Tremendously enhanced catalytic performance of Fe(III)/peroxymonosulfate process by trace Cu(II): A high-valent metals domination in organics removal.

Dissolved copper and iron ions are regarded as friendly and economic catalysts for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, however, neither Cu(II) nor Fe(III) shows efficient catalytic performance because of the slow rates of Cu(II)/Cu(I) and Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycles. Innovatively, we observed a significant enhancement on the degradation of organic contaminants when Cu(II) and Fe(III) were coupled to activate PMS in borate (BA) buffer. The degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB, 20 µmol/L) reached up to 96.3% within 10 min, which was higher than the sum of individual Cu(II)- and Fe(III)- activated PMS process. Sulfate radical, hydroxyl radical and high-valent metal ions (i.e., Cu(III) and Fe(IV)) were identified as the working reactive species for RhB removal in Cu(II)/Fe(III)/PMS/BA system, while the last played a predominated role. The presence of BA dramatically facilitated the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) via chelating with Cu(II) followed by Fe(III) reduction by Cu(I), resulting in enhanced PMS activation by Cu(I) and Fe(II) as well as accelerated generation of reactive species. Additionally, the strong buffering capacity of BA to stabilize the solution pH was satisfying for the pollutants degradation since a slightly alkaline environment favored the PMS activation by coupling Cu(II) and Fe(III). In a word, this work provides a brand-new insight into the outstanding PMS activation by homogeneous bimetals and an expanded application of iron-based advanced oxidation processes in alkaline conditions.

Iron-promoted zirconia-alumina supported Ni catalyst for highly efficient and cost-effective hydrogen production via dry reforming of methane.

Developing cost-effective and high-performance catalyst systems for dry reforming of methane (DRM) is crucial for producing hydrogen (H2) sustainably. Herein, we investigate using iron (Fe) as a promoter and major alumina support in Ni-based catalysts to improve their DRM performance. The addition of iron as a promotor was found to add reducible iron species along with reducible NiO species, enhance the basicity and induce the deposition of oxidizable carbon. By incorporating 1 wt.% Fe into a 5Ni/10ZrAl catalyst, a higher CO2 interaction and formation of reducible "NiO-species having strong interaction with support" was observed, which led to an ∼80% H2 yield in 420 min of Time on Stream (TOS). Further increasing the Fe content to 2wt% led to the formation of additional reducible iron oxide species and a noticeable rise in H2 yield up to 84%. Despite the severe weight loss on Fe-promoted catalysts, high H2 yield was maintained due to the proper balance between the rate of CH4 decomposition and the rate of carbon deposit diffusion. Finally, incorporating 3 wt.% Fe into the 5Ni/10ZrAl catalyst resulted in the highest CO2 interaction, wide presence of reducible NiO-species, minimum graphitic deposit and an 87% H2 yield. Our findings suggest that iron-promoted zirconia-alumina-supported Ni catalysts can be a cheap and excellent catalytic system for H2 production via DRM.

Co-doped cryptomelane-type manganese oxide in situ grown on a nickel foam substrate for high humidity ozone decomposition.

Monolithic catalysts with excellent O3 catalytic decomposition performance were prepared by in situ loading of Co-doped KMn8O16 on the surface of nickel foam. The triple-layer structure with Co-doped KMn8O16/Ni6MnO8/Ni foam was grown spontaneously on the surface of nickel foam by tuning the molar ratio of KMnO4 to Co(NO3)2·6H2O precursors. Importantly, the formed Ni6MnO8 structure between KMn8O16 and nickel foam during in situ synthesis process effectively protected nickel foam from further etching, which significantly enhanced the reaction stability of catalyst. The optimum amount of Co doping in KMn8O16 was available when the molar ratio of Mn to Co species in the precursor solution was 2:1. And the Mn2Co1 catalyst had abundant oxygen vacancies and excellent hydrophobicity, thus creating outstanding O3 decomposition activity. The O3 conversion under dry conditions and relative humidity of 65%, 90% over a period of 5 hr was 100%, 94% and 80% with the space velocity of 28,000 hr-1, respectively. The in situ constructed Co-doped KMn8O16/Ni foam catalyst showed the advantages of low price and gradual applicability of the preparation process, which provided an opportunity for the design of monolithic catalyst for O3 catalytic decomposition.

