Women's Revenge in Sexual Behavior? An Interpretation About "The Fourth Love" in Chinese Youth Culture From the Perspective of Gender Performativity.

In the current era of exploring changing sexual behavior, promoting and supporting the diversity of pleasure, the sexual health and rights of sexual minorities are getting more public attention, among which the "Fourth Love" emerges as a distinctive group within the framework of Chinese culture. Fourth Love refers to a loving relationship between couples of the opposite sex where the woman assumes the traditional male gender role and the man assumes the traditional female gender role, and always accompanied by a special pattern of sexual behavior that women penetrate the men's anus using their fingers or a device. This theoretical article begins by introducing and discussing the historical background, core concept "Fourth Love" and its related categories. Subsequently, we start from Judith Butler's gender performativity theory and interpret the Fourth Love from the perspective of "de-naturalization" and argue that the gender performativity theory provides a reasonable explanation for the gender characteristics (female top and male bottom) of the Fourth Love. Finally, we posit a discussion and outlook on the survival and development of the Fourth Love in the fields of sexual health, sexual pleasure, sexual right, and family and marriage, and calls for more understanding and psychological support from the society for them.

A Chinese Dance Therapy Framework.

Genuine Chinese dance therapy is in the ascendant and psychiatric approaches that involve a broad spectrum of principles such as ontological identity, social inclusion and collective support, aestheticisation and expressive catharsis, symbolic exorcism, trance and Buddhist mindfulness. Its models are based on a wealth of Chinese dance genres originating from various dynasties as well as cultural traditions of ethnic minorities. Due to different epistemological backgrounds of Western diagnostic manuals and traditional Chinese views of mental diseases, complex understanding of pathologies and therapeutic dynamics is needed. Therefore, this opinion piece suggests a theoretical framework that encourages interdisciplinary approaches as well as inclusive transcultural psychiatry and related philosophy of science.

Associations between Unsociability and Peer Problems in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.

Research has shown that unsociability, reflected as a personal choice, is not necessarily associated with socio-emotional problems in Western countries. However, the associations between unsociability and peer problems are consistently evident in Chinese culture, yet the strength and direction in these associations are mixed. The present study aimed to examine whether unsociability is associated with peer problems and explored the potential moderators among the associations. A meta-analysis was conducted using publications that measured unsociability and peer problems. A total of 21 articles involving 43 effect sizes from 12,696 Chinese children and adolescents were included. The results revealed that (1) unsociability was positively associated with peer problems (r = 0.32, p < 0.001) among children and adolescents. (2) Informants (i.e., self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, and parent ratings) and living areas (i.e., urban, suburban, and rural areas) significantly moderated the associations between unsociability and peer problems. Specifically, the associations were stronger for peer-nominated unsociability, self-reported peer problems, and samples in suburban areas. These findings shed light on unsociability linked to higher levels of peer problems among Chinese children and adolescents. Still, the influences are unique to peer problems and moderated by both data sources and environmental factors.

A Six-Year Longitudinal Study of Parenting and Depressive Symptoms among Taiwanese Adolescents.

This study investigated the associations between early parental warmth, harsh discipline, and adolescent depressive symptoms from early to late adolescence, with attention to gender differences in these associations. The sample was drawn from a longitudinal study, the Taiwan Youth Project, including 2,690 Taiwanese adolescents from wave 1 in 2000 (first year in junior high school) to wave 6 (third year in high school) in 2005. The results showed a nonlinear developmental trajectory of adolescent depressive symptoms during the middle- to high-school period. Harsh discipline was associated with the significantly higher initial presence and faster growth rate of depressive symptoms, while parental warmth and monitoring were associated with the significantly lower initial presence of depressive symptoms. In addition, female adolescents displayed a higher initial level of depressive symptoms than males when parents exercised higher levels of monitoring and harsh discipline. Finally, we provided suggestions for practice and research.

How culture shapes Chinese teacher's compassionate love.

BACKGROUND: Love could play a role in motivating teachers to help students and is closely related to students' achievement and prosocial behaviour. Though influenced by culture, teachers' love is not adequately studied. PURPOSE: This study explores how Chinese teachers' compassionate love is expressed and how situational factors such as Chinese culture and history influence or motivate teachers to perceive and express compassionate love for students. METHOD: This study adopted a qualitative approach of narrative study by describing and investigating the experience of a Chinese middle school teacher and two middle school students and their parents during COVID-19 pandemic. FINDINGS: Chinese teacher's compassionate love demonstrates some universal features in terms of emotional response, cognitive understanding and behaviour. Furthermore some Chinese culture-related features are also found: Chinese teachers behave in a caring and supporting way at the cost of sacrificing their own free time and comfort; an enduring long-term teacher-student relationship is valued; the Chinese culture encourages, sustains and motivates Chinese teacher's compassionate love. DISCUSSION: Teacher's compassionate love is a multi-dimensional concept entailing some universal traits in cognition, emotion and behaviour. The perception and enactment of teacher's love is subject to situational factors. Some measures for compassionate love could be built into teacher's education programme.

