New species of Chalciporus and Tylopilus from India, with keys to the known species.

Two new species, Chalciporus rubrostipitatus and Tylopilus purpureus, are proposed from India based on morphological and molecular data. Chalciporus rubrostipitatus is characterized by basidiomata having purplish red to reddish pileus with subtomentose to rugose surface, whitish pileal context, round to angular pores, and reddish orange to red stipe, which is pruinose toward the apex. Tylopilus purpureus produces basidiomata having a purple to vinaceous purple pileus, whitish pore surface that changes to reddish brown on bruising, and a minutely pubescent purplish stipe. Morphological descriptions and comparisons, taxonomic keys, and results of phylogenetic analyses using sequences of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer), 28S (28S rRNA), and RPB2 (second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II) gene regions are presented.

Concordance of multigene genealogy along with morphological evidence unveils five novel species and two new records of boletoid mushrooms (fungi) from India.

Agaricales, Russulales and Boletales are dominant orders among the wild mushrooms in Basidiomycota. Boletaceae, one of the major functional elements in terrestrial ecosystem and mostly represented by ectomycorrhizal symbionts of trees in Indian Himalaya and adjoining hills, are extraordinarily diverse and represented by numerous genera and species which are unexplored or poorly known. Therefore, their hidden diversity is yet to be revealed. Extensive macrofungal exploration by the authors to different parts of Himalaya and surroundings, followed by through morphological studies and multigene molecular phylogeny lead to the discovery of five new species of wild mushrooms: Leccinellum bothii sp. nov., Phylloporus himalayanus sp. nov., Phylloporus smithii sp. nov., Porphyrellus uttarakhandae sp. nov., and Retiboletus pseudoater sp. nov. Present communication deals with morphological details coupled with illustrations and phylogenetic inferences. Besides, Leccinellum sinoaurantiacum and Xerocomus rugosellus are also reported for the first time from this country.

Phylogenetic and Morphological Evidence Reveal Five New Species of Boletes from Southern China.

Fungi of the order Boletales are extremely important in both ecology and economy, since most of them are ectomycorrhizal fungi, which play vital roles in maintaining forest ecosystems, water and soil protection, vegetation restoration and so on. Although previous studies have shown that this order has a very high species diversity in China, there are few reports on the species diversity of boletes in Jiangxi Province, China. Based on morphological (macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics) and phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, and TEF1-α sequences), in this study, the wild boletes in Jiangxi Province were investigated, and five new species are described: Austroboletus albus, Xanthoconium violaceipes, Xanthoconium violaceofuscum, Xerocomus rutilans and Xerocomus subsplendidus. Descriptions and hand drawings of the new species are presented.

DNA isolation and genome sequence of the 134-year-old holotype specimen of Boletus subvelutipes Peck.

Molecular characterization of type specimens is a powerful tool used in clarifying species identity/circumscription, as well as establishing the taxonomic and phylogenetic status of organisms in question. However, DNA sequencing of aged herbarium collections can be a challenge due to the quantity and quality of DNA still present in the specimens. Herein, we report a custom DNA isolation protocol suitable for processing minute quantities of old specimen tissue and its utilization via high-throughput sequencing technologies to obtain, for the first time, the genome assembly of the 134-year-old holotype of Boletus subvelutipes Peck, a North American fleshy pored mushroom of taxonomic and historical significance. A side-by-side evaluation of our DNA isolation method with that of a commercial "kit" by Qiagen is also presented. By relying on the type material, we have established the genetic identity of B. subvelutipes, as well as providing preliminary phylogenetic evidence for its generic affinities in Neoboletus within Boletaceae. The reference genome of the B. subvelutipes holotype provides a resource for future comparative genomic studies, taxonomic revisions in Boletaceae, and other evolutionary studies of fungi.

Four cases of reported adverse effects from black boletoi, Anthracoporus nigropurpureus (Boletaceae) mushroom ingestion.

