An Observational Study to Evaluate Readability and Reliability of AI-Generated Brochures for Emergency Medical Conditions.

Introduction The study assesses the readability of AI-generated brochures for common emergency medical conditions like heart attack, anaphylaxis, and syncope. Thus, the study aims to compare the AI-generated responses for patient information guides of common emergency medical conditions using ChatGPT and Google Gemini. Methodology Brochures for each condition were created by both AI tools. Readability was assessed using the Flesch-Kincaid Calculator, evaluating word count, sentence count and ease of understanding. Reliability was measured using the Modified DISCERN Score. The similarity between AI outputs was determined using Quillbot. Statistical analysis was performed with R (v4.3.2). Results ChatGPT and Gemini produced brochures with no statistically significant differences in word count (p= 0.2119), sentence count (p=0.1276), readability (p=0.3796), or reliability (p=0.7407). However, ChatGPT provided more detailed content with 32.4% more words (582.80 vs. 440.20) and 51.6% more sentences (67.00 vs. 44.20). In addition, Gemini's brochures were slightly easier to read with a higher ease score (50.62 vs. 41.88). Reliability varied by topic with ChatGPT scoring higher for Heart Attack (4 vs. 3) and Choking (3 vs. 2), while Google Gemini scored higher for Anaphylaxis (4 vs. 3) and Drowning (4 vs. 3), highlighting the need for topic-specific evaluation. Conclusions Although AI-generated brochures from ChatGPT and Gemini are comparable in readability and reliability for patient information on emergency medical conditions, this study highlights that there is no statistically significant difference in the responses generated by the two AI tools.

The quality and reliability of short videos about thyroid nodules on BiliBili and TikTok: Cross-sectional study.

Background: The detection rate of thyroid nodules has witnessed a significant surge in recent years, triggering heightened public apprehension. Short video platforms such as TikTok and BiliBili have showed tremendous potential in the dissemination of health information. There is a plethora of videos about thyroid nodules on TikTok and BiliBili, but the quality and reliability of videos concerning thyroid nodules remains unknown. Methods: On December 3rd, 2023, the top 100 short videos related to thyroid nodules on BiliBili and TikTok were collected through a comprehensive search in Chinese. After extracting the basic information, the quality and reliability of each video was assessed by using the global quality score (GQS) and DISCERN score. Further, Spearman correlation analyses were applied to examine the correlation among video variables, GQS and DISCERN score. Results: Compared to BiliBili, TikTok exhibits greater popularity, as evidenced by higher counts of likes (P = 0.021), comments (P = 0.008) and shares (P = 0.017). The median (interquartile range) scores of GQS and DISCERN score were 3 (2-3) on TikTok while 2 (2-3) on BiliBili. Both reviewers exhibited good consistency in GQS and DISCERN score. Moreover, it was observed that the videos shared by thyroid specialists demonstrated higher scores both in GQS (P = 0.014) and DISCERN score (P = 0.022) than others on TikTok. Spearman correlation analysis revealed no significant correlation between video variables and the scores of GQS and DISCERN score. Conclusions: The quality and reliability of thyroid nodules videos on BiliBili and TikTok were unsatisfactory. Notably, videos shared by thyroid specialists are more likely to exhibit superior quality and reliability. People should exercise caution when perusing short videos.

Evaluating the quality and reliability of YouTube videos on myopia: a video content analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality and reliability of YouTube videos as an educational resource about myopia. METHODS: The videos were identified by searching YouTube with the keywords 'myopia' and 'nearsightedness', using the website's default search settings. The number of views, likes, dislikes, view ratio, source of the upload, country of origin, video type, and described treatment techniques were assessed. Each video was evaluated using the DISCERN, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP), Health On the Net Code of Conduct Certification (HONcode), and the Global Quality Score (GQS) scales. RESULTS: A total of 112 videos were included. The classification of videos by source indicated that the top three contributors were health channels (30 videos [26.8%]), physicians (24 videos [21.4%]), and academic centers (19 videos [16.9%]). Most of these videos originated from the United States (74 videos [66.1%]) and focused on the pathophysiology (n = 89, 79.4%) and the treatment (n = 77, 68.7%) of myopia. Statistical comparisons among the groups of video sources showed no significant difference in the mean DISCERN score (p = 0.102). However, significant differences were noted in the JAMA (p = 0.011), GQS (p = 0.009), HONcode (p = 0.011), and EQIP (p = 0.002) scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscored the variability in the quality and reliability of YouTube videos related to myopia, with most content ranging from 'weak to moderate' quality based on the DISCERN and GQS scales, yet appearing to be 'excellent' according to the HONcode and EQIP scales. Videos uploaded by physicians generally exhibited higher standards, highlighting the importance of expert involvement in online health information dissemination. Given the potential risks of accessing incorrect medical data that can affect the decision-making processes of patients, caution should be exercised when using online content as a source of information.

