KRAS Exon 2 Mutations in Patients with Sporadic Colorectal Cancer: Prevalence Variations in Mexican and Latin American Populations.

We searched for the prevalence of actionable somatic mutations in exon 2 of the KRAS gene in western Mexican patients with CRC. Tumor tissue DNA samples from 150 patients with sporadic CRC recruited at the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara were analyzed. Mutations in exon 2 of the KRAS gene were identified using Sanger sequencing, and the data were analyzed considering clinical-pathological characteristics. Variants in codon 12 (rs121913529 G>A, G>C, and G>T) and codon 13 (rs112445441 G>A) were detected in 26 patients (with a prevalence of 17%). No significant associations were found between these variants and clinical-pathological characteristics (p > 0.05). Furthermore, a comprehensive search was carried out in PubMed/NCBI and Google for the prevalence of KRAS exon 2 mutations in Latin American populations. The 17 studies included 12,604 CRC patients, with an overall prevalence of 30% (95% CI = 0.26-0.35), although the prevalence ranged from 13 to 43% across the different data sources. Determining the variation and frequency of KRAS alleles in CRC patients will enhance their potential to receive targeted treatments and contribute to the understanding of the genomic profile of CRC.

Recurrent Bouts of Fever and Transient Hydrosalpinx Manifested in a Female Carrying MEFV G304R Gene Variant: A Case Report.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an inherited autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent bouts of fever and serositis. Mediterranean Fever (MEFV) gene mutations may cause not just FMF but various serositis including arthritis, enterocolitis, aseptic meningitis, pulmonary disease, and pericarditis. In this report, we present a 44-year-old female carrying MEFV gene variant. She was admitted to our hospital with a high fever, right back pain during inspiration, and lower-left abdominal pain. Laboratory findings showed high inflammatory response. Computed tomography (CT) indicated pleurisy of the right lobe and inflammation of the left uterine appendage. Transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated hydrosalpinx of the left oviduct. The symptoms of recurrent fever and transient serositis suggested FMF, and abdominal pain was resolved after taking colchicine. Later, it turned out that she had MEFV gene mutation (exon2 G304R heterozygous). Although she did not meet the criteria of FMF, this is the first reported MEFV variant carrier with transient hydrosalpinx. Attacks in female patients with FMF are triggered by menstruation. Moreover, FMF and associated amyloidosis may cause both male and female infertility. Although male patients with FMF may present with acute scrotum, diagnostic criteria of FMF do not include inflammation of uterine appendages. Internal medicine physicians need to cooperate with gynecologists to diagnose female patients carrying MEFV gene variants.

Genotype-phenotype associations in microtia: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Microtia is a congenital ear malformation that can occur as isolated microtia or as part of a syndrome. The etiology is currently poorly understood, although there is strong evidence that genetics has a role in the occurrence of microtia. This systematic review aimed to determine the genes involved and the abnormalities in microtia patients' head and neck regions. METHODS: We used seven search engines to search all known literature on the genetic and phenotypic variables associated with the development or outcome of microtia. The identified publications were screened and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed for methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. We found 40 papers in this systematic review with phenotypic data in microtia involving 1459 patients and 30 articles containing genetic data involved in microtia. RESULT: The most common accompanying phenotype of all microtia patients was external ear canal atresia, while the most common head and neck abnormalities were the auricular, mental, and oral regions. The most common syndrome found was craniofacial microsomia syndrome. In the syndromic microtia group, the most common genes were TCOF1 (43.75%), SIX2 (4.69%), and HSPA9 (4.69%), while in the non-syndromic microtia group, the most frequently found gene was GSC exon 2 (25%), FANCB (16.67%), HOXA2 (8.33%), GSC exon 3 (8.33%), MARS1 (8.33%), and CDT1 (8.33%). CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review shows some genes involved in the microtia development, including TCOF1, SIX2, HSPA9, GSC exon 2, FANCB, HOXA2, GSC exon 3, MARS1, and CDT1 genes. We also reveal a genotype-phenotype association in microtia. In addition, further studies with more complete and comprehensive data are needed, including patients with complete data on syndromes, phenotypes, and genotypes.

Variants in exon 2 of MED12 gene causes uterine leiomyoma's through over-expression of MMP-9 of ECM pathway.