Pharmacotherapy and cognitive bias modification for the treatment of anxiety disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Anxiety disorders are characterized by widespread and persistent anxiety or recurrent panic attacks. As a result of their high prevalence, chronicity, and comorbidity, patients' quality of life and functioning are severely compromised. However, several patients do not receive treatment. AREAS COVERED: This review discusses the effectiveness, safety, and limitations of major medications and cognitive bias modification (CBM) for treating anxiety disorders. The possibility of combined treatment is also discussed in the literature. Furthermore, drawing on Chinese cultural perspectives, the authors suggest that anxiety can be recognized, measured, and coped with at three levels of skill (), vision (), and Tao (). EXPERT OPINION: The combination of pharmacotherapy and CBM is possibly more effective in treating anxiety disorders than either treatment alone. However, clinicians and patients should participate in the joint decision-making process and consider comprehensive factors. Moderate anxiety has adaptive significance. In the coming years, by combining the downward analytical system of western culture with the upward integrative system of Chinese culture, a comprehensive understanding of anxiety and anxiety disorders should be established, rather than focusing only on their treatment.

How would you describe a mentally healthy college student based on Chinese culture? A qualitative research from the perspective of college students.

BACKGROUND: Promoting college students' mental health remains a significant concern, necessitating a clear understanding of what constitutes good mental health. Variations in the conceptualizations of mental health across cultures, typically derived from academic and authoritative perspectives, have overlooked insights from laypeople. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of mentally healthy college students within Chinese cultural contexts, emphasizing perspectives provided by college students themselves. METHODS: Undergraduates with self-reported mental health scores ≥ 7 were randomly selected for in-depth interviews. The sample (N = 17, 59% female) had a mean age of 20.82 ± 1.33 years and represented diverse regions, backgrounds, and academic fields. Thematic analysis was used in the analysis of the qualitative data, involving initial coding to identify 168 manifestations of mental health among college students, followed by categorizing them into 18 characteristics through focused coding. These characteristics were then organized into five themes via core coding. The Delphi method was utilized to validate the themes with 3 experts, ensuring the trustworthiness of the final findings. RESULTS: Eighteen characteristics of mentally healthy college students emerged from the interviews, categorized into 5 themes: (1)Value Pursuit (i.e. Having a sense of responsibility and mission and being willing to dedicate oneself to the country at any time.); (2)Life Attitude (i.e. Staying positive and having the ability and quality to cope with hardships.); (3)Interpersonal Ideals (i.e., Showing filial respect to parents appropriately.); (4)Behavior Ability(i.e., Studying diligently and learning well.); and (5)Self-cultivation (i.e., Possessing good qualities advocated by Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism coexist harmoniously.). Most of these characteristics directly reflect traditional Chinese culture or culture that has changed with the times. At the same time, some are a reflection of modern Chinese new culture. CONCLUSIONS: On the whole, the characteristics of mentally healthy college students are diverse and with rich connotations, focusing on the individual's relationship with the country, family, and others, and are good expressions of Chinese cultural features, such as the balance of Yin and Yang, the coexistence of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and highlight moral attributes. In essence, these traits hold profound importance in advancing the mental health of Chinese college students.

Interpersonal Problem Profiles of Personality and Psychopathology Constructs in Chinese Undergraduates and Offenders.

The interpersonal problem circumplex is extensively used in the field as an assessment framework for understanding the interpersonal implications of a range of personality and psychopathology constructs. The vast majority of this large literature has been conducted in Western convenience and clinical samples. We computed interpersonal problem structural summary parameters for a range of personality and psychopathology variables in two Chinese offender samples (N = 424 and N = 555) and one undergraduate sample (N = 511) to test how well findings from Western samples generalize to Chinese undergraduates and offenders. The results showed that findings in Western samples generalized reasonably well to Chinese young adult and forensic contexts, although the interpersonal profiles of external variables were less specific in Chinese samples. Compared with undergraduates, interpersonal distress has stronger associations with the mental health of offenders. This study further elaborates the interpersonal correlates of individual differences in personality and psychopathology across cultures and assessment contexts, and it also extends the literature examining interpersonal problems in forensic settings.

