Outcomes after radical nephrectomy with vena cava thrombectomy using multidisciplinary approach: A single center experience.

INTRODUCTION: To describe the perioperative outcomes in patients treated with radical nephrectomy with cava thrombectomy at all thrombi levels using a multidisciplinary approach, with or without extracorporeal circulation (ECC), and to identify factors associated with perioperative morbidity. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 42 patients who were diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a vena cava thrombus and treated with radical nephrectomy and cava thrombectomy by a double surgical team at Lyon University Hospital from 2008 through 2021. The surgeons operated in the cardiothoracic operating theater to proceed with median sternotomy or ECC, if necessary. The primary endpoint of this study was perioperative morbidity and mortality assessed using the Clavien-Dindo scale. Complications were recorded until 90 days after surgery, and those classified as grade IIIa or higher were considered high-grade complications. RESULTS: Overall, 32 (76%) patients required ECC. No intraoperative mortality occurred; however, two patients (5%) died within 30 days. Complications occurred within 30 days in 30 patients (72%), with severe complications observed in 10 patients (24%). No further complications occurred between 30 and 90 days. Multivariate analysis revealed that age, thrombus level, ECC, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, symptoms, and metastasis at presentation were not significantly associated with high-grade complications (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Multidisciplinary approach is essential and frequent use of ECC, when achieved by a trained team, may facilitate surgery, and is associated with low perioperative morbidity, especially for patients with high-level thrombi. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Multiple and hereditary renal tumors: a review for radiologists.

80% of renal carcinomas (RC) are diagnosed incidentally by imaging. 2-4% of "sporadic" multifocality and 5-8% of hereditary syndromes are accepted, probably with underestimation. Multifocality, young age, familiar history, syndromic data, and certain histologies lead to suspicion of hereditary syndrome. Each tumor must be studied individually, with a multidisciplinary evaluation of the patient. Nephron-sparing therapeutic strategies and a radioprotective diagnostic approach are recommended. Relevant data for the radiologist in major RC hereditary syndromes are presented: von-Hippel-Lindau, Chromosome-3 translocation, BRCA-associated protein-1 mutation, RC associated with succinate dehydrogenase deficiency, PTEN, hereditary papillary RC, Papillary thyroid cancer- Papillary RC, Hereditary leiomyomatosis and RC, Birt-Hogg-Dubé, Tuberous sclerosis complex, Lynch, Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 fusion, Sickle cell trait, DICER1 mutation, Hereditary hyperparathyroidism and jaw tumor, as well as the main syndromes of Wilms tumor predisposition. The concept of "non-hereditary" familial RC and other malignant and benign entities that can present as multiple renal lesions are discussed.

Prevalence of urinary tract cancer in the Spanish cohort of the IDENTIFY study.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant tumors of the urinary tract are associated with high morbidity and mortality, and their prevalence can vary worldwide. Recently, the IDENTIFY study has published results on the prevalence of urinary tract cancer at a global level. This study evaluates the prevalence of cancer within the Spanish cohort of the IDENTIFY study to determine whether the published results can be extrapolated to our population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An analysis of the data from the Spanish cohort of patients in the IDENTIFY study was performed. This is a prospective cohort of patients referred to secondary care with suspected cancer, predominantly due to hematuria. Patients were recruited between December 2017 and December 2018. RESULTS: A total of 706 patients from 9 Spanish centers were analyzed. Of these, 277 (39.2%) were diagnosed with cancer: 259 (36.7%) bladder cancer, 10 (1.4%) upper tract urothelial carcinoma, 9 (1.2%) renal cancer and 5 (0.7%) prostate cancer. Increasing age (OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.03-1.06; P < 0.001)), visible hematuria (VH) OR 2.19 (95% CI 1.13-4.24; P = 0.02)) and smoking (ex-smokers: OR 2.11(95% CI 1.30-3.40; P = 0.002); smokers: OR 2.36 (95% CI 1.40-3.95; P = 0.001)) were associated with higher probability of bladder cancer. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the risk of bladder cancer in patients with VH and smoking habits. Bladder cancer presented the highest prevalence; higher than the prevalence reported in previous series and presented in the IDENTIFY study. Future work should evaluate other associated factors that allow us to create cancer prediction models to improve the detection of cancer in our patients.

The role of RNA modification in urological cancers: mechanisms and clinical potential.

RNA modification is a post-transcriptional level of regulation that is widely distributed in all types of RNAs, including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, and lncRNA, where N6-methyladenine (m6A) is the most abundant mRNA methylation modification. Significant evidence has depicted that m6A modifications are closely related to human diseases, especially cancer, and play pivotal roles in RNA transcription, splicing, stabilization, and translation processes. The most common urological cancers include prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancers, accounting for a certain proportion of human cancers, with an ever-increasing incidence and mortality. The recurrence, systemic metastasis, poor prognosis, and drug resistance of urologic tumors have prompted the identification of new therapeutic targets and mechanisms. Research on m6A modifications may provide new solutions to the current puzzles. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the key roles played by RNA modifications, especially m6A modifications, in urologic cancers, as well as recent research advances in diagnostics and molecularly targeted therapies.