A quality assessment of YouTube as an information resource for tonsillectomy.

PURPOSE: Online resources are increasingly being utilised by patients to guide their clinical decision making, as an alternative or supplement to the traditional clinical-patient relationship. YouTube is an online repository of user and community generated videos, which is one of the most popular websites globally. We undertook a study to examine the quality of information presented in YouTube videos related to tonsillectomy. METHODS: We completed a systematic search of YouTube in May 2023 and identified 88 videos for inclusion in our study. Videos were published in the English language, focussing on tonsillectomy and tonsillectomy recovery, and were greater than 2 min in length. We recorded video quality metrics and two authors independently analysed the quality of information using three validated quality assessment tools described in the literature including the modified DISCERN, Global Quality Score, and the JAMA Benchmark Criteria. RESULTS: The overall quality of the information was low with mean quality scores of Modified DISCERN (1.8 ± 1.3), GQS (2.6 ± 1.2), and JAMA Benchmark Criteria (1.6 ± 0.7). Information published by medical sources including medical professionals, healthcare organisations, and medical education channels scored significantly higher compared to non-medical sources across all quality measures and were of moderate overall quality and usefulness: Modified DISCERN (2.5 ± 1.1 vs 0.8 ± 0.9, z = -6.0, p < 0.001), GQS (3.2 ± 1.0 vs 1.7 ± 0.9, z = -5.7, p < 0.001), and JAMA (1.9 ± 0.8 vs 1.1 ± 0.3, z = -5.2, p < 0.001). Videos published during or after 2018 scored higher on Modified DISCERN (z = -3.2,p = 0.001) but not on GQS or JAMA. Video quality metrics such as total view count, likes, and comments, and channel subscriber count, did not correlate with higher video quality. However, amongst videos published by authoritative medical sources, total view count correlated positively with higher Modified DISCERN quality scores (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: The overall quality and usefulness of YouTube videos on tonsillectomy is of low quality, but information published by authoritative medical sources score significantly higher. Clinicians should be mindful of increasing use of online information sources such as YouTube when counselling patients. Further research is needed in the medical community to create engaging, high-quality content to provide guidance for patients.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Cross-Sectional Observational Study Analyzing the Quality of Content on YouTube.

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a chronic multifactorial disorder in women of reproductive age group, is a major public health problem. With most women resorting to platforms like "YouTube" that form a perfect source of edutainment, our aim was to analyze the quality of content available regarding the same. AIMS: The aims and objectives of this study were to assess the quality and reliability of content related to PCOS on YouTube by analyzing the DISCERN score, global quality score (GQS), and video power index (VPI). METHODOLOGY: It was a facility-based cross-sectional study undertaken on a single day with each author reviewing 10 videos from YouTube on PCOS using predetermined keywords. The number of likes, dislikes, views, comments, and uploader backgrounds were evaluated. DISCERN score, GQS, and VPI were also calculated for each video. While data entry was done using Microsoft Excel 2020 (Microsoft Corporation, Washington, United States), the analysis was carried out using SPSS Statistics version 16 (SPSS Inc. Released 2007. SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.). Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages, and statistical significance was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test/one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: A total of 80 videos that fit the inclusion criteria were analyzed. A majority of the videos (80%) were posted a year back with no updates. Only 28.8% of the video content was posted by doctors. Though most videos (96.25%) shared information pertaining to symptomatology, only 45% spoke regarding prevention. Promotional content was noted in 28.75% of the video content. GQS and VPI were better with information being provided by doctors, hospitals, and healthcare organizations (p-value 0.033 and 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: With women reaching out to edutainment platforms like YouTube to clarify their concerns surrounding lifestyle diseases such as PCOS in the digital era, it becomes relevant to evaluate the quality of content available on such platforms. The findings of the study form a prototype for addressing the existing gaps in the knowledge available on YouTube. Furthermore, the findings warrant frequent monitoring of such available web-based content and delivery of such content only from qualified wellness experts.