Nurse Life-and-Death Education From the Perspective of Chinese Traditional Culture.

This quasi-experimental study investigated the impact of traditional Chinese culture-based life-and-death education on 38 ICU nurses. Participants underwent 14 hours of training, and data were collected before and after the intervention using various questionnaires. Frequency and percentage were used for categorical data; mean and standard deviation for measurement data; and paired-sample t test for comparison of teaching effects before and after the intervention of life-and-death education programs. Results indicated significant improvements in understanding of death, reduced death anxiety, enhanced death coping abilities, and increased search for meaning (p < .05). However, there was no statistically significant change in attitude toward death (p > .05). Life-and-death education rooted in traditional Chinese culture positively influenced ICU nurses, fostering improved death cognition, reduced death anxiety, enhanced coping skills, and a heightened sense of meaning in life. Subsequent research will explore the relationship and distinctions between explicit and implicit death attitudes.

A detailed hierarchical model of psychopathology in Chinese clinical sample: Based on the SCL-90-R measure.

OBJECTIVE: The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)model is an impressive effort to overcome shortcomings of traditional diagnostic systems. However, almost all of the quantitative empirical evidence used to structure the model comes from Western cultures and is built upon traditional diagnostic categories. This study aims to provide a detailed Chinese version of the HiTOP structure, ranging from symptoms based on The Symptom Checklist 90-R (SCL-90-R) up to the general factor. METHODS: We explored the detailed hierarchical structure of the SCL-90-R scale in adult (N = 34,222) and adolescent (N = 1973) clinical sample from Shanghai Mental Health Center, using extended bass-ackwards approach to draw the HiTOP model. RESULTS: The Chinese HiTOP structure had a general factor at the top, 4 higher-order spectra (Internalizing, Externalizing, Broad Thought Disorder and Somatization and Somatic Anxiety) and 6 subfactors (Distress, Somatoform, Hostility, Fear, Psychosis and OCD) across both adult and adolescent samples. In addition, the adult sample contained 2 other subfactors: a) Sleep, and b) Suicide and Guilt. At the symptom level, some items were posited to components diverged from the original SCL-90-R subscales. CONCLUSIONS: These findings offer the first description of the HiTOP structure in two Chinese samples and demonstrate that the SCL-90-R can be used to examine the HiTOP structure. The Somatization spectrum first emerged as a higher-order dimension, suggesting structural differences between Western and Eastern cultures. The results also suggest that transdiagnostic research should (1) further examine the positioning of somatoform symptoms using measures in other Eastern samples, and (2) place more emphasis on interpreting SCL-90-R results across different cultures.

Barriers to initiate a discussion about advance care planning among older Taiwanese residents of nursing homes and their families: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: In Taiwan, the Patients' Right to Autonomy Act was enacted in 2019. However, advance care planning (ACP) implementation rates remain low in long-term care facilities. AIM: This study explored the barriers to initiate a discussion about ACP among older Taiwanese residents of nursing homes and their families. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative design was used. Face-to-face interviews were individually conducted with 38 participants (residents: 18; family members: 20), and data were analyzed through content analysis. RESULTS: Five themes were identified: (1) having cultural or spiritual concerns (both groups), (2) prioritizing the bigger picture (family) (both groups), (3) waiting for the right time (both groups), (4) feeling unsure (residents), and (5) following the pace of the residents (family members). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that discussing ACP with Chinese people and their families clashes with traditional Chinese culture. To implement ACP in long-term care facilities based in regions with ethnically Chinese populations, medical professionals must ensure that the residents and their family members understand advance directives and their role in ensuring a good death and must act as a bridge between residents and their family members to assist them in making consensual end-of-life-care decisions with residents.

Scrutinizing parental minimization reactions to adolescents' negative emotions through the lens of Chinese culture.

This research examined in China two types of parental minimization reactions to adolescents' negative emotions: Devaluing/invalidating that degrades the significance of adolescents' emotions (thereby invalidating adolescents' feelings) versus discounting/mitigating that downplays the seriousness of the situations (thereby mitigating adolescents' emotional arousals). Study 1 had 777 adolescents (389 females; mean age = 12.79 years) complete a survey; Study 2 had 233 adolescents (111 females; mean age = 12.19 years) complete a survey twice spanning around 6 months. Study 1 showed adolescents' perceived maternal devaluing/invalidating and discounting/mitigating reactions as two distinct factors, with different patterns of associations with other supportive versus nonsupportive parenting practices. Study 2 showed that over time, adolescents' perceived maternal devaluing/invalidating reactions predicted their dampened socioemotional functioning; discounting/mitigating reactions predicted their enhanced functioning.