Serum Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Markers in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Oxidative stress is believed to be a factor in the development and progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The identification of the oxidative and nitrosative modification of proteins and the definition of their roles in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) may be helpful in the elaboration of targeted therapeutic approaches to mitigate protein damage. This study aimed to investigate the status of oxidative/nitrosative stress and to explore its role in the development and progression. The studied group consisted of 48 newly diagnosed ccRCC and 30 healthy controls. Serum levels of oxidative stress markers-advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), thiol groups, Amadori reaction products, 3-nitrotyrosine, nitrate/nitrite, malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)-were determined. Additionally, associations between tumour stage assessed according to TNM classification, histological grade, and the effect of the presence of angioinvasion on the level of stress markers were evaluated. The levels of Amadori products, 3-nitrotyrosine, and nitrate/nitrite were elevated, while the levels of thiol groups and TAC decreased in the ccRCC group. The levels of AOPP, Amadori, and 3-nitrotyrosine increased, and thiol groups and TAC levels decreased with the increasing pathological stage of the tumour. In the case of advanced histological assessment of the tumour, we found decreasing levels of thiol groups and increasing levels of MDA. In patients with angioinvasion, nitrate/nitrite and MDA levels were significantly elevated compared to those in patients without angioinvasion. Oxidative stress increased with the progression of the disease assessed according to the TNM and histological grade. These results demonstrate systemic oxidative stress in ccRCC, suggesting the therapeutic application of antioxidants.

[Nephron sparing in the management of localized solid renal mass]. / Épargne néphronique dans la prise en charge des tumeurs rénales malignes solides localisées.

Managing a malignant renal tumor requires, first of all, a reflection on the necessity of its treatment. It must consider the renal function, altered at the time of diagnosis in 50% of cases. The treatment method chosen depends on many factors, in particular, the predicted residual renal function, the risk of chronic kidney disease, the need for temporary or long-term dialysis, and overall long-term survival. Other factors include the size, position, and number of tumors and a hereditary tumor background. When a renal-sparing management alternative is available, total nephrectomy should no longer be performed in patients with small malignant renal masses (cT1a). This may consist of surgery (partial nephrectomy or lumpectomy), percutaneous thermo-ablation (by radiofrequency, microwave, or cryotherapy). In patients with limited life expectancy, imaging-based surveillance may be proposed to suggest treatment in case of local progression. Good coordination between urologist, radiologist, nephrologist, and sometimes radiotherapist should allow optimal management of patients with a malignant renal tumor with or without underlying renal failure.

Clinical, pathological and long-term oncologic outcomes of papillary type I vs. type II renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Despite papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) subtype represents the second most common histological renal tumor, controversial findings have been shown regarding its prognosis. Thus, we investigated the natural history of patients harbouring pRCC, focusing on its clinicopathological characteristics and long-term oncologic outcomes among pRCC subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 447 patients treated with either partial (PN) or radical nephrectomy (RN) for pRCC at a single tertiary centre, between 1994 and 2019. First, we explored differences in baseline and clinicopathological characteristics. Second, Kaplan-Meier plots investigated progression-free survival (PFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) differences among pRCC subtypes. Third, multivariable Cox-regression analyses (MVA) were used to assess predictors of clinical progression (CP) and cancer-specific mortality (CSM). RESULTS: Overall, 120 (27%) patients had symptoms at time of diagnosis. 263 (58.8%) vs. 184 (41.2%) patients underwent PN vs. RN. At histopathological evaluation, 243 (54.4%) harboured pRCC type I vs. 204 (45.6%) type II. pRCC type II more frequently showed higher tumor grade, tumor necrosis or lymphovascular invasion (all P<0.001). After a median follow-up of 51 months, 2.5% and 11% of patients had local relapse and CP, respectively. Kaplan-Meier plots revealed 93 vs. 83% 5-year PFS (P<0.001) and 96 vs. 89% 5-year CSS (P=0.01) for non-metastatic pRCC type I vs. II, respectively. At MVA, pRCC type II predicted higher risk of CP (Hazard ratio [HR]: 3.03, 95%CI 1.42-6.44; P=0.01), as well as of CSM (HR: 2.60, 95%CI 1.05-6.29; P=0.02), relative to pRCC type I. CONCLUSIONS: PRCC type II harbour more unfavorable tumor characteristics, such as higher tumor grade, more frequent tumor necrosis or lymphvascular invasion, which translates into worse long-term oncologic outcomes, compared with pRCC type I. Thus, patients harbouring pRCC type II may benefit from stricter follow-up, as well as earlier risk-based adjuvant therapies, based on potential worse oncologic outcomes in this patient population.

Laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy in cT1 renal tumors. Comparative analysis of complications and survival.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Comparative analysis of postoperative complications and survival between laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) in cT1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study of patients with two kidneys and single renal tumor cT1 treated in our center between 2005 and 2018 by laparoscopic PN or RN. RESULTS: 372 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. RN was performed in 156 (41.9%) patients and PN in 216 (58.1%). Clavien Dindo III-V complications were observed in 10 (4,6%) PN and 6 (3,9%) RN patients (p = 0.75). The comorbidity Charlson index (CCI) was identified as an independent predictor variable of complications (p = 0.02) and surgical approach did not affect multivariate analysis. Estimated overall survival (OS) was 81.2% and 56.8% at 5 and 10 years in the RN group and 90.2% and 75.7% in the PN group, respectively (p = 0.0001). Obesity (HR 2.77, p = 0.01), CCI ≥ 3 (HR 3.69, p = 0.001) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at discharge (HR 1.87, p = 0.03) were identified as predictors of overall mortality. Nephrectomy approach showed no influence on OS. Estimated recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 86.1% at 5 and 10 years in the RN group and 93.5% and 83.6% in the PN group, respectively (p = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic PN is not inferior to RN in terms of oncologic and surgical safety in cT1 RCC. Nephrectomy approach did not influence patient OS, however, obesity, CCI ≥ 3 and GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at discharge did behave as predictors.

[Analysis of renal tumor size as a predictive factor of oncological aggressiveness.] / Análisis del tamaño del tumor renal como factor predictivo de agresividad oncológica.

INTRODUCTION: The increased incidenceof diagnosis of kidney tumours has driveninvestigation in the area. It is known that the risk ofmalignancy is correlated with tumour size, but thereare still no specific and objective parameters to characterizethe degree of aggressiveness and to be ableto guide a treatment reliably. OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship betweenrenal tumour size and the incidence of tumour aggressivecharacteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysisof our series of renal cancers operated between 1998and 2018 was performed. The specific and cumulativeincidence of aggressive characteristics was studied.The following where considered as aggressive characteristics:Presence of sarcomatoid or epidermoiddifferentiation, tumour necrosis, stage pT3-4, histologicalhigh grade (3-4) and the presence of histologicalaggressive variants. RESULTS: A total of 651 patients that had undergonerenal mass surgery were analysed. In tumours below2 cm the appearance of aggressive characteristicsoccurred in less than 5%. For renal masses greaterthan 2 cm, each centimetre increase correlated with arise in cumulative incidence of 2-3% for each characteristicstudied. CONCLUSIONS: In tumours below 2cm and patientswith significant comorbidities active surveillance maybe a reliable alternative to surgery.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El aumento de incidenciade diagnóstico de tumores renales ha conllevadoun mayor estudio y conocimiento de los mismos.Se conoce que el riesgo de malignidad se correlacionacon el tamaño tumoral, pero seguimos sin tener parámetrosespecíficos y objetivos para caracterizar elgrado de agresividad de los mismos y poder orientarun tratamiento de forma fiable. OBJETIVO: Identificar la relación que existe entre eltamaño tumoral y la incidencia de características deagresividad.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo denuestra serie de cáncer renal intervenido quirúrgicamenteen el periodo entre 1998 y 2018. Se estudia laincidencia específica y acumulada de las característicasde agresividad en dichas lesiones y su relación conel tamaño tumoral. Se consideraron característicasde agresividad: la presencia diferenciación sarcomatoiode epidermoide, necrosis tumoral, estadio pT3-4,grado histológico alto (3-4) y la presencia de variantesde histología agresiva. RESULTADOS: Se analizan un total de 651 pacientesintervenidos por cáncer renal. En tumores por debajode 2 cm la aparición de características de agresividadse observó en menos del 5%. A partir de ese tamaño, laincidencia acumulada se incrementa en un 2-3% paracada característica con cada centímetro que aumentael tamaño tumoral. CONCLUSIONES: Este análisis demuestra que conformeaumenta el tamaño de los tumores renales, aumentala incidencia de características de agresividadde los mismos. En tumores por debajo de 2 cm y pacientescon comorbilidades importantes la vigilanciaactiva puede ser una alternativa con cierta seguridad.

[Biomarkers in renal cancer.] / Biomarcadores en cáncer renal.

The natural history of renal cell canceris unpredictable and despite the increased knowledgeof this disease, the incidence has been increasing in recent years. Renal cancer represents a tumor withsignificant mortality and efforts to understand its behaviorhavenot yet translated into a decrease in mortality.In the study of renal cell cancer, the knowledge ofmolecular pathways is very important, since they arethe basis for the development of new therapies. Thisknowledge has made it possible to reclassify these tumorsand the current challenge is the search for biomarkersthat allow to establish an adequate diagnosisand prognosis and predict the response to a certaintype of treatment.In the present manuscript we carry out a review ofthe main markers studied and their potential value inrenal cell cancer.