A Comparison of the Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos Uploaded by Healthcare Professionals About Scoliosis in the Past Decade.

INTRODUCTION: Internet-based medical education plays a crucial role in bolstering public health awareness and the competence of medical professionals; however, it must be dependable. We aimed to examine the quality and reliability of the videos uploaded to YouTube (YouTube, LLC, San Bruno, California, United States) by professional healthcare professionals about scoliosis from 2014 to 2023. METHODS: The study was performed between August 1 and August 15, 2023. The keywords 'scoliosis', 'scoliosis-kyphosis brace', 'scoliosis exercises', 'scoliosis surgeries', and 'scoliosis-kyphosis exercises' were searched on YouTube. Only YouTube videos uploaded by healthcare professionals between January 1, 2014, and July 31, 2023, and only videos in the English language were examined. Video characteristics were evaluated and recorded for all videos. The quality and reliability of videos were assessed with two different questionnaire scales including the modified DISCERN score and the Global Quality Score (GQS). RESULTS: The mean number of views per video was 3778 in videos uploaded between 2014 and 2018, and 3120 in videos uploaded between 2019 and 2023 (p= 0.004). Video length and number of likes were statistically significantly lower in the videos of the last five years (p=0.001, and p=0.001). Thirty-one percent of the professional videos uploaded between 2014 and 2018 were directed at healthcare professionals. This rate was 12% in the last five years and was statistically significantly lower (p=0.001). The DISCERN score average was 3.7 between 2014 and 2018 and it was 3.2 between 2019 and 2023 (p=0.001). Similarly, the mean GQS was statistically significantly higher in the last five years compared to the five years prior (3.8 vs. 3.3, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study determined that the quality and reliability of YouTube videos about scoliosis significantly increased in the last five years compared to the previous five years with a significant decrease in video duration. Also, among videos uploaded in the last five years, the number of videos for the patient was significantly higher. In contrast, the 'like' and 'view' numbers were significantly lower in YouTube videos about scoliosis in the last five years.

An Assessment of the Quality and Reliability of Gastric Botox Information Videos on YouTube.

Background and objective Intragastric botulinum toxin (Botox) applications have emerged as a novel endoscopic intervention method to treat obesity. YouTube stands out as one of the primary online platforms frequently utilized for accessing health-related information. In light of this, this study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of informational videos about gastric Botox on YouTube. Materials and methods In July 2023, a comprehensive evaluation of gastric Botox information videos on YouTube was conducted by querying "Gastric Botox" on YouTube. A total of 70 videos were initially reviewed and 48 videos were meticulously analyzed by a general surgeon. Videos were categorized based on their sources and attributes and evaluated using standard scales like the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score, modified DISCERN, and the Global Quality Scale (GQS). Results A total of 48 videos were assessed. Of these, 2.1% originated from academic institutions, 20.8% from private hospitals/organizations, and 52.1% from physicians. Videos by other healthcare professionals accounted for 2.1%, health information websites 12.5%, and independent users 10.4%. Video durations varied significantly across sources (p<0.001). Independent user videos had the highest likes/views. JAMA scores (p=0.009) and DISCERN scores (p=0.045) showed significant differences among sources. Academic institution videos had a median JAMA score of 4; independent users scored 1. As for DISCERN, academic videos scored the highest at 5, while independent users scored the lowest at 1.8. Conclusions YouTube is filled with healthcare information videos today. Although the quality and reliability scores based on conventional assessment methods might be moderate, we advise utilizing videos from academic institutions and reputable health information websites as primary sources to educate patients about gastric Botox.

Evaluation of YouTube Bariatric Surgery Videos in the Context of Medical Tourism.