The Depressive Tendency Questionnaire for Chinese Middle School Students: Development and Initial Validation.

Purpose: Depressive tendency refers to the early stage of the onset of depression disorder, which can also have a negative impact on individuals' quality of life. However, there are many numerous depression-related scales that are primarily used to evaluate depression disorders with relatively severe symptom severity. And considering the characteristics of the Chinese cultural background, relatively few corresponding scales are currently developed. This study aimed to develop and validate a depressive tendency questionnaire for Chinese middle school students, based on the psychological structure of depressive tendency in the context of Chinese culture. Methods: The initial version of the questionnaire was developed through literature reviews, open surveys, and in-depth interviews. The questionnaire was revised based on the predictions made from 865 middle school students (M=15.84, SD=1.50). Finally, the formal questionnaire was developed through valid administration to 1205 students (M=15.63, SD=1.82), using confirmatory factor analysis, reliability, and validity testing, as well as measurement invariance analysis. Results: The questionnaire consisted of 30 items, including negative self, cognitive function, personal reserve, and social support. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the questionnaire fitted the data with well construct validity. Measurement invariance indicates no gender and grade differences in the questionnaire scores. The questionnaire demonstrates good reliability and validity, meeting the requirements of psychometrics. Conclusion: From a theoretical point of view, we clarified the psychological structure of depressive tendencies among Chinese middle school students, providing a theoretical and empirical basis for subsequent related research. From a practical point of view, the formal questionnaire plays a positive role in the smooth development of mental health counseling, education, and other work in middle schools.

Facial Expression Stereotypes of Male and Female Adults and Children: Do Facial Expression Stereotypes of Adults Apply to Children?

This study explored the facial expression stereotypes of adult men and women within the Chinese cultural context and investigated whether adult participants had facial expression stereotypes of children aged 6 and 10 years old. Three experiments were conducted with 156 adult Chinese university student participants. Experiment 1 explored whether adult participants had facial expression stereotypes of adult men and women. In Experiment 1a, the participants imagined a happy or angry adult face and stated the gender of the imagined face. In Experiment 1b, the participants were asked to quickly judge the gender of happy or angry adult faces, and their response time was recorded. Experiments 2 and 3 explored whether adults apply the stereotypes of adult men and women to 10-year-old and 6-year-old children. Experiment 1 revealed that the participants associated angry facial expressions with men and happy facial expressions with women. Experiment 2 showed that the participants associated angry facial expressions with 10-year-old boys and happy expressions with 10-year-old girls. Finally, Experiment 3 revealed that the participants associated happy facial expressions with 6-year-old girls but did not associate angry facial expressions with 6-year-old boys. These results showed that, within the Chinese cultural context, adults had gender-based facial expression stereotypes of adults and 10-year-old children; however, the adult participants did not have gender-based facial expression stereotypes of 6-year-old male children. This study has important implications for future research, as adults' perceptions of children is an important aspect in the study of social cognition in children.

Integration of Shangshan culture into the STEAM curriculum and teaching: results of an interview-based study.

Introduction: Interdisciplinary science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics (STEAM) courses are a popular trend in international education than can help inculcate creativity in students. Although STEAM courses have been widely promoted in China, they are generally unsustainable because they are merely imitations of European and American courses and lack Chinese humanistic factors; a close integration between disciplinary ideas and thinking levels is also lacking. C-STEAM, which is designed to pass down China's culture, is a form of STEAM education with local Chinese characteristics that are focused on integrating interdisciplinary knowledge with the thought process oriented toward cultural heritage. Methods: In this study, an innovative higher vocational college course with C-STEAM interdisciplinary principles was constructed, with art and design as the framework, and with the integration of Chinese local culture. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to sample 12 learners from a total of 90 students in the experimental class of the C-STEAM course. The study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of taking a Packaging Design course combined with C-STEAM from multiple perspectives. After the interviews, based on the BAO model, coding statistics and thematic analysis were conducted to understand the learners' beliefs, actions, and outcomes after taking the course, and their plans for acquiring C-STEAM interdisciplinary knowledge and learning Chinese local culture. Results: The integration of the Shangshan culture () into the Packaging Design course proved the importance and significance of adding C-STEAM to the art design course, which helped us understand the specific feelings of students after completing the course and gain a deeper understanding of the changes in their knowledge and skills and their learning effects. Discussion: Integrating C-STEAM education into courses related to art and design is highly warranted to encourage students to apply their interdisciplinary knowledge to artistic exploration and creation. Moreover, to effectively develop a curriculum system with local characteristics, teachers should provide more opportunities for students to explore and learn C-STEAM in the future, and integrate multiple elements into their teaching. In general, a cultural perspective-based interdisciplinary education helps facilitate the creative transformation of traditional Chinese culture.