La historia natural del cáncer renal esimpredecible y a pesar del aumento del conocimientode esta enfermedad, la incidencia ha ido en aumentoen los últimos años. Representa un tumor con unamortalidad importante y los esfuerzos por conocer sucomportamiento todavía no se traducen en una disminuciónde su mortalidad.Dentro del estudio del cáncer renal es cada vezmás importante el conocimiento de su funcionamientomolecular, que por otra parte ha sido fundamentalpara la aparición de las nuevas terapias. Dicho conocimientoha permitido reclasificar estos tumores, siendoel desafío actual la búsqueda de biomarcadores quenos permitan establecer un adecuado diagnóstico ypronóstico y predecir la respuesta a un determinadotipo de tratamiento.En el presente trabajo realizamos una revisión delos principales marcadores estudiados y su potencialvalor en el cáncer renal.

[Usefulness of contrast enhanced ultrasound for evaluation of cystic renal masses.] / Utilidad de la ecografía con contraste en el estudio de las lesiones renales quísticas.

OBJECTIVE: Contrast enhanced ultrasound(CE) consists of the intravenous injection of gasmicrobubbles and their detection within the kidney in differentphases. CE is more accurate than contrast enhancedtomography for detection of septa and wall thicknessvascularization in cystic renal lesions. The purposes ofthis study are to confirm the usefulness of this tool in thecharacterization of complex cystic renal masses and toassess its histological correlation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective observationalstudy of 78 patients with complex or indeterminatecystic renal masses who underwent a CE betweenJanuary 2015 - January 2020. RESULTS: Lesions with high suspicion of malignancy(Bosniak III and IV) were identified in 35 patients(45%). A surgical approach was taken in 23 (30%): 18patients with histology of renal cell carcinoma, and onlyin 4 the histology was benign. CE involved a change intherapeutic management due to better definition of thelesion in 48 patients (61.5%). CE has a sensitivity 100%,specificity 91.5%, PPV 81.8%, NPV 100%, and CE hadan important confidence level showed by the area underthe ROC curve (AUC = 0.968). CONCLUSIONS: CE is a useful tool in the characterizationof complex cystic renal lesions. It allows abetter definition of the Bosniak classification for thoseindeterminate or doubtful cases on CT that couldgenerate a change in the therapeutic attitude in manycases. It has a good image - histology relation.

OBJETIVO: La ecografía con contraste(EC) consiste en la inyección intravenosa demicroburbujas de gas y su detección dentro del riñón endistintas fases. En las lesiones renales quísticas la EC esmás sensible que la tomografía con contraste para valorarla vascularización de septos y tabiques. Los objetivosde este trabajo son confirmar la utilidad de esta técnicaen la caracterización de las lesiones renales quísticascomplejas y estudiar su relación anatomo-patológica MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacionalretrospectivo de 78 pacientes con masas renales quísticascomplejas o dudosas en los que se les realizó una ECentre enero 2015 ­ enero 2020. RESULTADOS: En 35 pacientes (45%) se identificaronlesiones con alta sospecha de malignidad (BosniakIII y IV). En 23 (30%) se tomó una actitud quirúrgica: 18con anatomía patológica de carcinoma de células renalesy 4 con anatomía patológica benigna. En 48 pacientes(61,5%) supuso un cambio de actitud terapéuticadebido a la mejor definición de la lesión. La EC presentóuna sensibilidad 100%, especificidad 91,5%, VPP 81,8%,VPN 100%, con un nivel confianza diagnóstica mostradopor el área bajo la curva ROC (AUC = 0,968).CONCLUSIÓN: La EC es una herramienta útil en lavaloración de quistes renales complejos. Permite unamejor definición de la clasificación Bosniak para aquelloscasos indeterminados o dudosos en TC, que implicóun cambio de actitud terapéutica en muchos casos. Además,presenta una buena relación imagen-histología.