Introduction The increasing prevalence of obesity has led to the popularity of bariatric and metabolic surgery, often sought through medical tourism due to constraints within public healthcare systems. This study aimed to examine the quality and impact of YouTube videos related to bariatric surgery within the context of medical tourism. Materials and methods In June 2023, a YouTube search for "Bariatric Surgery Medical Tourism" and "Obesity Surgery Medical Tourism" yielded the top 200 videos, from which 33 were chosen after applying exclusion criteria. These videos underwent further screening based on source, duration, and content. Quality was assessed using established scales, including the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria, the Global Quality Scale (GQS), and modified DISCERN score. Results Thirty-three videos were chosen for comprehensive analysis. Among the videos, 48.5% portrayed patient experiences in the context of medical tourism bariatric surgery, providing valuable insights. The videos had varying durations and engagement metrics, with an average GQS score of 2.09, JAMA score of 2.57, and DISCERN score of 3.06. Notably, videos depicting patient experiences had distinct characteristics and higher evaluation scores, emphasizing their significance within the study. Conclusion This study assessed YouTube videos related to bariatric surgery within the realm of medical tourism. The research illuminated diverse facets of medical tourism concerning obesity surgery and the quality of information disseminated on YouTube. Although patient experience videos received higher quality ratings, the overall reliability and content diversity underscored the potential and challenges of utilizing YouTube as an information source for medical tourism.

Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos on Myocardial Infarction: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to assess the quality and reliability of the disease information available on YouTube (www.youtube.com) about "heart attacks" or myocardial infarctions, using a Global Quality Score (GQS) for quality, a DISCERN score for reliability, and a Video Power Index (VPI) for popularity. METHODOLOGY: In this cross-sectional observational study, the YouTube videos were analyzed in terms of the type of uploader, content, and other factors. The GQS, DISCERN score, and Video Power Index (VPI) were utilized to assess the quality, reliability, and popularity of the information, respectively. RESULTS: The majority of the videos (78.44%) were uploaded over a year ago. Only 33.34% and 7.84% were uploaded by doctors and healthcare organizations, respectively. Around 72.55% of the videos contained information about symptoms, 66.67% discussed the causes, 52.94% covered treatment, and 47.06% focused on prevention. Additionally, 41.18% provided details on investigations, while only 19.61% touched upon mortality. Patient-created videos accounted for 19.61% of the content, and 15.69% of the videos included promotional material. CONCLUSION: The main outcome of our study indicates that the YouTube videos examined regarding myocardial infarctions exhibit high-quality content, as supported by a higher average GQS score. The consistent quality of information discovered in our study suggests that YouTube can serve as an additional platform for sharing knowledge and educating individuals about this important health condition. By raising awareness and delivering accurate information, these videos can help in early detection, prevention, and better outcomes for individuals who are at risk of experiencing a myocardial infarction.

The Evaluation of YouTube™ English Videos' Quality About Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to clarify the reliability and quality of English videos about Coronary artery bypass grafting on YouTubeTM. Methods: The study was performed between July 16 and July 30. A cardiovascular surgeon searched for terms including "coronary artery disease," "coronary artery treatment," "coronary artery bypass" and "coronary artery bypass surgery," in YouTubeTM. All videos were classified into two groups according to the source who uploaded the video as professional videos and non-professional videos. Video characteristics including duration of video on YouTube™, length of video, and view numbers for each video were recorded. Moreover, the numbers of "comments," "likes," and "dislikes" were noted. Furthermore, the target audience of the videos (professional health care worker and patients) was analyzed, DISCERN score and Global quality score (GQS) were calculated for each video. Results: Totally, 812 videos were divided into two groups according to upload sources; 448 videos were categorized as professional videos and 364 videos were categorized as non-professional videos. The mean number of views was 3220.5 for professional videos and 2216.5 for non-professional videos (p=0.001). In addition, the mean "like" numbers and mean comment numbers were significantly higher for professional videos (p=0.001 and p=0.001). The mean DISCERN score was 2.6 for professional videos and 1.5 for non-professional videos (p=0.001). Similarly, the mean GSQ was significantly higher for professional videos (3.5 vs. 2.5, p=0.001). Conclusion: YouTube™ videos which are shared by professional healthcare workers have better quality and reliability with significantly higher DISCERN score and GQS.

Evaluation of the Reliability and Quality of YouTube Videos on Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction.

Introduction Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) causes excessive eye tearing or mucoid discharge. Twenty percent of one-year-olds globally have CNLDO. There are many sources that offer information to parents. This study evaluates the quality and accuracy of CNLDO-related YouTube videos. Methods The first 100 videos that appeared after typing "congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction" in the YouTube search engine were evaluated. These videos were also analyzed and scored using the DISCERN, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and Global Quality Scoring (GQS) systems. Results Forty videos met the inclusion criteria. The mean DISCERN score was 47.3 ± 9.15, JAMA was 1.72 ± 0.87, and GQS was 3.1 ± 0.81. The duration of the videos uploaded by the non-physician group was significantly longer (p = 0.04). In addition, the JAMA score of the videos uploaded by the physician group was significantly higher than that of the other group (p = 0.03). Theoretical videos were longer than surgical videos (p = 0.02). DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS scores were statistically higher in the theoretical video group (p = 0.002, p = 0.04, and p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusion According to our research, the quality of YouTube videos about congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is average. This information source can be improved by making videos with more detailed information about the disease and theoretical information, as well as by having health professionals look over the content that has been uploaded.

