which segmental measure, including upper arm length (UAL), tibial length (TL), and knee-heel length (KHL), provides the stature estimate that most closely approximates directly measured height in the study participants. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study of the anthropometric and segmental measures of 248 participants, aged 0 to 14 years old, using Stevenson's and Kihara's equations to estimate indirectly measured height. RESULTS: The segmental measure that provided a measurement that deviated the least from the actual height was the KHL, followed by TL, both calculated using Stevenson's equations. CONCLUSION: The use of segmental measures to infer a child's stature is valuable in clinical practice, particularly in bedridden and incapacitated patients. Based on the present findings, the KHL and TL segments yielded more accurate results than the UAL.

Software and equations using segmental measures to estimate height in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy considering the level of gross motor function.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In children with Cerebral palsy (CP) bone deformities create a difficulty in the collection of height measures by direct methods. Body segments are an alternative to study for anthropometric evaluation in children with CP. Motor compromise affects growth in these children. To our knowledge, no equations have been developed to estimate height that consider the level of involvement of children with CP. The aim was to develop equations to estimate height using segmental measures for children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of children and adolescents with CP of both sexes from 2 to 19 years old from five cities in Argentina. Children whose height and knee-heel height (KH) could be measured were included. Height, KH, and clinical covariables were collected. Linear regression models with height as the dependent variable and KH as predictors adjusted for significant covariates were developed and compared for R2, adjusted R2, and the root mean square of the error. RESULTS: 242 children and adolescents (mean age 9 ± 4 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of CP were included. The interaction between height and other variables such KH, sex, GMFCS, and age was analyzed. Two equations were developed to estimate height according to GMFCS level (GMFCS Level I-III: H = 1.5 × KH(cm) + 2.28 × age(years) + 51; GMFCS Level IV-V: H = 2.13 × KH (cm)+ 0.91 × age(years) + 37). The concordance correlation coefficient between estimated and observed height was 0.95 (95%CI [0.94; 0.96]). CONCLUSION: Height in children and adolescents with CP can be predicted using KH, GMFCS, and age. The equations and software can estimate height when this cannot be obtained directly.

Brazilian growth charts for Williams-Beuren Syndrome at ages 2 to 18 years

Abstract Objective: To develop growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age for both genders aged 2 to 18 years for Brazilian patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS). Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective, and longitudinal study, data were collected from the medical records of boys and girls with a confirmed diagnosis of WBS in three large university centers in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Growth charts stratified by gender and age in years were developed using LMSchartmaker Pro software. The LMS (Lambda Mu Sigma) method was used to model the charts. The quality of the settings was checked by worm plots. Results: The first Brazilian growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age stratified by gender were constructed for WBS patients aged 2 to 18 years. Conclusion: The growth charts developed in this study can help to guide family members and to improve the health care offered by health professionals.

Alcohol intake during pregnancy reduces offspring bone epiphyseal growth plate chondrocyte proliferation through transforming growth factor ß-1 inhibition in the Sprague Dawley rat humerus.

Intrauterine alcohol exposure delays bone maturation and intensifies osteoporosis and fracture risk. As most studies emphasize the neurological aspects of intrauterine alcohol exposure, there is a lack of research on the implications pertaining to osseous tissue. Previous studies investigated these effects in fetuses, with limited studies on postnatal life. Postnatal studies are crucial since peak bone growth occurs during adolescence. This study aimed at assessing the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the humerus proximal and distal growth plate chondrocytes in 3-week-old rats. Sprague Dawley rats (n=9) were assigned to either the ethanol group (n=3), saline (n=3), and untreated (n=3) group and time-mated. Once pregnant, as confirmed by the presence of a copulation plug, the former 2 groups were treated with 0.015 ml/g of 25.2% ethanol and 0.9% saline. The untreated group received no treatment. The left humeri belonging to 6 pups per group were used. Serial sections were cut with a microtome at 5 µm thickness. These sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for assessment of normal morphology or immunolabeled with anti-Ki-67 and transforming growth factor ß-1 (TGFß-1) antibody. Prenatal alcohol exposure adversely effected the growth plate sizes and the number of cells in the proliferative zone. Fewer TGFß-1 immunopositive and proliferative chondrocytes were found using the anti-Ki-67 antibody. This may explain the growth retardation in offspring exposed to gestational alcohol, showing that gestational alcohol exposure inhibits cell proliferation, aiding the diminished stature.