Evolution of renal function in patients with cT1 renal tumors after laparoscopic partial and radical nephrectomy. Predictive factors for renal function impairment.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze the evolution of kidney function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) and to identify predictive factors for renal function impairment. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Retrospective study of patients with two kidneys, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and single renal tumor cT1, treated in our center between 2005 and 2018. RESULTS: A total of 372 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study; 156 (41.9%) were treated with RN and 216 (58.1%) with PN. There was a difference of 26.75 mL/min/1.73 m2 in GFR between RN and PN at discharge. Age >60 years, postoperative complications (OR 2.97, p = 0.005) and RN (OR 10.03, p = 0.0001) were predictors of GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at discharge. Only RN (OR 7.69, p = 0.0001) behaved as an independent prognostic factor for GFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 at discharge. The median follow-up of the series was 57 (IQR 28-100) months. At the end of the follow-up period, nine (6%) patients treated with RN developed severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) and three (2%) developed end stage renal disease (ESRD). Age >70 years, diabetes mellitus (DM) (HR 2.12, p = 0.001), arterial hypertension (AHT) (HR 1.73, p = 0.01) and RN (HR 2.88, p = 0.0001) behaved as independent predictors of GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The independent predictors for GFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 were age >70 years, DM (HR 1.99 CI 95% 1.04-3.83, p = 0.04) and RN (HR 5.88 CI 95% 2.57-13.45, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: RN is a short- and long-term risk factor for CKD although with a low probability of severe CKD or ESRD in patients with preoperative GFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Age, DM and AHT contribute to worsening renal function during follow-up.

Advances in urologic oncology "OncoUrology Forum Special Edition": The best of 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To provide latest findings of Urologic Oncology on prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer, and analyze its impact on clinical practice as well as future schemes in the medium- and long-term. METHODS: This document reviews the abstracts on Uro-Oncology presented at the 2020 Congresses (EUA, AUA, ASCO, ESMO and ASTRO), the publications with the highest impact and especially the new lines of development and progress in Uro-Oncology evaluated by the OncoForum committee. RESULTS: The use of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioligands in the diagnosis of prostate cancer may have great potential and utility in the coming years due to their improved sensitivity and specificity. The genetic characterization of the tumor is important at both, germline and somatic levels, due to the significant role of BRCA2 mutations regarding risk. The cohort multiple randomised controlled trial is the most suitable study design at the genitourinary cancer level. The application of big data will lead to process improvements, savings in healthcare costs, and an empowerment of real-life studies through ease of data comparison, management, and storage. CONCLUSIONS: The use of new diagnostic techniques with PSMA ligands will provide a more comprehensive diagnostic modality, increase the number of studies about tumor genetic profiling, and enhance their quality. The practical application of artificial intelligence will improve the treatment genitourinary cancer.

Experiencia en Nefrectomía Parcial y Enucleación de Tumor Renal Laparoscópico "Zero Isquemia", en Cochabamba, Bolivia

Resumen El manejo quirúrgico de los tumores renales pequeños es la cirugía conservadora de nefronas, este tipo de manejo se reservaba para pacientes seleccionados, con riñón solitario, enfermedad renal crónica o tumores bilaterales. La evidencia sugiere que la nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica es equivalente en términos de resultados oncológicos y superior en las mediciones de calidad de vida comparada al abordaje abierto. Objetivos: determinar los resultados oncológicos en cuanto a bordes libres del tumor y complicaciones quirúrgicas en pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía parcial y enucleación de tumor renal laparoscópico "Zero isquemia". Metodología: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, y comparativo, universo pacientes de la Clínica privada Los Ángeles y de la Caja Nacional de Salud, Hospital Obrero Nº2, Cochabamba, Bolivia, que fueron sometidos a nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica, se agruparon en dos grupos: Grupo I: nefrectomía parcial y Grupo II: enucleación, se analizaron: tamaño y localización del tumor, RENAL score, tiempo quirúrgico, sangrado, días de estancia, complicaciones y reporte histopatológico. Se utilizó el SPSS versión 20 (IBM, Chicago, IL). Resultados: se evaluaron 17 pacientes, 3 fueron excluidos por terminar en cirugía radical, 6 parciales (Grupo I) y 8 enucleaciones (Grupo II). Edad promedio de 45,7 (± 8,6) vs 51,2 (± 6,3) años. Tamaño del tumor 7,8 (2,5-10) vs 3,2 (1-5,7) cm, El RENAL score en global de todos los pacientes fue de baja a moderada, se realizó un análisis por separado, en el grupo I, la distribución fue complejidad baja n=2 (33,3%), moderada n= 1 (16,7%) y alta n= 3 (50%), en el grupo II, baja complejidad n=5 (62,5%), moderada n=2 (25%), alta complejidad n= 1 (12,5%). Hubo diferencias a favor del grupo II (enucleación) en cuanto a tiempo quirúrgico y sangrado transoperatorio, presentando solo 1 caso con fuga urinaria, resuelta con colocación de catéter JJ, se evidencia iguales tiempos de estancia intrahospitalaria, en cuanto a los bordes quirúrgicos, se tuvo 2 (14,2%) casos con bordes positivos 1 para cada abordaje, los cuales se mantienen en vigilancia estrecha. Conclusiones: el abordaje laparoscópico es una opción equiparable al abierto, se obtuvieron iguales resultados en cuanto a control oncológico en relación a bordes libres y con menos complicaciones, aunque se requiere experiencia en cirugía laparoscópica y aumentar el seguimiento en tiempo y mayor número de casos.