Empowerment of the older adults in the context of Chinese culture: an evolutionary concept analysis.

Background: With the increasing focus on addressing the challenges of aging, researchers have begun to recognize the potential impact of empowering older individuals in addressing retirement issues. However, within different cultural contexts, there still needs to be a more precise analysis regarding the definition of empowering older individuals. Objective: To define and analyze the concept of empowering older individuals within the cultural context of China. Method: Using Rodgers' concept analysis approach, a search was conducted in five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan fang Data, and VIP Chinese Journal Platform) for studies on empowering older individuals from the time the databases were established until February 2023. The main disciplines involved in the search included nursing, medicine, and public health. Results: Out of the 7,028 studies, 50 articles met the inclusion criteria. The identified attributes are as follows: support system, belief change, and behavioral autonomy. The antecedents were grouped into four categories: physical obstacles, psychological concerns, personal needs and external challenges. The consequences were determined to be improved quality of life, reduced burden of old-age care, gain respect, and self-actualization. Conclusion: Empowering older individuals is a dynamic and evolving concept that involves aligning personal aspirations with appropriate external resources and expressing a certain degree of belief and behavioral change. This study deepens our understanding of empowering older individuals through comprehensive concept analysis, and the identified attributes, antecedents, and consequences of empowering older individuals can be utilized in practice, education, and research.

Research on the Relationship Between Informational Team Faultline and Team Resilience-Team Leader Member Exchange and Team Member Exchange as Mechanism.

Background: This study aims to investigate how a team can be resilient in the face of crisis and adversity. Methods: This empirical study adopted a quantitative research method. The data were collected by questionnaire survey, and the stats analysis package in R language and AMOS 23 were used for empirical analysis of 98 teams. Based on complex adaptive system theory and conservation of resources theory, this study was constructed the theoretical framework of "environmental influence - team exchange - team resilience" with informational team faultline (ITF) as independent variable, team leader member exchange (TLMX) and team member exchange (TMX) as mediating and moderating variables, and team resilience as dependent variable in the context of Chinese culture. Results: We found that the ITF had a significant negative effect on the team resilience. TLMX and TMX played partial mediating role between ITF and team resilience. In addition, TLMX and TMX played moderating role between ITF and team resilience, that is, weakening the negative influence of ITF on team resilience. Conclusion: This study contributes to clarify the mechanism of the influence of ITF on team resilience, and provide reference for team leaders to improve team resilience in the face of adversity.

Interplay between Tradition and Modernity: Stress and Coping Experiences among Parents of Children with Autism in Beijing, China.

In traditional Chinese culture, specific beliefs and values can influence parents' experiences of stress and coping while raising children with autism. However, as China undergoes rapid social changes amid globalization, are these cultural influences still significant for today's parents of young children with autism? This study delves into this question through 12 in-depth interviews with parents of children with autism in Beijing. Content analysis indicated that while influences from traditional culture remain, modern parents often diverge from them. They adopt Western views on autism to mitigate stigma, establish boundaries with grandparents to ensure effective early interventions, address imbalanced professional dynamics, adjust authoritarian parenting styles, and broaden their social networks. A mix of traditional and contemporary parenting characterizes their experiences. The discussion elaborates on the findings, emphasizing the importance of family support.

Unraveling Chinese talk about emotion.

Research in cross-cultural psychiatry has asserted that Chinese people have a higher tendency to report somatic symptoms of their psychological distress than people with a European ethnic background. However, recent studies have reached inconsistent conclusions and most have confounded language use with culture in their study designs. Focusing on the varying degrees of orientation to Chinese culture, the present study examined the words freely listed by two Chinese groups of university students (mainland Chinese and Hong Kong Chinese) when describing their illness experience. Words were categorized into somatic, emotion, and somatic-emotion clusters. Overall, the Chinese participants were more willing to talk about their emotions than their somatic symptoms in an anonymous survey. The enculturated mainland Chinese participants-who reported greater Chinese cultural identity-used significantly more emotion words but fewer somatic-emotion words than the Hong Kong Chinese participants. No group differences were found in somatic words. In contrast to previous findings, the current study failed to find support for the relationship between orientation to Chinese culture and somatic symptom reporting when controlling for language use.