In southwestern China, wild boletes are generally considered as safe and tasty edible mushrooms. However, in fact, significant adverse effects after ingestion of boletes is commonly reported in this region. In June 2022, four cases occurred in central and southwestern of China. In these case series, five adults and one child ingested wild boletoi mushrooms known locally as "Yanyoujun" (). This study carried out a detailed epidemiological investigation and mushroom identification. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis, the suspected mushrooms were identified as Anthracoporus nigropurpureus (Boletaceae). All five adult victims reported dizziness and blurred vision. Some of them also reported different symptoms, such as muscle weakness, red eyes, headache, muscle cramps, even tremors in the extremities. Reportedly, the symptoms began to subside about 4 to 8 h after ingestion. Among six victims, the child was asymptomatic possibly because a small amount of mushroom was ingested. This possible poisoning appears to be a self-limited illness with a short latency and a relatively short duration. Unfortunately, laboratory investigations of the victims were not performed. Further observations and formal medical examination of victims are required in the future. It is the first detailed report of possible poisoning the genus Anthracoporus.

Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Pulveroboletus ravenelii (Boletales, Basidiomycota).

Pulveroboletus ravenelii, an ectomycorrhizal fungus, has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine and mushroom dyes; however, its mitogenome and phylogenetic relationship with other taxa remain unexplored. Here, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of P. ravenelii using next-generation sequencing and found that its mitogenome, a circular DNA molecule of 43,528 bp, comprised 15 protein-coding genes, 15 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes. The mitogenome had a base composition of A (37.52%), C (11.14%), G (12.21%), and T (39.13%) and a GC content of 23.35%. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the phylogenetic relationship of this species with other taxa based on the mitochondrial genome sequence. This study revealed the phylogenetic positions of P. ravenelii and its related genera for the first time.

Retiboletus atrofuscus (Boletaceae, Boletales), a new species from China.

Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, an ectomycorrhizal fungus collected from Jiangxi, China, is described as a new species. R. atrofuscus is morphological characterized by a dark gray to black pileus, white to pale yellowish white hymenophore, a grayish brown to pale yellow context, which turning orange-yellow to rusty yellow when injured, a prominently and coarsely white to pale yellow to black reticulation on upper 3/4 or entire stipe, grayish yellow to pale yellow to yellowish brown basidiospores in KOH with measuring (7-)7.5-13(-13.5) × (3-)3.5-5(-5.5) µm. Phylogenetic analysis results showed that R. atrofuscus formed an independent lineage within Retiboletus. Descriptions and hand drawings of the new species and comparisons with similar species are presented.

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence and annotation of Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceoides T.H. Li, B. Song & Y.H. Shen, 2002 (Boletaceae, Boletoideae).

Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceoides T.H. Li, B. Song & Y.H. Shen, 2002 is a species of basidiomycete in the family Boletaceae and is mainly found in Yunnan and Guangdong provinces in China. In this study, the mitochondrial genome of T. plumbeoviolaceoides was reported for the first time. The total length of the mitochondrial genome of T. plumbeoviolaceoides was 37,242 bp, with GC content of 23.0%. The mitochondrial genome of T. plumbeoviolaceoides contained 14 conserved protein-coding genes, 25 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. The phylogenetic tree indicated that T. plumbeoviolaceoides was closely related to Xerocomus impolitus and Butyriboletus roseoflavus. The complete mitochondrial genome of T. plumbeoviolaceoides will be useful for future research on basidiomycetes.

Phylogenetic analysis reveals the new genus Amoenoboletus from Asia and New Zealand.

The Asia-Pacific region is renowned to harbor nearly half of the global hot spots of biodiversity. Accordingly, many endemic species of boletes have already been recorded from this geographic region. However, the majority of the specific descriptions of reported boletoid species follow classical concepts of taxonomy, and by comparison only a few taxa have been corroborated by modern molecular techniques. In this study, we focused on specimens in a new clade uncovered by our previous studies. By careful reexamination of macroscopic and microscopic characters of Boletus granulopunctatus, originally described from Japan, and Xerocomus mcrobbii, originally described from New Zealand, we discovered a new genus and species Amoenoboletus miraculosus from Sabah, Malaysia. In addition, three new combinations in Amoenoboletus are proposed, and a dichotomous key to species in the genus is provided. The phylogenetically close relationship among Amoenoboletus species suggests a tight geographic correlation in the Asia-Pacific region.