Location of the upper oesophageal sphincter during swallowing: Analysis using swallowing CT.

BACKGROUND: Upper oesophageal sphincter (UES) serves as an important anatomical and functional landmark during swallowing. However, the precise UES location before and during swallowing has not been well established. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine upper oesophageal sphincter (UES) location and displacement during swallowing accounting for sex, age, and height in healthy adults using 320-row area detector computed tomography (320-ADCT). METHODS: Ninety-four healthy adults (43 males; 22-90 years) underwent 320-ADCT scanning while swallowing one trial of 10 mL honey thick barium. UES location at bolus hold and at maximum displacement and vertical displacement during swallowing were identified using the coordinates and the section classification of vertebrae (VERT scale). The differences and correlations of UES location and distance in terms of sex, age, and height were analysed using Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: UES locations at bolus hold and at maximum displacement were significantly lower and UES vertical displacement was significantly larger in males than in females (p < .001). UES location at bolus hold became lower with increasing age (r = -.312, p = .002), but the negative correlation was low at maximum displacement (r = -.230, p = .026), resulting in larger vertical distance with ageing. UES locations showed high negative correlation at bolus hold with height (r = -.715, p < .001), and showed moderate negative correlation at maximum displacement with height (r = -.555, p < .001), although this effect was unclear when analysed by sex. CONCLUSION: Males showed lower UES location and larger displacement than females. The impact of age was evident with lower location before swallowing and larger displacement during swallowing. Differences observed by sex were not completely explained by using the VERT scale to adjust for height.

Interevaluator reliability of a tool for measuring body height in adult intensive care patients.

BACKGROUND: The calculation of body height in the intensive care unit is essential for obtaining the ideal body weight, which is used to program the tidal volume and establish objective and effective pulmonary ventilation. The objective of the study was to determine the interrater reliability of a tool for measuring body height in adult patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) in southwestern Colombia. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted between January and May 2021, following the recommendations of the COSMIN protocol. Two physiotherapists in the roles of observer/evaluator measured the heights of 106 patients upon admission to the ICU with a previously designed. The sample size was calculated based on Pearson's correlation coefficient. For interrater reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used, and Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess concordance. The 95% confidence interval was established, and a P value <0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 106 individuals with a mean age of 59.3 years were included; the mean body height was 158.5 cm for women. The interrater reliability of the measurement of height was excellent (global ICC of 0.99, P = 0.000), and an almost perfect positive correlation was obtained between the raters for both women and men (R = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Excellent interrater/interobserver reliability was obtained for the measurement of body height in the ICU. This research highlights the importance of protocolizing the measurement of height in critical patients with valid and reliable instruments.

Secular trends and regional pattern in body height of Austrian conscripts born between 1961 and 2002.

The human growth process is influenced not only by genetic factors but also by environmental factors. Therefore, regional differences in mean body heights may exist within a population or a state. In the present study, we described and evaluated the regional trends in mean body heights in the nine Austrian provinces over a period spanning more than four decades. Body height data of 1734569 male conscripts born in Austria with Austrian citizenship between 1961 and 2002 were anonymized and analyzed. From 1961 to 2002 birth cohorts, an overall increase in the mean body height of Austrian recruits was observed, although regional differences were evident. Regions with shorter body heights in the 1961-1963 birth cohorts showed a particularly pronounced increase in mean body heights. Meanwhile, the course of body height growth in the capital city, Vienna, was striking, where the highest body heights were documented for the 1961-1963 birth cohorts. In Vienna, mean body heights continued to decline until the 1984 birth cohort and increased again from the 1988 birth cohorts. In addition to economic factors, increased stress factors in an urban environment and a form of urban penalty are discussed as causes.

