[What contribution can make artificial intelligence to urinary cytology?] / Quel apport de l'intelligence artificielle en cytologie urinaire ?

Urinary cytology using the Paris system is still the method of choice for screening high-grade urothelial carcinomas. However, the use of the objective criteria described in this terminology shows a lack of inter- and intra-observer reproducibility. Moreover, if its sensitivity is excellent on instrumented urine, it remains insufficient on voided urine samples. Urinary cytology appears to be an excellent model for the application of artificial intelligence to improve performance, since the objective criteria of the Paris system are defined at cellular level, and the resulting diagnostic approach is presented in a highly "algorithmic" way. Nevertheless, there is no commercially available morphological diagnostic aid, and very few predictive devices are still undergoing clinical validation. The analysis of different systems using artificial intelligence in urinary cytology rises clear prospects for mutual contributions.

[The Paris System, 2022 edition: What is new?] / La version 2022 du Système de Paris : quoi de neuf ?

The second version of the Paris System for reporting urine cytology was published in 2022. It follows the first version of 2016, which was very successful and widely adopted by many cytopathologists from different countries. Thus, numerous publications using the Paris System have made possible to refine the criteria as well as discussing the limits. The diagnostic accuracy of urinary cytology is high for detection of high-grade urothelial carcinoma, but not for low-grade carcinoma where there are few cytological abnormalities. So, the chapter individualizing low-grade urothelial neoplasms was deleted; the latter were included in the category "negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma". Indeed, the risk of malignancy is replaced by the risk of high-grade urothelial carcinoma. A new chapter has been devoted to urothelial tumors of the upper tract. Finally, the pitfalls linked to cellular degeneration are discussed for each category. The risk of high-grade malignancy associated with each category will help communication with the clinician and help patient care.

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2022-2024: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

OBJECTIVE: To update the ccAFU recommendations for the management of bladder tumours that do not infiltrate the bladder muscle (NBMIC). METHODS: A systematic review (Medline) of the literature from 2020 to 2022 was performed, taking account of the diagnosis, treatment options and surveillance of NMIBC, while evaluating the references with their levels of evidence. RESULTS: The diagnosis of NMIBC (Ta, T1, CIS) is made after complete full-thickness tumour resection. The use of bladder fluorescence and the indication of a second look (4-6 weeks) help to improve the initial diagnosis. The EORTC score is used to assess the risk of recurrence and/or tumour progression. Through the stratification of patients in low, intermediate and high-risk categories, adjuvant treatment can be proposed: intravesical chemotherapy (immediate postoperative, initiation regimen) or BCG (initiation and maintenance regimen) instillations, or even the indication of cystectomy for BCG-resistant patients. CONCLUSION: Updating the ccAFU recommendations should contribute to improving patient management, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of NMIBC.

French AFU Cancer Committee Guidelines - Update 2022-2024: Upper urinary tract urothelial cancer (UTUC).

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to propose an update of the French Urology Association Cancer Committee (ccAFU) Recommendations on the management of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UUT-UC). METHODS: A systematic Medline search was performed between 2020 and 2022, taking account of the diagnosis, treatment options and follow-up of UUT-UC, while evaluating the references with their levels of evidence. RESULTS: The diagnosis of this rare pathology is based on CTU acquisition during excretion and flexible ureterorenoscopy with histological biopsies. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) remains the gold standard for surgical treatment. Nevertheless conservative treatment can be discussed for low risk lesions: tumour of low-grade, with no infiltration on imaging, unifocal<2cm, eligible for full treatment therefore requiring close endoscopic surveillance by flexible ureteroscopy in compliant patients. After RNU, postoperative instillation of chemotherapy is recommended to reduce the risk of recurrence in the bladder. Adjuvant chemotherapy has shown clinical benefits compared to surveillance after RNU for tumours (pT2-T4 N0-3 M0). CONCLUSION: These updated recommendations should contribute to improving not only patients' level of care, but also the diagnosis and decision-making concerning treatment for UUT-UC.

[French ccAFU guidelines - update 2020-2022: bladder cancer]. / Recommandations françaises du Comité de cancérologie de l'AFU ­ actualisation 2020­2022 : tumeurs de la vessie.