Multilocus phylogenies reveal three new truffle-like taxa and the traces of interspecific hybridization in Octaviania (Boletaceae, Boletales).

Among many convergently evolved sequestrate fungal genera in Boletaceae (Boletales, Basidiomycota), the genus Octaviania is the most diverse. We recently collected many specimens of Octaviania subg. Octaviania, including several undescribed taxa, from Japan and the Americas. Here we describe two new species in subgenus Octaviania, O. tenuipes and O. tomentosa, from temperate to subtropical evergreen Fagaceae forests in Japan based on morphological observation and robust multilocus phylogenetic analyses (nrDNA ITS and partial large subunit [LSU], translation elongation factor 1-α gene [TEF1] and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene [RPB1]). Based on specimens from the Americas as well as studies of the holotype, we also taxonomically re-evaluate O. asterosperma var. potteri. Our analysis suggests that O. asterosperma var. potteri is a distinct taxon within the subgenus Octaviania so we recognize this as O. potteri stat. nov. We unexpectedly collected O. potteri specimens from geographically widespread sites in the USA, Japan and Colombia. This is the first verified report of Octaviania from the South American continent. Our molecular analyses also revealed that the RPB1 sequence of one O. tenuipes specimen was identical to that of a closely related species, O. japonimontana, and that one O. potteri specimen from Minnesota had an RPB1 sequence of an unknown species of O. subg. Octaviania. Additionally, one O. japonimontana specimen had an unusually divergent TEF1 sequence. Gene-tree comparison and phylogenetic network analysis of the multilocus dataset suggest that these heterogenous sequences are most likely the result of previous inter- and intra-specific hybridization. We hypothesize that frequent hybridization events in Octaviania may have promoted the high genetic and species diversity found within the genus.

Tylocinum is no longer monotypic: Tylocinumbrevisporum sp. nov. (Boletales, Boletaceae) from northern Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Tylocinum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2016 is a Boletaceae genus belonging in subfamily Leccinoideae. It was described in 2016 from China and, prior to this study, it contained only one species, T.griseolum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2016. During our survey of Boletaceae from Thailand, we collected some specimens that could be identified as a Tylocinum species, different from T.griseolum. NEW INFORMATION: The bolete specimens, collected in forests dominated by Dipterocarpaceae and Fagaceae in northern Thailand, are described as Tylocinumbrevisporum Raghoonundon & Raspé sp. nov. Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions with illustrations are provided, as well as a 3-gene phylogeny, which confirms the new taxon's position in Tylocinum. Tylocinumbrevisporum differs from the only other known Tylocinum species (T.griseolum) by its brownish-grey colour, greyish-orange to brownish-orange colour change in the hymenophore when bruised, smaller pores (≤ 0.5 mm), longer tubes (up to 6 mm long), shorter and narrower basidiospores, longer and broader basidia and longer pleurocystidia relative to cheilocystidia. T.brevisporum is the second species from the genus Tylocinum and the only one to be found outside China thus far.

Expansion of the genus Imleria in North America to include Imleria floridana, sp. nov., and Imleria pallida, comb. nov.

Imleria is a small genus of Boletaceae found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere characterized by the light to dark brown hymenophore that stains blue. In Florida, specimens of Imleria were collected that resembled I. badia, a species known primarily from northeastern North America and Europe. Five nuclear loci of these Florida specimens were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. A nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) phylogeny of Imleria was generated using primarily uncultured environmental sequences to confirm ectomycorrhizal associations. Based on morphological and molecular data, we describe a new species, Imleria floridana. Results from these analyses also support the new combination Imleria pallida. A lectotype of I. pallida is also established from Charles H. Peck's original material. We discuss the distinguishing characters and species of Imleria found in North America and provide a key to the known worldwide species of Imleria.