Humeral head size predicts baseplate lateralization in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: a comparative computer model study.

Background: In reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), the ideal combination of baseplate lateralization (BL), glenosphere size (GS), and glenosphere overhang (GOH) with a commonly used 145° neck shaft angle (NSA) is unclear. This is the first study evaluating correlations of body height (BH), humeral head size (HS), glenoid height (GH), and association of gender with best glenoid configurations for range of motion (ROM) maintaining anatomic lateralization (aLAT) for optimized muscle length in 145° and less distalized 135° RSA. Methods: In this computer model study, 22 computed tomographies without joint narrowing were analyzed (11 male/female). A standardized semi-inlay 145° platform stem was combined with 20 glenoid configurations (baseplate [B] 25, 25 + 3/+6 lateralized [l], 29, 29 + 3/6l combined with glenosphere 36, 36 + 2 eccentric [e], 36 + 3l, 39, 39 + 3e, 39 + 3l , 42, 42 + 4e). Abduction-adduction, flexion-extension, external rotation-internal rotation, total ROM (TROM), and total notching relevant (TNR) ROM were computed, best TROM models respecting aLAT (-1 mm to +1 mm) and HS/GH recorded. Second, the 145° models (Ascend Flex stem; Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) were converted and compared to a 135° inlay RSA (New Perform stem; Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) maintaining GOH (6.5-7 mm) and aLAT. Results: Best 145° models had eccentric glenospheres (mean BL: 3.5 mm, GOH 8.8 mm, GS 38.1 mm, distalization 23 mm). The 135° models had concentric glenospheres, mean BL 3.8 mm, GOH 6.9 mm, GS 39.7 mm, and distalization 14.1 mm. HS showed the strongest positive correlation with BL in 145° and 135° models (0.65/0.79). Despite reduced GOH in smaller females with a 135° NSA, adduction, external rotation, extension, TNR ROM, and TROM were significantly increased (P = .02, P = .005, P = .005, P = .004, P = .003), abduction however reduced (P = .02). The same trends were seen for males. Conclusion: HS is a practical measure in surgery or preoperatively, and the strong positive correlation with BL is a useful planning aid. Despite reduction of GOH, conversion to a less distalized 135° NSAinlay design is powerful to maintain and even significantly increase all components of TNR ROM (extension/external rotation/adduction) in small females with the drawback of reduced abduction which may however be compensated by scapula motion. Lateralization with a less distalized 135° RSA optimizes muscle length, may facilitate subscapularis repair, and maintains highest rigid body motion.

Prediction of Body Height Using Hand Length and Hand Breadth in Pharmacy and Nursing Students at Misrake Ghion College, Northeast Ethiopia: An Anthropometry Study.

Objectives: To predict body height using hand length and hand breadth in pharmacy and nursing students at Misrake Ghion College, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted from October 15 to January 20, 2021. The study was carried out on 316 students (160 males and 156 females). The study participants were from the Amhara ethnic groups, with the age range of 18 to 25 years. Body height, hand length, and hand breath were measured and analyzed using SPSS version 23. The strength of association was evaluated using correlation analysis. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. A paired sample t test was performed. Regression equations were derived using simple and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Hand length and hand breadth had a positive significant correlation with body height in both male and females. In both males and females, left hand length had a strong significant correlation (males r = 0.768, females r = 0.670), followed by right hand length (males r = 0.711, females r = 0.626). Regarding hand length, right hand breadth (males r = 0.671, female r = 0.438) and left hand length (males r = 0.504, females r = 0.525). There was a significant bilateral difference in hand length and hand breadth on its right and left sides (p < 0.05). Simple and multiple regression equations were formulated for each sex. Conclusion: In both males and females, body height can be estimated from hand length and breadth using simple or multiple regression equations.

Body measurement changes in adults with pectus excavatum after the Nuss procedure: a study of 272 patients.