OBJECTIVE: - To update French guidelines for the management of bladder cancer specifically non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC). METHODS: - A Medline search was achieved between 2018 and 2020, notably regarding diagnosis, options of treatment and follow-up of bladder cancer, to evaluate different references with levels of evidence. RESULTS: - Diagnosis of NMIBC (Ta, T1, CIS) is based on a complete deep resection of the tumor. The use of fluorescence and a second-look indication are essential to improve initial diagnosis. Risks of both recurrence and progression can be estimated using the EORTC score. A stratification of patients into low, intermediate and high risk groups is pivotal for recommending adjuvant treatment: instillation of chemotherapy (immediate post-operative, standard schedule) or intravesical BCG (standard schedule and maintenance). Cystectomy is recommended in BCG-refractory patients. Extension evaluation of MIBC is based on contrast-enhanced pelvic-abdominal and thoracic CT-scan. Multiparametric MRI can be an alternative. Cystectomy associated with extended lymph nodes dissection is considered the gold standard for non-metastatic MIBC. It should be preceded by cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in eligible patients. An orthotopic bladder substitution should be proposed to both male and female patients with no contraindication and in cases of negative frozen urethral samples; otherwise transileal ureterostomy is recommended as urinary diversion. All patients should be included in an Early Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol. For metastatic MIBC, first-line chemotherapy using platin is recommended (GC or MVAC), when performans status (PS <1) and renal function (creatinine clearance >60 mL/min) allow it (only in 50% of cases). In second line treatment, immunotherapy with pembrolizumab demonstrated a significant improvement in overall survival. CONCLUSION: - These updated French guidelines will contribute to increase the level of urological care for the diagnosis and treatment of patients diagnosed with NMIBC and MIBC.

[French ccAFU guidelines - update 2020-2022: upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma]. / Recommandations françaises du Comité de cancérologie de l'AFU - actualisation 2020­2022 : tumeurs de la voie excrétrice urinaire supérieure.

INTRODUCTION: -The purpose was to propose an update of the French guidelines from the national committee ccAFU on upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC). METHODS: - A systematic Medline search was performed between 2018 and 2020, as regards diagnosis, options of treatment and follow-up of UTUC, to evaluate different references with levels of evidence. RESULTS: - The diagnosis of this rare pathology is based on CT-scan acquisition during excretion and ureteroscopy with histological biopsies. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) remains the gold standard for surgical treatment, nevertheless a conservative endoscopic approach can be proposed for low risk lesion: unifocal tumor, possible complete resection and low grade and absence of invasion on CT-scan. Close monitoring with endoscopic follow-up (flexible ureteroscopy) in compliant patients is therefore necessary. After RNU, bladder instillation of chemotherapy is recommended to reduce risk of bladder recurrence. A systemic chemotherapy is recommended after RNU in pT2-T4 N0-3 M0 disease. CONCLUSION: - These updated guidelines will contribute to increase the level of urological care for diagnosis and treatment for UTUC.

[A new terminology for urinary cytopathology: The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (2015)]. / Une nouvelle terminologie pour la cytopathologie urinaire : le Système de Paris (2015).

As for the Bethesda system for cervical and thyroid cytopathology, a terminology for reporting urinary cytology has been published in 2015. The new "Paris System" provides a consensus terminology for urinary cytology which underlines the criteria for the recognition of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) and of those excluding HGUC, or suspicious for HGUC. It also focuses on new rules to recognize and report the subgroup of "atypical urothelial cells". Here we describe and illustrate the various categories as in the reference book. We analyse the main diagnostic criteria, including microscopic features as well as the risk of malignancy associated to every diagnostic category.

RETRACTED: Recommandations françaises du Comité de Cancérologie de l'AFU ­ Actualisation 2018­2020 : tumeurs de la voie excrétrice supérieure French ccAFU guidelines ­ Update 2018­2020: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma / Recommandations françaises du Comité de Cancérologie de l'AFU ­ Actualisation 2018­2020 : tumeurs de la voie excrétrice supérieure.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). Cet article est retiré de la publication à la demande des auteurs car ils ont apporté des modifications significatives sur des points scientifiques après la publication de la première version des recommandations. Le nouvel article est disponible à cette adresse: doi:10.1016/j.purol.2019.01.005. C'est cette nouvelle version qui doit être utilisée pour citer l'article. This article has been retracted at the request of the authors, as it is not based on the definitive version of the text because some scientific data has been corrected since the first issue was published. The replacement has been published at the doi:10.1016/j.purol.2019.01.005. That newer version of the text should be used when citing the article.