Revision of leccinoid fungi, with emphasis on North American taxa, based on molecular and morphological data.

The leccinoid fungi are boletes and related sequestrate mushrooms (Boletaceae, Basidiomycota) that have traditionally been placed in Leccinum, Boletus, Leccinellum, and a handful of other less familiar genera. These mushrooms generally feature scabers or scaber-like dots on the surface of the stipe, and they are often fairly tall and slender when compared with other boletes. They are ectomycorrhizal fungi and appear to be fairly strictly associated with specific trees or groups of related trees. In the present study, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships among the leccinoid fungi and other members of the family Boletaceae using portions of three loci from nuc 28S rDNA (28S), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1), and the RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit (RPB2). Two DNA data sets (combined 28S-TEF1 and 28S-TEF1-RPB2), comprising sequences from nearly 270 voucher specimens, were evaluated using two different phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference). Five major clades were obtained, and leccinoid fungi appeared in four of them. Taxonomic proposals supported by our results, representing a broadly circumscribed Leccinum that includes several sequestrate genera, along with Leccinellum, are made.

Four new compounds from Neoboletus magnificus.

Four new compounds, compounds 1, 2, 4, 6, along with two known compounds 3, 5, were isolated from the methanol extract of the fruiting body of Neoboletus magnificus. The structures of compounds were elucidated by HRMS and NMR spectroscopic methods. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated.

Species and Geographical Origins Discrimination of Porcini Mushrooms Based on FT-IR Spectroscopy and Mineral Elements Combined with Sparse Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis.

Misrecognition and toxic elements are two of several reasons responsible for food poisoning even death in the summer, a time when a great deal of edible mushrooms is celebrated in Southwestern China featured as complex environment conditions. It is highly important to identify the difference of chemical constituents in edible mushrooms at the regional-scale. In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were applied to investigate organic matters and 18 mineral elements in porcini mushrooms of six species collected from 17 sampling sites in nine Yunnan cities. Classification models on the species, regions, and part levels were established using sparse partial least square-discriminant analysis and principal component analysis. At the species level and region level accuracies of greater than 92.1% and 92.8% was achieved, respectively, whereas on the part level caps and stipes were classified with 96.7% accuracy. One of the most popular mushrooms is Boletus edulis characterized by polysaccharide, lipid, and ribonucleic acid as well as several phenolic compounds. Temperature and precipitation show possible influences on accumulations of polysaccharides and ribonucleic acid. Furthermore, the most important elements of caps contributed the difference between two parts are copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and phosphorus (P), whereas stipes instead by manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co). These results demonstrated that FT-IR spectroscopy and elements contents provide information sufficient for classifying different porcini mushroom samples, which might be helpful for controlling food security and quality assessment of edible mushrooms.

Type studies of Rossbeeverabispora, and a new species of Rossbeevera from south China.

The type of Rossbeeverabispora and additional collections from the type location and adjacent areas were studied. Molecular data for R.bispora derived from the new collections are provided. In addition, R.griseobrunnea, a new species of Rossbeevera, is described from Xiangtoushan National Nature Reserve, Guangdong Province of China. The new species is characterized by its globose to subglobose sequestrate basidiomata with grayish white to grayish brown pileus, pale bluish discoloration in some parts of the hymenophore when injured becoming rusty brown to dark brown after being exposed to the air, fusoid (star-shaped in cross section) basidiospores 17-20 × 9-12 µm, and subcutis elements in the pileus. Based on multi-locus (ITS+nrLSU+tef1-α+rpb2) molecular phylogenetic analyses, both species appear as sister to R.paracyanea. We present color photos, macro- and micro-description, SEM basidiospores, molecular affinities of the species and compare them with morphologically similar taxa within the genus. A key to the species known from northern and southern hemispheres is provided.