Catalyst- and Solvent-Free Upcycling of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Waste to Biodegradable Plastics.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is an important polymer with annual output second only to polyethylene. Due to its low biodegradability, a large amount of PET is recycled for sustainable development. However, current strategies for PET recycling are limited by low added value or small product scale. It is urgent to make a breakthrough on the principle of PET macromolecular reaction and efficiently prepare products with high added value and wide applications. Here, the catalyst- and solvent-free synthesis of biodegradable plastics are reported through novel carboxyl-ester transesterification between PET waste and bio-based hydrogenated dimer acid (HDA), which can directly substitute some terephthalic acid (TPA) units in PET chain by HDA unit. This macromolecular reaction can be facilely carried out on current equipment in the polyester industry without any additional catalyst and solvent, thus enabling low-cost and large-scale production. Furthermore, the product semi-bio-based copolyester shows excellent mechanical properties, regulable flexibility and good biodegradability, which is expected to substitute poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) plastic as high value-added biodegradable materials. This work provides an environmental-friendly and economic strategy for the large-scale upcycling of PET waste.

Experimental and first-principles investigation on how support morphology determines the performance of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst during ethylene polymerization.

One class of the Ziegler-Natta catalysts (ZNC) - the TiCl4/MgCl2 having triethyl aluminum (AlEt3), has been widely utilized during ethylene polymerization. Although the Ti species plays the role of a major active site, an increase of Ti species does not always improve the activity of ZNC. Herein, investigations of experiments and density functional theory (DFT) elucidate this inverse effect of the increased amount of TiCl4 deposition in ZNC because of the pretreatment process. However, the activity of ZNC on pretreated MgCl2 dropped to 60% of the unpretreated one. The DFT demonstrates that the pretreatment strengthened the interaction between TiCl4 and ZNC, especially on the (104) surface, forming the TiCl4-TiCl4 cluster. The existence of this TiCl4-TiCl4 cluster found on the ZNC (104) surface weakens the adsorption of the first AlEt3 molecule and obstructs further alkylation process, making another Ti site of the alkylated TiCl4-TiCl4 cluster inactive. However, the difficult formation of the TiCl4-TiCl4 cluster found on the ZNC (110) is an important key point that enables the activation of all adsorbed TiCl4 on this surface by facilitating the alkylation process. Moreover, the existence of the MgCl2 (110) surface prevents the formation of the TiCl4-TiCl4 cluster significantly. Hence, it is suggested that the existence of the (110) plane on ZNC plays a key role in controlling the performance of the ZNC, especially the stability via the prevention of deactivation caused by the clustering of TiCl4.

Dynamics of direct hydrocarbon PEM fuel cells.

Hydrocarbon fuels contain approximately 50 times more energy per unit mass than commercial batteries, thus converting even 10% of the energy contained in hydrocarbon fuels to electrical energy could present a more mass-efficient electrical energy source than batteries. Considering the storability of hydrocarbon fuels compared to hydrogen, the viability of direct hydrocarbon polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells was examined. With extremely pure (> 99.99%) propane, the cell Open-Circuit Voltage (OCV) was only 0.05 V and produced negligible power. However, with addition of trace quantities of unsaturated hydrocarbons, the cell had an OCV of 0.85 V and produced power, even after the unsaturated hydrocarbon addition was discontinued. At sufficiently high current densities, power output gradually decreased then the cell rapidly "extinguished" but by periodically shutting off the current for short time intervals the average power density could be increased significantly. Chemical analysis revealed that no significant amounts of hydrocarbon intermediates or CO were present in the effluent and that conversion of the hydrocarbon fuel to CO2 and H2O was nearly complete. An analytical model incorporating the relative rates of conversion of active anode catalyst sites to inactive sites and vice versa was developed to interpret this behavior. The model predictions were consistent with the experimental observations; possible physical mechanisms are discussed.

Magnetic chitosan/ZrO2 composites for vanadium(V) adsorption while concurrently being transformed to a dual functional catalyst.