RETRACTED: Recommandations françaises du Comité de Cancérologie de l'AFU ­ Actualisation 2018­2020 : tumeurs de la vessie French ccAFU guidelines ­ Update 2018­2020: Bladder cancer / Recommandations françaises du Comité de Cancérologie de l'AFU ­ Actualisation 2018­2020 : tumeurs de la vessie.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). Cet article est retiré de la publication à la demande des auteurs car ils ont apporté des modifications significatives sur des points scientifiques après la publication de la première version des recommandations. Le nouvel article est disponible à cette adresse: doi:10.1016/j.purol.2019.01.006. C'est cette nouvelle version qui doit être utilisée pour citer l'article. This article has been retracted at the request of the authors, as it is not based on the definitive version of the text because some scientific data has been corrected since the first issue was published. The replacement has been published at the doi:10.1016/j.purol.2019.01.006. That newer version of the text should be used when citing the article.

[French ccAFU guidelines - Update 2018-2020: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma]. / Recommandations françaises du Comité de Cancérologie de l'AFU ­ Actualisation 2018­2020 : tumeurs de la voie excrétrice supérieure.

INTRODUCTION: To propose an update of the French guidelines from the national committee ccAFU on upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC). METHODS: A systematic Medline search was performed between 2016 and 2018, with regards to the diagnosis, the options of treatment and the follow-up of UTUC, to evaluate the different studies with levels of evidence. RESULTS: The diagnosis of this rare disease is based on CT-scan acquisition during excretion and ureteroscopy with histological biopsies. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) remains the gold standard for surgical treatment, nevertheless a conservative endoscopic approach can be proposed for low-risk diseases: unifocal tumour, possible complete resection low-grade and lack of invasion on CT-scan. Close monitoring with endoscopic follow-up (flexible ureteroscopy) in compliant patients is therefore necessary. After RNU, bladder instillation of chemotherapy is recommended in order to reduce the risk of bladder recurrence. An adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended after RNU in pT2-T4 N0-3 M0 disease. CONCLUSION: These updated guidelines will contribute to increase the level of urological care for diagnosis and treatment of UTUC.

[CCAFU french national guidelines 2016-2018 on upper tract tumors]. / Recommandations en onco-urologie 2016-2018 du CCAFU : Tumeurs de la voie excrétrice supérieure.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose was to propose an update of the french guidelines from the national committee CCAFU on upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC). METHODS: A systematic Medline search was performed between 2013 and 2016, as regards diagnosis, options of treatment and follow-up of UTUC, to evaluate different references with levels of evidence. RESULTS: The diagnosis of this rare pathology is based on CT-scan acquisition during excretion and ureteroscopy with histological biopsies. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) remains the gold standard for surgical treatment, nevertheless a conservative endoscopic approach can be proposed for low risk lesion: unifocal tumour, possible complete resection and low grade and absence of invasion on CT-scan. Close monitoring with endoscopic follow-up (flexible ureteroscope) in compliant patients is therefore necessary. After RNU, bladder instillation of chemotherapy is recommended to reduced risk of baldder recurrence. The place of systemic therapy (adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy) remains to define. CONCLUSION: These updated guidelines will contribute to increase the level of urological care for diagnosis and treatment for UTUC. © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