Abstract Surgical management of small renal tumors involves nephron-sparing surgery, which used to be reserved for selected patients with a solitary kidney, chronic kidney disease or bilateral tumors. Evidence suggests that laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is equivalent to the open approach in terms of oncologic outcomes and superior in quality of life measures. Objectives: to determine oncologic outcomes regarding tumor free edges and surgical complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic "Zero ischemia" partial nephrectomy and enucleation of renal tumor. Methodology: retrospective, observational, and comparative study, with a universe of patients from Los Angeles private clinic and Caja Nacional de Salud, Hospital Obrero Nº2, Cochabamba, Bolivia, who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, were grouped in two groups: Group I: partial nephrectomy and Group II: enucleation. The following were analyzed: tumor size and location, RENAL score, surgical time, bleeding, days of stay, complications and histopathological report. SPSS version 20 (IBM, Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis. Results: seventeen patients were evaluated, 3 were excluded due to completion of radical surgery, 6 partial nephrectomies (Group I) and 8 enucleations (Group II). Mean age 45.7 (± 8.6) vs 51.2 (± 6.3) years. Tumor size 7.8 (2.5-10) vs 3.2 (1-5.7) cm, The overall RENAL score of all patients was low to moderate, a separate analysis was performed, in group I, the distribution was low complexity 2 (33.3%), moderate n=1 (16.7%) and high n=3 (50%), in group II, low complexity n=5 (62.5%), moderate n=2 (25%), high complexity n=1 (12.5%). There were differences in favor of group II (enucleation) in terms of surgical time and transoperative bleeding, presenting only 1 case with urinary leakage, resolved with placement of a JJ catheter. In terms of surgical edges, there were 2 (14.2%) cases with positive edges, 1 for each approach, which are kept under close surveillance. Conclusions: laparoscopic approach is an option comparable to the open one, equal results were obtained with respect to oncologic control in relation to free edges and with fewer complications, although experience in laparoscopic surgery is required, as well as an increase in follow-up time and a greater number of cases.

Tumor renal con extensión al atrio derecho a través de la vena cava inferior: reporte de caso / Renal tumor with extension to the right atrium through the inferior vena cava: case report

Resumen El presente articulo describe un caso clínico de una paciente con un ''trombo tumoral''. Estos son tumores que se extienden desde el órgano afectado hasta el atrio derecho, por la vena cava inferior. Hasta el 10 % de los tumores descritos pueden alcanzar la vena cava inferior y el 1 % de estos llegan a atrio derecho. El carcinoma de células renales es el más frecuente en producir este cuadro. El objetivo del articulo es mostrar que es fundamental realizar un adecuado diagnóstico diferencial, ya que existen diferentes procesos tumorales que pueden causar un ''trombo tumoral'' y diferentes causas de masas en el atrio derecho. La clínica de los pacientes con este cuadro será por obstrucción de la vena cava. El diagnóstico se realiza con estudios de imágenes, ultrasonido (US), ecocardiograma, tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) y resonancia magnética. El manejo debe de ser quirúrgico, sin embargo, presenta pronóstico desfavorable, en algunos casos se puede resecar el tumor primario y extraer la masa que ha invadido la vena cava inferior.

Abstract: This article describes a clinical case of a patient with a 'tumoral thrombus''. These are tumors that extend from the affected organ to the right atrium, through the inferior vena cava. Up to 10% of the tumors described can reach the inferior vena cava and 1% of these reach the right atrium. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common to produce this condition. The objective of the article is to show that it is essential to carry out an adequate differential diagnosis since there are different tumor processes that can cause a ''tumoral thrombus'' and different causes of masses in the right atrium. The symptoms of patients with this condition will be caused by the obstruction of the vena cava. The diagnosis is made with imaging studies, ultrasound (US), echocardiography, computerized axial tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging. The management must be surgical, however it has an unfavorable prognosis, in some cases the primary tumor can be resected and the mass that has invaded the inferior vena cava removed.

Crioablación percutánea de tumores renales cT1 como alternativa al tratamiento quirúrgico / Percutaneous cryoablation of cT1 kidney tumors as alternative to surgical treatment