BACKGROUND: Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common congenital abnormality of the chest wall. Most patients with PE have slim bodies. Some studies have been conducted on the physical growth of children and adolescents who underwent the Nuss procedure. This study aimed to evaluate body measurement changes in adult patients with PE after the Nuss procedure. METHODS: A total of 272 adult PE patients, who underwent the Nuss procedure and pectus bars removal from August 2014 to December 2020, were evaluated retrospectively. Body measurement [body height (BH), body weight (BW), and body mass index (BMI)] of the patients were collected before Nuss repair and after bar removal. We used the interquartile range (IQR) to identify and exclude outliers. Associations between changes in body measurement and clinical and radiological features were evaluated. RESULTS: The BH, BW and BMI showed significantly increased after pectus bar removal, compared to pre-Nuss procedure parameters (BH 173.8 ± 5.9 cm vs. 173.9 ± 5.9 cm, P < 0.001; BW 60.3 ± 8.1 kg vs. 61.1 ± 8.8 kg, P = 0.005; BMI 19.9 ± 2.2 kg/m2 vs. 20.1 ± 2.4 kg/m2, P = 0.02). The same result were observed in the male subgroup, the HI ≥ 4 group and the male subgroup within the HI ≥ 4 group. CONCLUSIONS: The BH, BW and BMI were significantly increased after completing surgical correction of PE using the Nuss procedure, particularly in young males and patients with more pronounced deformities.

Influence of Curved Video Laryngoscope Blade Sizes and Patient Heights on Video Laryngoscopic Views: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study aimed to compare the video laryngoscope views facilitated by curved blades 3 and 4 with an exploration of the relationship between these views and patient height. Conducted as a randomized controlled trial, this study enrolled adults scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia. Intubation procedures were recorded, and the percentage of glottic opening was measured before tube insertion. Multivariate analysis validated the impact of various factors, including blade size and patient height, on the percentage of glottic opening scores. A total of 192 patients were included. The median percentage of glottic opening scores for curved blades 3 and 4 were 100 and 83, respectively (p < 0.001). The unstandardized coefficient indicated a significant negative impact of blade 4 on the percentage of glottic opening scores (-13, p < 0.001). In the locally estimated scatterplot smoothing analysis, blade 3 exhibited a steady rise in glottic opening scores with increasing height, whereas blade 4 showed a peak followed by a decline around 185 cm. The unstandardized coefficient of height showed no significant association (0, p = 0.819). The study observed superior laryngoscopic views with blade 3 compared to blade 4. However, no significant association was found between laryngoscopic views and patient height.

Can the Length of the Tibia Nail Be Predicted Correctly Before the Operation According to the Patient's Height and Shoe Size?

OBJECTIVE: Although various methods have been identified for the appropriate tibial nail length, there are disadvantages such as extra time, radiation exposure, and additional cost. We aimed to predict the ideal length of the nail according to the patient's height and shoe size in the preoperative period to eliminate these disadvantages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2018 and August 2023, the height and shoe size data of 71 patients who were diagnosed with tibial shaft fracture and had tibia intramedullary nail fixation were determined. A linear regression model was applied to the normally distributed data. The correlation coefficient between the variables was evaluated according to the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: While 1 1-centimeter (cm) increase in patient height causes an increase of 3.2 millimeters (mm) in nail length, it was found that it alone contributed by 89% to predicting the ideal nail length (p<0.001). An increase of 1 unit in shoe size (EU) causes an increase of 9 mm in nail length; its contribution to predicting the ideal nail length alone is 84% (p<0.001). In the evaluation of the patient's height and shoe size together, it was observed that they jointly contributed 91% to the accurate estimation of the nail length (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: It may be risky to determine the tibial nail length only by shoe size or the patient's height. However, the correlation between them is strong. Therefore, by estimating nail lengths before the operation, the ideal nail length can be found by making fewer fluoroscopy checks during the operation.

Brazilian growth charts for Williams-Beuren Syndrome at ages 2 to 18 years.