[CCAFU french national guidelines 2016-2018 on bladder cancer]. / Recommandations en onco-urologie 2016-2018 du CCAFU : Tumeurs de la vessie.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the guidelines national committee CCAFU on bladder cancer was to propose updated french guidelines for non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and invasive (MIBC) bladder cancers. METHODS: A Medline search was achieved between 2013 and 2016, as regards diagnosis, options of treatment and follow-up of bladder cancer, to evaluate different references with levels of evidence. RESULTS: Diagnosis of NMIBC (Ta, T1, CIS) is based on a complete deep resection of the tumour. The use of fluorescence and a second-look indication are essential to improve initial diagnosis. Risks of both recurrence and progression can be estimated using the EORTC score. A stratification of patients into low, intermediate and high risk groups is pivotal for recommending adjuvant treatment : instillation of chemotherapy (immediate post-operative, standard schedule) or intravesical BCG (standard schedule and maintenance). Cystectomy is recommended in BCG-refractory patients. Extension evaluation of MIBC is based on pelvic-abdominal and thoracic CT-scan; MRI and FDG-PET remain optional. Cystectomy associated with extensive pelvic lymph nodes resection is considered the gold standard for non metastatic MIBC. An orthotopic bladder substitution should be proposed to both male and female patients lacking any contraindications and in cases of negative frozen urethral samples. The interest of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is well known for all MIBC, wathever the stage. Thus, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for all eligible patients according PS (PS <2) and renal function (clearance > 60ml/mn). As regards metastatic MIBC, first-line chemotherapy using platin is recommended (GC or MVAC). In second line treatment, only chemotherapy using vinflunine has been validated to date, even if results of immunotherapy clinical trials are encouraging. CONCLUSION: These updated french guidelines will contribute to increase the level of urological care for the diagnosis and treatment for NMIBC and MIBC. © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

[CCAFU Recommendations 2013: Bladder carcinoma]. / Recommandations en onco-urologie 2013 du CCAFU : Tumeurs de la vessie.

INTRODUCTION: The objective was to update the guidelines of the French Urological Association Cancer Committee for non invasive (NMIBC) and invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). METHODS: A Medline search was performed between 2010 and 2013, as regards diagnosis, options of treatment and follow-up of bladder cancer, to evaluate different references with levels of evidence. RESULTS: Diagnosis of NMIBC (Ta, T1, CIS) depends on cystoscopy and complete deep resection of the tumour. The use of fluorescence and a second-look indication are essential to improve initial diagnosis. Risks of both recurrence and progression can be estimated using the EORTC score. A stratification of patients into low, intermediate and high groups is pivotal for recommending adjuvant treatment: instillation of chemotherapy (immediate post-operative, standard schedule) or intravesical BCG (standard schedule and maintenance). Cystectomy is recommended in BCG-refractory patients. Extension evaluation of MIBC is based on pelvic-abdominal and thoracic CT-scan, MRI and FDGPET remain optional. Cystectomy associated with extensive lymph nodes resection is considered the gold standard for non metastatic MIBC. An orthotopic bladder substitution should be proposed to both male and female patients lacking any contraindications and in cases of negative frozen urethral samples, otherwise trans-ileal ureterostomy is recommended as urinary diversion. The interest of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is well known for advanced MIBC as T3-T4 and/or N1-3. As regards metastatic MIBC, first-line chemotherapy using platin is recommended (GC or MVAC), when status (PS<1) and renal function (creatinine clearance > 60 ml/min) permits (only in 50% of cases). In second line treatment, only chemotherapy using vinfluvine has been validated to date. Conclusion.-These new guidelines will hopefully contribute not only to improve patient management, but also diagnosis and treatment for NMIBC and MIBC.

[CCAFU Recommendations 2013: Upper urinary tract carcinoma]. / Recommandations en onco-urologie 2013 du CCAFU : Tumeurs de la voie excrétrice urinaire supérieure.

INTRODUCTION: The objective was to update the guidelines of the French Urological Association Cancer Committee for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS: A Medline search was performed between 2010 and 2013, as regards diagnosis, options of treatment and follow-up of UTUC, to evaluate different references with levels of evidence. RESULTS: The diagnosis of this rare pathology is based on CT-scan acquisition during excretion and ureteroscopy with histological biopsies. Total nephro-urectomy remains the gold standard for surgical treatment, nevertheless a conservative endoscopic approach can be proposed : unifocal tumour and diameter < 1 cm and low grade and absence of invasion on CT-scan. Close monitoring with endoscopic follow-up (flexible ureteroscope) in compliant patients is therefore necessary. CONCLUSION: These new guidelines will hopefully contribute not only to improve patient management, but also diagnosis and treatment for UTUC.