Spent adsorbents for recycling as catalysts have drawn considerable attention due to their environmentally benign chemistry properties. However, traditional thermocatalytic strategies limit their applications. Here, we developed an enhanced photocatalytic strategy to expand the range of their applications. A magnetic chitosan/ZrO2 composites (MZT) for V(V) adsorption, which were prepared using chitosan, ZrO2 and Fe3O4 by one-pot synthesis. The spent MZT as a catalyst was used to synthesize 2-phenylbenzimidazole, yielding up to 89.7%. It also was implemented to photocatalysis reactions for recycle. The discolored rates of rhodamine B (RhB) were 72.3% and 97.4% by new and spent MZT, respectively. The new and spent MZT showed the forbidden bands were 251 nm and 561 nm, respectively. The result displayed spent MZT red shifted to the cyan light region. The mechanism of catalysis also has been studied in detail.

Highly Active Immobilized Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization: Neutral Single Site Y(III) Complex Bearing Bulky Silylallyl Ligand.

Exploring the surface organometallic chemistry on silica of highly electrophilic yttrium complexes is a relatively uncommon endeavor, particularly when focusing on tris-alkyl complexes characterized by Y-C σ-alkyl bonds. A drawback with this class of complexes once grafted on silica, is the frequent occurrence of alkyl transfer by ring opening of siloxane groups, resulting in a mixture of species. Herein, we employed a more stable homoleptic yttrium allyl complex bearing bulky η3-1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)allyl ligand to limit this transfer reaction. This strategy has been validated by comparing the reactivity between [Y{η3-1,3-C3H3(SiMe3)2}3] and [Y(o-CH2PhNMe2)3] with SiO2-700, where the undesired alkyl transfer reaction occurred for [Y(o-CH2PhNMe2)3] leading to a bipodal [(≡SiO)2Y(o-CH2PhNMe2)] as major surface species, 2, while [Y{η3-1,3-C3H3(SiMe3)2}3] resulted selectively in a monopodal species, [(≡SiO)Y{η3-1,3-C3H3(SiMe3)2}2], 1. The materials obtained were characterized by DRIFT, solid state NMR, mass balance analysis and EXAFS. Catalyst 1 showed high activity compared to 2 in ethylene polymerization. The catalytic performance of this neutral catalyst 1 was extended to pre-industrial scale in the presence of hydrogen and 1-hexene. An unprecedented activity, up to 7400 gPE·gcat-1·h-1 was obtained even with very low concentration of scavenger AliBu3 (TIBA/Y = 1.2). The obtained HDPE exhibited desired spherical particle morphology with broad molar mass distribution.

Artificial Intelligence as a Potential Catalyst to a More Equitable Cancer Care.

As we enter the era of digital interdependence, artificial intelligence (AI) emerges as a key instrument to transform health care and address disparities and barriers in access to services. This viewpoint explores AI's potential to reduce inequalities in cancer care by improving diagnostic accuracy, optimizing resource allocation, and expanding access to medical care, especially in underserved communities. Despite persistent barriers, such as socioeconomic and geographical disparities, AI can significantly improve health care delivery. Key applications include AI-driven health equity monitoring, predictive analytics, mental health support, and personalized medicine. This viewpoint highlights the need for inclusive development practices and ethical considerations to ensure diverse data representation and equitable access. Emphasizing the role of AI in cancer care, especially in low- and middle-income countries, we underscore the importance of collaborative and multidisciplinary efforts to integrate AI effectively and ethically into health systems. This call to action highlights the need for further research on user experiences and the unique social, cultural, and political barriers to AI implementation in cancer care.

Metal-Free Carbon Co-Catalysts for Up-Conversion Photo-Induced Catalytic Cancer Therapy.

Near-infrared (NIR)-responsive metal-free carbon co-catalysts that convert glucose into H2O2 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) are developed from phosphorus-doped carbon nitride (P-C3N4) and graphene quantum dots (GQD) composites, for enhanced photocatalytic cancer therapy by light exposure in the targeted tumor microenvironment. Upon irradiation, the NIR light is converted by GQD with up-conversion function into visible light to excite P-C3N4 for photocatalytic conversion of glucose into H2O2, which subsequently decomposes into ROS. ROS thus generated exhibits an excellent anticancer efficacy for efficient cancer therapy with minimal side effects, as evidenced by both in vitro and in vivo studies. This study demonstrates, for the first time, a cancer therapeutic of GQD/P-C3N4 composite that utilizes a two-step cascade effect using initially NIR-triggered GQD nanoparticles to activate P-C3N4 to photocatalytically generate ROS for effective and targeted cancer therapy.