Resumen El cáncer renal representa el 3 al 4% de todas las lesiones malignas y su detección incidental es cada vez más frecuente. Para los tumores renales cT1a la cirugía es el tratamiento de elección. No todos los pacientes son candidatos a este tipo de tratamiento por elevado riesgo quirúrgico debido a comorbi lidades asociadas o antecedentes de cirugía en dicho órgano. Las guías de la Asociación Americana de Urología recomiendan la termoablación como alternativa a la cirugía en tumores menores a 3 cm. La experiencia con crioablación percutánea en tumores renales es escasa en Latinoamérica y hay pocas publicaciones al respecto en esta región. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la efectividad y seguridad de la crioablación percutánea en una cohorte de pacientes adultos con cáncer renal cT1 (menores a 5 cm) como alternativa al tratamiento quirúrgico. Los procedimientos fueron realizados con guía de tomografía computarizada o con un angiógrafo, en condiciones estériles y bajo anestesia general. Los pacientes fueron tratados en condiciones ambulatorias. El seguimiento se realizó con estudios por imágenes, análisis de laboratorio y consulta clínica. Todos tuvieron una respuesta completa constatada por imágenes en los controles evolutivos. El 61% no tuvo complicaciones y en el resto se observaron complicaciones grado 1 como hematuria, retención urinaria y hematoma perirrenal. Se concluyó que la crioablación percutánea es segura y efectiva como alternativa a la cirugía en pacientes con tumores renales.

Abstract Renal cancer represents 3-4% of all malignancies. Its incidental detection is becoming more frequent. Surgery is the gold standard treatment for T1 renal cancer. Still, surgery is not suitable for every patient due to comorbidities or previous kidney surgery. Guidelines provided by The American Urological Association recommend thermoablation therapies as an alternative to surgery in tumors under 3 cm. Experience regarding percutaneous cryoablation in renal tumors is scarce in Latin America and there are only a handful of publications in this region regarding this subject. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and security of percutaneous cryoablation in a cohort of adult patients with cT1 renal cancer (smaller than 5 cm) as an alternative to surgery. The procedures were performed with CT or Cone Beam CT guidance and under general anesthesia in sterile conditions. Cryoablation was carried out on an outpatient basis. Follow up was done with imaging studies, blood test and clinical consultation. All patients had complete response in imaging studies. There were no complications in 61% of all of them, the remaining patients suffered grade-1 complications such as hematuria, urinary reten tion and perirenal hematoma. In conclusion, percutaneous cryoablation for renal tumors is a safe and effective alternative to surgery.

Evolution of renal function in patients with CT1 renal tumors after laparoscopic partial and radical nephrectomy. Predictive factors for renal function impairment. / Evolución de la función renal en pacientes con cáncer renal cT1 después de nefrectomía parcial y radical laparoscópica. Factores predictores de deterioro de función renal.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze the evolution of kidney function after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) and to identify predictive factors for deterioration in kidney function. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Retrospective study of patients with two kidneys, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and single renal tumor cT1, treated in our center between 2005 and 2018. RESULTS: A total of 372 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study; 156 (41.9%) were treated by RN and 216 (58.1%) by PN. There was a difference of 26.75 mL/min/1.73 m2 in GFR between RN and PN at discharge. Age > 60 years, postoperative complications (OR 2.97, p = 0.005) and RN (OR 10.03, p = 0.0001) were predictors of GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at discharge. Only RN (OR 7.69, p = 0.0001) behaved as an independent prognostic factor for GFR < 45 mL/min/1.73m2 at discharge. The median follow-up of the series was 57 (IQR 28-100) months. At the end of the follow-up period, nine (6%) patients treated with RN developed severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) and three (2%) developed end stage renal disease (ESRD). Age > 70 years, diabetes mellitus (DM) (HR 2.12, p = 0.001), arterial hypertension (AHT) (HR 1.73, p = 0.01) and RN (HR 2.88, p = 0.0001) behaved as independent predictors of GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The independent predictors for GFR< 45 mL/min/1.73m2 were age >70 years, DM (HR 1.99 CI 95% 1.04-3.83, p = 0.04) and RN (HR 5.88 CI 95% 2.57-13.45, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: RN is a short- and long-term risk factor for CKD, although with a low probability of severe CKD or ESRD in patients with preoperative GFR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Age, DM and AHT contribute to worsening renal function during follow-up.