Quality analysis of YouTube videos about thyroid orbitopathy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality and reliability of YouTube videos about Thyroid Orbitopathy. METHODS: A YouTube search was performed using the keyword 'Graves eye disease', 'thyroid eye disease', 'thyroid orbitopathy', 'thyroid ophtalmopathy' in the search bar of YouTube. The first 50 videos were analyzed for each keywords, and the first 100 videos that came out were included in the study. The numbers of views, likes, dislikes, comments, daily viewing rate (number of views per day), uploaded source, country of origin, video type (patient experience, scholarly information), and described treatment technique were evaluated for all videos. They were also evaluated regarding their DISCERN, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), global quality score (GQS) and usefulness score by two independent ophthalmologists. RESULTS: Of the top 100 videos, 94 videos met the criteria. The mean DISCERN, JAMA, GQS and usefulness score were 55.27 ± 16.57, 3.04 ± 0.64, 3.44 ± 0.93 and 3.23 ± 1.1. If we look at the upload source 53 (56.4%) videos were uploaded by physicians, 30 (31.9%) videos by institutions/private health institutions, 7 (7.4%) videos by health channels, 4 (4.3%) videos by patients. All scoring systems showed a statistically significant and strong positive correlation with each other (p < 0.001). A statistically significant positive correlation between viewing rate, likes and comments was observed. As the duration of the video increased, a significant increase in the scores in other scores was observed. CONCLUSION: We observed that the tests we used in the scoring were correlated with each other. Most of the thyroid orbitopathy videos on YouTube were of good quality. Ophthalmologists should guide their patients who want to get information on YouTube to watch videos uploaded by health care professionals.

The quality and reliability analysis of YouTube videos about insulin resistance.

AIM: There is an increasing trend in the use of internet as a search tool for health-related informations. Insulin resistance is one of the most searched subjects online and some of the videos about insulin resistance have been watched by millions of YouTube users. This study aims to determine the quality and reliability of the most popular videos about insulin resistance on YouTube. METHODS: On March 1, 2022, the term "insulin resistance" was searched on YouTube. The videos' popularity was assessed with Video Power Index (VPI). The quality and reliability were assessed with DISCERN score, modified DISCERN score and global quality score (GQS). RESULTS: A total of 100 most popular videos were evaluated after applying the exclusion criteria. Fifty-four percent of the videos were very poor-poor, 35 % moderate, and 11 % good-excellent quality. Although few in number, the videos with relatively higher quality and more reliable had higher numbers of views, likes and comments (p < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between DISCERN score and VPI, duration, view, like, dislike, comment numbers of the videos (p < 0.01). Healthcare providers uploaded 58 % of the videos, while independent users uploaded 42 %. Video like ratio (VLR) at healthcare providers' videos was significantly higher than independent users' videos (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high viewing rates of YouTube videos about insulin resistance, the overall quality and reliability were found to be very low. However, when high quality content regarding popular medical topics is produced, more people can be informed correctly.

Evaluation of the reliability, utility, and quality of the lid loading videos on YouTube.

PURPOSE: It is aimed to determine the utility, reliability and quality of the lid loading videos on YouTube, a video sharing platform. METHODS: A YouTube searches were made with the keywords 'Eyelid Loading,' 'Gold Weight Implantation,' 'Lid Loading for Lagophthalmos' (without user login, cleared search history, in incognito tab). A total of 75 videos were recorded. Length of videos (seconds), number of views, uploaded source (doctor/health institution/medical channel), number of subscribers, number of likes, time since uploading (days), video content (surgical/theoretical information), type of narration (verbal narration/subtitle) were recorded. DISCERN, The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and Global Quality Scores of the videos were evaluated and recorded by two experienced oculoplastic surgeons (KSC, HT). RESULTS: After the exclusion criteria, the remaining 46 videos were included in the study. The mean DISCERN score was 25.17 ± 6.88 (very poor quality), the JAMA score was 0.79 ± 0.63 (very poor quality), and GQS was 2.84 ± 1.03 (medium quality). Thirty videos (65.2%) had verbal narration, and 16 videos (34.8%) had subtitled narration. The DISCERN score and GQS were significantly higher in the videos with verbal narration compared to the narration with subtitles (p < 0.05). All three scores were positively correlated with each other. There was also a positive correlation between video length, number of subscribers, and DISCERN score. CONCLUSIONS: The videos about lid loading on YouTube are of poor reliability, accuracy, and educational quality. The duration of the video and the type of narration can be kept in the foreground when choosing the video. Experts must review the content that is uploaded to websites like YouTube.