Single-atom catalysts activate persulfate to degrade emerging organic contaminants in aqueous environments.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit outstanding catalytic activity due to their highly dispersed metal centers. Activating persulfates (PS) with SACs can generate various reactive oxygen species (ROS) to efficiently degrade emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in aqueous environments, offering unique advantages such as high reaction rates and excellent stability. This technique has been extensively researched and holds enormous potential applications. In this paper, we comprehensively elaborated on the synthesis methods of SACs and their limitations, and factors influencing the catalytic performance of SACs, including metal center characteristics, coordination environment, and types of substrates. We also analyzed practical considerations for application. Subsequently, we discussed the mechanism of SACs activating PS for EOCs degradation, encompassing adsorption processes, radical pathways, and non-radical pathways. Finally, we provide prospects and outline our vision for future research, aiming to guide advancements in applying this technique.

Anchoring Metal-Nitrogen Sites on Porous Carbon Polyhedra with Highly Accessible Multichannels for Efficient Oxygen Reduction.

Transition metal-nitrogen-carbon complexes, featuring single metal atoms embedded in a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix, emerge as promising alternatives to traditional platinum-based catalysts, offering cost-effectiveness, abundance, and enhanced catalytic performance. This work introduces a novel method for the etching and doping of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) with transition metals, creating a uniform distribution of secondary metal centers on ZIF surfaces. By disrupting the crystalline symmetry of ZIFs through synthetic defect engineering, we gain access to their entire internal volume, creating multichannel pathways. The absorption of metal ions is theoretically simulated, demonstrating their thermodynamically spontaneous nature. The selective removal of defect channels under Lewis acidic conditions, induced by metal ion alcoholysis/hydrolysis, facilitates the introduction of metal atoms into ZIF cavities. The resulting single-atom catalyst, after pyrolysis, features a three-dimensional (3D) multichannel structure, high surface area, and uniformly dispersed metal atoms within the N-doped carbon matrix, establishing it as an exceptional catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Our findings highlight the potential of using metal etching in defect-engineered metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for single-atom catalyst preparation, paving the way for the next generation of high-performance, cost-effective ORR catalysts in sustainable energy systems.

Molecular Iridium Catalyzed Electrochemical Formic Acid Oxidation: Mechanistic Insights.

Electrochemical formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) is a pivotal model for understanding organic fuel oxidation and advancing sustainable energy technologies. Here, we present mechanistic insights into a novel molecular-like iridium catalyst (Ir-N4-C) for FAOR. Our studies reveal that isolated sites facilitate a preferential dehydrogenation pathway, circumventing catalyst poisoning and exhibiting high inherent activity. In-situ spectroscopic analyses elucidate that weakly adsorbed intermediates mediate the FAOR and are dynamically regulated by potential-dependent redox transitions. Theoretical and experimental investigations demonstrate a parallel mechanism involving two key intermediates with distinct pH and potential sensitivities. The rate-determining step is identified as the adsorption of formate via coupled or sequential proton-electron transfer, which aligns well with the observed kinetic properties, pH dependence, and hydrogen/deuterium isotope effects in experiments. These findings provide valuable insights into the reaction mechanism of FAOR, advancing our understanding at the molecular level and potentially guiding the design of efficient catalysts for fuel cells and electrolyzers.

Hydrothermal Valorization of Biosugars with Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advances, Catalyst Deactivation, Mitigation Strategies and Perspectives.