First Report of Buchwaldoboletus lignicola (Boletaceae), a Potentially Endangered Basidiomycete Species, in South Korea.

During the 2014 survey of the mushroom flora of Gwangneung forest in South Korea, we collected two specimens of boletoid mushroom growing on a felled tree of Pinus koraiensis. These specimens were characterized by a light brown to reddish-brown pileus with appressed tomentum, pore surface bluing instantly when bruised, golden-yellow mycelium at the base of stipe, and lignicolous habitat. Both specimens were identified as Buchwaldoboletus lignicola, a rare basidiomycete, based on morphological characteristics and sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS; fungal barcode). Here, we describe these specimens and provide the first report of this genus in South Korea.

Traceability of Boletaceae mushrooms using data fusion of UV-visible and FTIR combined with chemometrics methods.

BACKGROUND: Boletaceae mushrooms are wild-grown edible mushrooms that have high nutrition, delicious flavor and large economic value distributing in Yunnan Province, China. Traceability is important for the authentication and quality assessment of Boletaceae mushrooms. In this study, UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies were applied for traceability of 247 Boletaceae mushroom samples in combination with chemometrics. RESULTS: Compared with a single spectroscopy technique, data fusion strategy can obviously improve the classification performance in partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and grid-search support vector machine (GS-SVM) models, for both species and geographical origin traceability. In addition, PLS-DA and GS-SVM models can provide 100.00% accuracy for species traceability and have reliable evaluation parameters. For geographical origin traceability, the accuracy of prediction in the PLS-DA model by data fusion was just 64.63%, but the GS-SVM model based on data fusion was 100.00%. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that the data fusion strategy of UV-visible and FTIR combined with GS-SVM could provide a higher synergic effect for traceability of Boletaceae mushrooms and have a good generalization ability for the comprehensive quality control and evaluation of similar foods. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Metal Contents, Bioaccumulation, and Health Risk Assessment in Wild Edible Boletaceae Mushrooms.

Eight wild edible Boletaceae mushrooms (227 samples) and their soils were collected from 40 locations, Yunnan province, China. Four essential metals (Fe, Mg, Zn, and Cu) and 2 toxic metals (Pb and Cd) were determined. The results showed that Boletaceae mushrooms have abundance of 4 essential metals. The highest Pb mean value was 0.70 mg/kg DW, lower than legal limits, but Cd contents significantly exceeded legal limits. Generally, bioconcentration factor (BCF) indicated that Zn and Cu were easily bioaccumulated by mushrooms. However, the BCFCd of Boletus griseus reached to 6.40. Target hazard quotients showed Cd was the main risk metal in Boletaceae mushrooms. The metal compositional variability and the similarity of metal contents were further determined by principal component analysis. Regression model analysis indicated that Cd contents in mushrooms were positively correlated with soil Cd contents, and negatively correlated with soil pH, except for the samples of Boletus bicolor.

Two new species of Phylloporus from Bangladesh, with morphological and molecular evidence.

Two new species of Phylloporus from Bangladesh forests dominated by Shorea robusta are described and illustrated, based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence. Phylloporus attenuatus is characterized by its wine-red to brownish-red pilei, decurrent lamellae that stain blue, downwards tapering stipe, a trichodermium pileipellis, and ellipsoidal-ovoid to ellipsoidal basidiospores (7-8 × 4-5 µm). Phylloporus catenulatus is characterized by its small-sized basidiomata with reddish-brown pilei, narrowly decurrent with distant lamellae that stain blue, a subepithelium pileipellis, and ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal-ovoid basidiospores (8-9.5 × 4-5 µm). Both new species of Phylloporus are distinctive from any known taxa based on phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS; including ITS1-ITS2 but not 5.8S) region, partial sequence of nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S) domains D1 and D2, and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1α). Both species are compared with phenotypically similar taxa and illustrated with line drawings and photographs. A key to the species of Phylloporus known from Bangladesh is provided.