Evaluating the quality, utility, and reliability of the information in uveitis videos shared on YouTube.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the quality of videos on YouTube as educational resources about uveitis. METHODS: An online YouTube search was performed using the keyword "uveitis". Total view counts, duration of videos, publishing dates, likes and dislikes, numbers of comments, and source of videos were recorded. The quality and accuracy of the video's educational content were evaluated using the DISCERN score, Global Quality Score (GQS), and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score. Video power index (VPI) was used to evaluate both the view and the like ratio of the videos. All videos were classified according to publishers and types of categories. RESULTS: From among the 200 videos analyzed, 94 were included. The mean DISCERN score was 38.5 ± 13.2 (poor), the mean JAMA score was 1.8 ± 0.6 (fair), and the GQS was 2.5 ± 0.9 (fair). There were positive correlations between the three checklists (p < .001). VPI was not correlated with each score (p > .05). The most common upload sources were ophthalmologists (24.4%) and YouTube channels about health (20.2%). Regarding content, we identified 47 (50%) medical education, 26 (27.6%) patient education, 16 (17%) patient experience, and five (5.3%) surgical procedure videos involving patients with uveitis. While the most popular videos were uploaded by doctors other than ophthalmologists, the videos uploaded by academic institutions and associations of healthcare professional were found to have higher educational quality and reliability scores. CONCLUSIONS: Uveitis videos on YouTube are of poor quality and reliability and are not adequately educational for patients. Therefore, physicians must be aware of the limitations of YouTube and ensure the flow of correct medical information to patients.

YouTube as a source of information on keratoconus: a social media analysis.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Keratoconus (KC) treatment in the early stage is usually with glasses or soft toric contact lenses, in advanced stages rigid gas-permeable corneal or scleral contact lenses are used. Optometrists should be aware of misleading information from online platforms when providing information to keratoconus patients. BACKGROUND: Keratoconus is a progressive corneal disease characterised by stromal thinning and corneal ectasia. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study evaluating the popularity, quality, and reliability of videos about keratoconus disease and its treatment published on YouTube. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the credibility, quality, and popularity of YouTube videos about keratoconus. METHODS: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, register-based study. A YouTube search was performed using the keywords 'keratoconus', 'keratoconus disease', 'keratoconus treatment', 'keratoconus cross linking'. The quality and reliability of video content were measured using the DISCERN questionnaire, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score, and the Global Quality Score (GQS). The video power index was used to evaluate the popularity of the videos. RESULTS: One hundred videos were included in the study. The average duration was 6.33 min and average total number of views was 14,940. The mean DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS scores were 42.57 ± 12.04 (intermediate quality), 1.77 ± 0.51 (poor quality), and 3.63 ± 1.03 (intermediate quality), respectively. The mean video power index was 11.02 ± 24.55 (range, 0-193). The DISCERN score was significantly positively correlated with GQS and JAMA scores (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that YouTube videos about keratoconus contain moderately useful information for patients. So, physicians, being aware of the quality and diversity of online information, should correct any misinformation they encounter while face-to-face with patients.

Assessment of the Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos on Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the quality and reliability of videos on Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) on YouTube. Methods: A search of YouTube was performed for the term "FECD" without any changes to the website's standard search preferences. The first 100 videos were recorded. A total of 71 videos were evaluated regarding the DISCERN score (min-max: 16-75), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score (min-max: 0-4), and Global Quality Scale (GQS) score (min-max: 0-5). Results: The mean DISCERN score was 40.1±15.6 (moderate), the mean JAMA score was 2.01±0.7 (poor), the mean GQS score was 2.5±1.3 (moderate), and the mean video power index score was 106.8±135.7. Twenty-three of the videos (32.4%) were uploaded by physicians, 25 (35.2%) by universities/private hospitals, and 21 (29.6%) by health channels. Thirty-six videos (50.7%) contained information about the disease, 24 (33.8%) discussed surgical techniques, and 11 (15.5%) were about patient experience. Conclusion: YouTube provides only moderate-quality health information on FECD. Physicians and professional organizations should be aware of and embrace this evolving technology to raise awareness about FECD.