OBJECTIVE: To develop growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age for both genders aged 2 to 18 years for Brazilian patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS). METHODS: This is a multicenter, retrospective, and longitudinal study, data were collected from the medical records of boys and girls with a confirmed diagnosis of WBS in three large university centers in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Growth charts stratified by gender and age in years were developed using LMSchartmaker Pro software. The LMS (Lambda Mu Sigma) method was used to model the charts . The quality of the settings was checked by worm plots. RESULTS: The first Brazilian growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age stratified by gender were constructed for WBS patients aged 2 to 18 years. CONCLUSION: The growth charts developed in this study can help to guide family members and to improve the health care offered by health professionals.

Relations between maternal height, shoe size, and the success of vaginal delivery in birth weight over 4000 g.

OBJECTIVE: Macrosomia is associated with increased risk of fetal and maternal complications such as trauma during birth, cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, and shoulder dystocia. Sonographic estimation of fetal weight is imprecise particularly in excessively large fetuses, prompting the need for additional measures to assess the feasibility of vaginal delivery of a macrosomic newborn and thus improve prenatal consultation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective case-control study included women who delivered a singleton macrosomic newborn (birth weight>4,000 g), either vaginally (N = 762) or by urgent cesarean delivery during labor (N = 109). Using multivariable analysis, we examined correlations of maternal height≥170 cm and shoe size≥40 with successful vaginal delivery. RESULTS: Women who delivered vaginally had lower mean intrapartum BMI (p < 0.001) and lower rate of gestational diabetes (p = 0.003). Women with a shoe size≥40 were 2.2 times more likely to give birth vaginally. Cesarean section rate was 5.9 % among women with height≥170 cm and shoe size≥40; and 16.5 % among women with height<170 cm and shoe size<40. Multivariable analysis, adjusted for gestational diabetes, parity, and BMI, revealed that shoe size≥40 and maternal height≥170 cm correlated with success in vaginal delivery, OR = 3.1 (95%CI 1.3-7.3, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Shoe size and maternal height may help predict success of vaginal birth of the macrosomic newborns.

Optimal Insertion Depth of Central Venous Catheter through the Right Internal Jugular Vein, Verified by Transesophageal Echocardiography: A Prospective Observational Study.

This prospective observational study investigated the optimal insertion depth of the central venous catheter through the right internal jugular vein using transesophageal echocardiography. After tracheal intubation, the anesthesiologist inserted a probe for esophageal echocardiography into the patient's esophagus. The investigators placed the catheter tip 2 cm above the superior edge of the crista terminalis with echocardiography, which was defined as the optimal point. We measured the inserted length of the catheter. Pearson correlation tests were performed with the measured optimal depth and some patient parameters. We made a new formula for placing the catheter at the optimal position. A total of 89 subjects were enrolled in this trial. The correlation coefficient between the measured optimal depth and the patient's parameters was the highest for patient height (0.703, p < 0.001). We made a new formula of 'height (cm)/10 - 1.5 cm'. The accuracy rate of this formula for the optimal zone was 71.9% (95% confidence interval; 62.4 - 81.4%), which was the highest among the previous formulas or guidelines when we compared. In conclusion, the central venous catheter tip was evaluated with transesophageal echocardiography, and we could make a new formula of 'height (cm)/10 - 1.5', which seemed to be better than other previous guidelines.

Development of disease-specific growth charts for Korean children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an epigenetic overgrowth syndrome. Despite its distinctive growth pattern, the detailed growth trajectories of children with BWS remain largely unknown. We retrospectively analyzed 413 anthropometric measurements over an average of 4.4 years of follow-up in 51 children with BWS. We constructed sex-specific percentile curves for height, weight, and head circumference using a generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape. Males with BWS exhibited greater height at all ages evaluated, weight before the age of 10, and head circumference before the age of 9 than those of the general population. Females with BWS showed greater height before the age of 7, weight before the age of 4.5, and head circumference before the age of 7 than those of the general population. At the latest follow-up visit at a mean 8.4 years of age, bone age was significantly higher than chronological age. Compared to paternal uniparental disomy (pUPD), males with imprinting center region 2-loss of methylation (IC2-LOM) had higher standard deviation score (SDS) for height and weight, while females with IC2-LOM showed larger SDS for head circumference. These disease-specific growth charts can serve as valuable tools for clinical monitoring of children with BWS.