Sustainable production of valuable biochemicals and biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass necessitates the development of durable and high-performance catalysts. To assist the next stage catalyst design for hydrothermal treatment of biosugars, this paper provides a critical review of (1) recent advances in biosugar hydrothermal valorization using heterogeneous catalysts, (2) the deactivation process of catalysts based on recycling tests of representative biosugar hydrothermal treatments, (3) state-of-the-art understandings of the deactivation mechanisms of heterogeneous catalysts, and (4) strategies of preparing durable catalysts and the regeneration of deactivated catalysts. Based on the review, challenges and perspectives are proposed. Some remarkable achievements in heterogeneous catalysis of biosugars are highlighted. The understanding of catalyst durability needs to be further increased based on full examination of the catalytic performance based on the conversion of substrates, the yield and selectivity of products. Further, a full examination of the physiochemical changes based on multiple characterization techniques is required to illuminate the relationships between treatment variables and catalyst durability. Collectively, a clear understanding of the relationships between chemical reaction pathways, treatment variables and the physiochemistry of catalysts is encouraged to be gained to advise the development of heterogeneous catalysts for long-term and efficient hydrothermal upgrading of biosugars.

Immobilization of silver-loaded graphene oxide (Ag-GO) on canvas fabric support for catalytic conversion of 4 nitrophenol.

Due to the rising human population and industrialization, harmful chemical compounds such as 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and various dyes are increasingly released into the environment, resulting in water pollution. It is essential to convert these harmful chemicals into harmless compounds to mitigate this pollution. This research focuses on synthesizing a novel heterogeneous catalyst using modified canvas fabric (CF) decorated with silver metal nanoparticles on graphene oxide nanosheets (Ag-GO/CF). The process involves coating the fabrics (CF) with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets through sonication. Subsequently, silver nanoparticles are deposited in situ and reduced on the GO surface, resulting in the formation of the Ag-GO/CF composite. Various physicochemical characterizations were conducted to examine the interfacial interactions between CF, GO, and Ag nanoparticles. The catalytic activity of the nanocomposite was assessed by hydrogenating 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The results showed that the 10%Ag-5%GO/CF with a surface of 6 cm2 (3 × 2 cm) exhibited the highest catalytic activity, achieving a reduction efficiency of over 96% in 5 min. The 4-NP reduction reaction rate was well-fitted with a pseudo-first-order kinetics model with an apparent reaction rate constant (Kapp) of 0.676 min-1. Furthermore, the Ag-GO/CF composite demonstrated remarkable stability over successive cycles, with no noticeable decrease in its catalytic activity, suggesting its promising application for long-term chemical catalytic processes. This synthesized composite can be easily added to and removed from the reaction solution while maintaining high catalytic performance in the reduction of 4-NP, and it could be beneficial in avoiding problems related to powder separation.

Preparation of cathode catalysts for efficient direct lignin fuel cells by nitrogen doping reduction of oxidized graphene with phthalocyanine iron and Kraft lignin.

Direct lignin fuel cells (DLFC) are one of the important forms of high value-added utilization of lignin. In this study, lignin was studied not only as a fuel but also as a catalyst. Specifically, Kraft lignin was modified with ZnCl2, KOH and THF (Tetrahydrofuran) respectively, and added to the catalyst after activation. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Brunauer - Emmett - Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectra shown that AL/FePc-NrGO (activated lignin/iron phthalocyanine/nitrogen-doped reduction of graphene oxide) three-dimensional composite catalyst has been synthesized. The results showed that KOH-activated Kraft lignin had the best performance as an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.73 V and a limiting diffusion current density of 4.3 mA cm-1. The THF-modified catalyst showed similar stability and methanol resistance to 20 % Pt/C at ORR. The ORR catalyst applied to the DLFC has the best electrical performance with an open circuit voltage (OCV) was 0.53 V and the maximum power density it could reach 95.29 mW m-2 when the catalyst was modified with THF. It is encouraging that the AL/FePc-NrGO catalyst has better-generated electricity performance than 20 % Pt/C. This work has provided a new idea for developing non-noble metal catalysts and studying direct biomass liquid fuel cells.

Fe-O4 Motif Activated Graphitic Carbon via Oxo-Bridge for Highly Selective H2O2 Electrosynthesis.