Assessment of the quality of information on treatment of keratoconus on YouTube.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability, quality and effectiveness of YouTube videos addressing treatment of keratoconus. METHODS: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional and register-based study. A YouTube search was performed using the keyword treatment of keratoconus, and the first 100 videos that came out were included in the study. The numbers of views, likes, dislikes, comments, daily viewing rate (number of views per day), uploaded source (physicians, public or private institution, health channel or patients), country of origin, video type (patient experience, scholarly information), and described treatment technique (contact lens, corneal cross-linking, intrastromal corneal ring, topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy, keratoplasty) were evaluated for all videos. They were also evaluated regarding their DISCERN, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), global quality score (GQS) and usefulness score by two independent ophthalmologists. RESULTS: Of the top 100 videos, 83 videos met the criteria. The mean DISCERN, JAMA, GQS and usefulness score were 42.92 ± 18.14, 2.7 ± 0.73, 3.07 ± 1.25 and 2.99 ± 1.44, respectively. Of the 83 videos, 35(42.2%) had been uploaded by physicians, 19(22.9%) by patients, 15(18.1%) by health channel, and 14(16.9%) by institutions/private health institutions. In the correlation analysis, the four scoring systems showed a statistically significant and strong positive correlation with each other (p < 0.001). In addition, viewing rate DISCERN, GQS, usefulness scores, number of likes, dislikes and comments showed a statistically significant positive correlation. CONCLUSION: The content of YouTube videos regarding treatment of keratoconus is of generally good quality and is educational for patients. Increasing the number of videos uploaded by healthcare professionals will increase the quality, reliability and informative features of the videos.

Evaluation of the Usefulness of YouTube Videos on Retinal Detachment Surgery.

Introduction The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of YouTube videos about retinal detachment surgery as a resource. Methods The first 100 videos were evaluated when they were scanned by typing "retinal detachment surgery " in the YouTube search engine. These videos were also analyzed and scored using DISCERN, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and Global Quality (GQ) scoring systems. Results The DISCERN score of the evaluated videos was 39.5±8.4; JAMA score was 1.9±0.5; and the GQ score was 2.1±0.5. According to the results, retinal detachment surgery videos, DISCERN score is medium; The JAMA score was evaluated as low quality and poor quality in the GQ score. Conclusion Although there are enough videos on YouTube with retinal detachment surgery, its usefulness as a resource is low, and its quality is poor.

Characteristics of YouTube Videos About Peripheral Artery Disease During COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: To examine English language YouTube videos that covered both COVID-19 and peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS: The research was planned from October 1 to 5, 2020. Two cardiologists (CB and ES) executed online searches in which the term COVID-19/coronavirus was paired with common keywords about PAD, including 'peripheral artery disease + COVID-19,' 'leg pain + coronavirus,' 'leg vascular disease + COVID-19,' 'atherosclerosis + COVID-19,' and 'claudication + coronavirus.' For each video, a record was made of the number of days on YouTube, length, number of views and comments, and the number of 'likes' and 'dislikes'. Videos were also categorized according to content as informative videos (with accurate content about the frequency of disease, symptoms, transmission, prevention techniques, and proven treatment methods), patient experience videos (with patient testimonies), or news update videos (i.e., those uploaded by professional news channels). Moreover, DISCERN and Medical Information and Content Index (MICI) were evaluated. RESULTS: Totally, 91 YouTube videos met study inclusion criteria. News update videos were the most-watched when compared with informative and patient experience videos (63,910 views vs 43,725 views vs19,778 views, p=0.032). The DISCERN score was significantly higher in the informative group: 2.8 for informative videos, 1.7 for patients' experience videos, and 1.8 for news update videos (p= 0.001). The most common theme was clinical symptoms in the informative videos (82.4%). The mean MICI score was calculated as 3.7±1.4 points for informative videos. CONCLUSION: YouTube videos about COVID-19 and PAD are widely-viewed information sources for patients. Our study has demonstrated that YouTube videos about COVID-19 and PAD generally had poor quality content.