Primovist® (Gadotrexate disodium) magnetic resonance use in benign and malignant kidney diagnosis. / Uso de la resonancia magnetica con Primovist® (Gadotrexate disodio) para diagnostico de lesiones renales benignas y malignas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of the contrast images obtained with a Primovist® (gadoxetate disodium) Magnetic Resonance Image in order to diagnose benign, malignant and malformations in the urinary tract. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective image and diagnosis review of Primovist® MRI studies performed in liver insufficient patients without apparent renal abnormalities was done, in order to evaluate the urinary tract for irregularities. RESULTS: A total of 117 Primovist® MRI studies performed between july 2014 and November 2018 were reviewed, 5 were excluded because they were incomplete. The average age was 59.6 ± 16.6 years old. The following diagnosis were encountered: 36 simple cysts, 6 perirenal fibrosis after pyelonephritis, 1 renal cancer, 1 renal atrophy, 1 proximal uretheric flexure, 1 bilateral hydronephrosis due to lower urinary obstruction because of benign prostatic hyperplasia and 1 complex cyst. No MRI study was indicated with suspicions of renal abnormalities. Relevant images are included that demonstrate the capability of Primovist® MRI to diagnose renal abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Even though none of the Primovist® MRI studies was done with suspicious of renal abnormalities it was possible to diagnose incidental benign, malignant and malformations of the urinary tract. This study shows how Primovist® MRI can be useful contrast study for urinary tract irregularities.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la calidad de las imágenes contrastadas del tracto urinario que permitan diagnosticar patologías benignas, malignas y malformaciones con el uso de una resonancia magnética contrastada con Primovist® (gadoxetato disodio). MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se realizó una revisión de las imágenes y diagnósticos del servicio de radiología de manera retrospectiva de pacientes con una resonancia magnética contrastada con Primovist® por padecer insuficiencia hepática sin aparente patología urinaria, con el objeto de buscar diagnósticos incidentales en el tracto urinario superior e inferior. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron durante el periodo de julio del 2014 a noviembre del 2018, 117 estudios, se excluyeron 5 por no contar con el estudio completo para su revaloración. La edad promedio fue de 59,6±16,6 años. Se encontraron 48 anormalidades urinarias sin previa sospecha diagnóstica por lo que fueron considerados como incidentales. A continuación se enumeran los hallazgos renales diagnosticados: 36 quistes simples, 6 cambios perirenales compatibles con secuelas de pielonefritis, 1 cáncer renal, 1 hipotrofia renal, 1 angulación funcional del uréter proximal sin cruce vascular con pelvis extrarenal contralateral, 1 hidronefrosis bilateral secundaria a obstrucción vesical por hiperplasia prostática y 1 quiste complejo. Ningún estudio se indicó por sospecha de anormalidades del tracto urinario. CONCLUSIONES: Aun cuando no era la indicación del estudio de resonancia, fue posible encontrar algunas patologías renales como hallazgos que incluyeron patología benigna, maligna y malformaciones, demostrando que la resonancia magnética con Primovist® se podría realizar como estudio contrastado para patologías renales.

X-Capsular Incision for Tumor Enucleation (X-CITE)-Technique: A Method to Maximize Renal Parenchymal Preservation for Completely Endophytic Renal Tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the X-Capsular Incision for Tumor Enucleation (X-CITE) technique to resect endophytic renal tumors while preserving the overlying renal parenchyma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We reviewed 1-year outcomes of 12 consecutive patients with a history of bilateral or multifocal renal tumors who presented to our institution with completely endophytic renal masse(s) between August 2017 and August 2018. Endophytic tumors were resected by making an X-shaped incision in the renal capsule and developing parenchymal flaps overlying the tumor pseudocapsule. Following tumor enucleation, the overlying parenchymal flaps were reapproximated. RESULTS: Median follow up was 19.9 months (range 10.6-14.9). Most patients also had additional exophytic tumors with a median of 5 renal tumors removed per operation with a median largest renal tumor size of 3.2 cm. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. There was no decline in renal function after surgery when comparing median pre- and 12-month postoperative eGFR (94.5 vs 91.5, P= 0.18).). Postoperative nuclear mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG-3) renal scans demonstrated equal differential kidney function after surgery. Limitations include short-term follow-up and referral bias at center specializing in multi-focal kidney surgery. CONCLUSION: The X-Capsular Incision for Tumor Enucleation technique is feasible, safe and effective with minimal collateral damage in the treatment of completely endophytic renal masses. Further investigation should identify which patients may benefit from this procedure and explore intermediate and long-term outcomes.

[Circumferential calcifications in cromophobe renal cell carcinoma: Description of a clinical case and review of the literature.] / Calcificaciones anormales en tumor renal de células cromófobas: descripción de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura.

We present a clinical case of an asymptomatic 61-year-old man was found to have a left kidney mass. Ultrasound and CT showed a 6 x 5 cms mass with calcifications. Histologic examination of the radical nephrectomy specimen revealed a chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. The unique feature of this case is the type of calcifications present in a tumor of this category. To our knowledge, were port the first case of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with peripheral linear calcifications. A literature review onchromophobe renal cell carcinoma with calcifications is performed.

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 61 años diagnosticado de forma incidental de una tumoración renal izquierda. Las imágenes radiológicas obtenidas mediante ecografía y TAC muestran una masa de 6 x 5 cms con calcificaciones circunferenciales y periféricas. El estudio anatomopatológico de la pieza de nefrectomía radical evidencia un carcinoma renal de células cromófobas. La peculiaridad de este caso reside en el tipo de calcificaciones presentes en un tumor de este tipo no habiéndose descrito previamente, en nuestro conocimiento, calcificaciones lineales periféricas como éstas, en carcinoma renal de células cromófobas. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura acerca de las calcificaciones en carcinoma renal de células cromófobas.