Carbon-based materials have been utilized as effective catalysts for hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis via two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e ORR), however the insufficient selectivity and productivity still hindered the further industrial applications. In this work, we report the Fe-O4 motif activated graphitic carbon material which enabled highly selective H2O2 electrosynthesis operating at high current density with excellent anti-poisoning property. In the bulk production test, the concentration of H2O2 cumulated to 8.6 % in 24 h and the corresponding production rate of 33.5 mol gcat -1 h-1 outperformed all previously reported materials. Theoretical model backed by in situ characterization verified α-C surrounding the Fe-O4 motif as the actual reaction site in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics aspects. The strategy of activating carbon reaction site by metal center via oxo-bridge provides inspiring insights for the rational design of carbon materials for heterogeneous catalysis.

Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glycerol to Formate Coupled with Nitrate Reduction over Cu-doped NiCo Alloy Supported on Nickel Foam.

Electrooxidation of biomass-derived glycerol which is regarded as a main byproduct of industrial biodiesel production, is an innovative strategy to produce value-added chemicals, but currently showcases slow kinetics, limited Faraday efficiency, and unclear catalytic mechanism. Herein, we report high-efficiency electrooxidation of glycerol into formate via a Cu doped NiCo alloy catalyst supported on nickel foam (Cu-NiCo/NF) in a coupled system paired with nitrate reduction. The designed Cu-NiCo/NF delivers only 1.23 V vs. RHE at 10 mA cm-2, and a record Faraday efficiency of formate of 93.8%. The superior performance is ascribed to the rapid generation of NiIII-OOH and CoIII-OOH and favorable coupling of surface *O with reactive intermediates. Using Cu-NiCo/NF as a bifunctional catalyst, the coupled system synchronously produces NH3 and formate, showing 290 mV lower than the coupling of hydrogen evolution reaction, together with excellent long-term stability for up to 144 h. This work lays out new guidelines and reliable strategies from catalyst design to system coupling for biomass-derived electrochemical refinery.

Production of gluconic acid from the washed rice waste water using Au/MgO catalyst - A sustainable route.

The majority of the waste produced by the food and agriculture industries is abundant in proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, which can be utilized effectively in other food products or industrial products. Especially, washed rice water (WRW) contains a significant quantity of starch that has been discarded without being utilized properly. In the present investigation, we have successfully upgraded washed rice water into the industrially important intermediate, i.e., gluconic acid, using an Au/MgO catalyst in a single pot reaction. The upgrading strategy was developed in three consecutive phases using two different model reactions: (1) glucose to gluconic acid, (2) hydrolysis of starch into glucose, followed by the oxidation reaction. The results showed that almost 60% gluconic acid was achieved at room temperature with atmospheric pressure. The present investigation highlighted that hydrolysis, followed by oxidation reaction is the most promising route for upgrading WRW to gluconic acid.

Biodiesel production through transesterification of waste Pistacia- Terebinthus Oil by pharmaceutical waste as a heterogeneous catalyst: A sustainable solution for reducing external costs.

A catalyst from the pharmaceutical waste of calcium and magnesium tablets was synthesized for biodiesel production from waste Pistacia-Terebinthus (PT) oil with the aim of creating added value and presenting a new approach for the management of such wastes. For this purpose, magnesium and calcium tablet wastes with a mass ratio of 70:30 (wt%) were calcined. The catalyst was investigated by several methods, such as thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and CHNS/O elemental analysis. The high specific surface area of the catalyst confirms that the utilized synthesis method resulted in the formation of a high number of active sites in its structure, which allows it to function as a suitable catalyst for this reaction. Furthermore, the impact of effective parameters on the treansestrification reaction was optimized and investigated by designing the experiments and applying the RSM method. The maximum mass yield of 96 % was obtained in optimal conditions (temperature of 70 °C, catalyst loading of 4.498 wt%, methanol:oil ratio of 1.968 (vol:vol), and reaction time of 120 min). The reusability of the catalyst was investigated in four successive cycles. The mass yield of the last test declined from 96 % to 71.4 %. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the produced biofuel revealed that it comprises 91.37 % methyl ester compounds (64.28 % 12-Octadecenoic Acid, Methyl Ester). To evaluate the external costs of biofuel (B100) and compare it with diesel, combustion simulation was done with Diesel-RK software, which showed that its external costs were 0.05388 (€/Lit fuel) less than those of diesel.