AIMS: To study the impact of Mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene variants on the encoded protein's function and pathogenic relevance for genesis of uterine leiomyoma's (ULs). METHODS: Mutational analysis in exon-2 of MED12 gene was performed by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing in 89 clinically diagnosed ULs tissues. Pathogenicity prediction of variation was performed by computational analysis. The functional effects of missense variation were done by quantity RT-PCR and western blot analysis. RESULT(S): Out of 89 samples, 40 (44.94%) had missense variation in 14 different CDS position of exon-2 of MED12 gene. Out of 40 missense variation, codon 44 had 25 (62.5%) looking as a hotspot region for mutation for ULs, because CDS position c130 and c131present at codon 44 that have necleotide change G>A, T, C at c130 and c131 have necleotide change G>A and C. We also find somenovel somatic mutations oncodon 36 (T > C), 38 (G>T) of exon-2 and 88 (G>C) of intron-2. No mutations were detected in uterine myometrium samples. Our computational analysis suggests that change in Med12c .131 G>A leads to single substitution of amino acid [Glycine (G) to Aspartate (D)] which has a pathogenic and lethal impact and may cause instability of MED12 protein. Further, analysis of extracellular matrix (ECM) component (MMP-2 & 9, COL4A2 and α-SMA) mRNA and protein expression levels in the set of ULs having MED12 mutation showed significantly higher expression of MMP-9 and α-SMA. CONCLUSION(S): The findings of present study suggest that missense variation in codon 44 of MED12 gene lead to the genesis of leiomyoma's through over-expression of MMP-9 of ECM pathway which could be therapeutically targeted for non-surgical management of ULs.

Combinational antibody detection approach increases the clinical validity of colorectal cancer screening.

BACKGROUND: At different stages of the disease, biomarkers can help to determine disease progression and recurrence and provide a personalized indicator of therapeutic effectiveness. The serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning (SEREX) has identified five SEREX antigens. RESULTS: Compared with healthy donors, anti-FIRΔexon2 and anti-SOHLH antibodies (Abs) in the sera of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) were markedly higher. Furthermore, no correlation was noted between five SEREX antigens and the three tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9, and anti-p53 Abs), indicating that anti-FIRΔexon2 Abs are an independent candidate marker for patients with CRC. Generally, the levels of anti-FIRΔexon2 Abs combined with clinically available tumor markers were determined to be significantly higher compared with CEA, CA19-9. Moreover, in early-stage CRC, the levels of anti-FIRΔexon2 Abs combined with existing tumor markers were higher than those of CEA, CA19-9. CONCLUSION: Due to the highly heterogeneous nature of CRC, a single tumor marker is unlikely to become a standalone diagnostic test due to its commonly insufficient sensitivity and/or specificity. Using a combination antibody detection approach of tumor markers for CRC diagnosis has the potential to be an effective approach. Therefore, the use of serum protein biomarker candidates holds promise for the development of inexpensive, noninvasive, and inexpensive tests for the detection of CRC.

CRISPR-Cas9 homology-independent targeted integration of exons 1-19 restores full-length dystrophin in mice.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked disorder typically caused by out-of-frame mutations in the DMD gene. Most of these are deletions of one or more exons, which can theoretically be corrected through CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockin. Homology-independent targeted integration is a mechanism for achieving such a knockin without reliance on homology-directed repair pathways, which are inactive in muscle. We designed a system based on insertion into intron 19 of a DNA fragment containing a pre-spliced mega-exon encoding DMD exons 1-19, along with the MHCK7 promoter, and delivered it via a pair of AAV9 vectors in mice carrying a Dmd exon 2 duplication. Maximal efficiency was achieved using a Cas9:donor adeno-associated virus (AAV) ratio of 1:5, with Cas9 under the control of the SPc5-12 promoter. This approach achieved editing of 1.4% of genomes in the heart, leading to 30% correction at the transcript level and restoration of 11% of normal dystrophin levels. Treatment efficacy was lower in skeletal muscles. Sequencing additionally revealed integration of fragmentary and recombined AAV genomes at the target site. These data provide proof of concept for a gene editing system that could restore full-length dystrophin in individuals carrying mutations upstream of intron 19, accounting for approximately 25% of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients.

Case report: long-term sustained remission in a case of metastatic colon cancer with high microsatellite instability and KRAS exon 2 p.G12D mutation treated with fruquintinib after local radiotherapy: a case report and literature review.

To demonstrate the efficacy of fruquintinib administration after local radiotherapy in a patient with metastatic colon cancer with high microsatellite instability and the KRAS exon 2 p. G12D mutation. The patient was administered four cycles of pembrolizumab intravenous infusion and achieved stable disease as the best outcome. He was then underwent follow-up concurrent radiochemical therapy (local DT4600cGy/23f/32d radiotherapy, and S-1 to increase sensitivity to radiotherapy), but this had little efficacy. Following this, he was administered fruquintinib and achieved sustained partial remission. At the time of last follow-up, the patient was in continuous remission for 30 months. Administration of fruquintinib after local radiotherapy may be an effective treatment for specific populations with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Documentation of Genetic Diversity by Insulin-Like Growth Factor1 Receptor (Exon2) Gene for Fallow Deer (Dama dama) in Iraq.

Insulin-Like Growth Factor1 Receptor (Exon2) (IGF1R) gene plays a vital role in physiological impacts, such as growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism. A significant difference was noted between the IGR1R (exon 2) gene and the body weight of Dama dama. In addition, the heterozygosity pattern (AB) was significantly higher than the other pattern (AA). There are three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; 144G>C, 147A>G, and 210A>C) within the IGF-1R (exon 2) locus. The statistical analyses indicated the presence of three different haplotypes (GAA, CAA, and GGC). The analysis of relative frequencies indicated that the most frequent haplotype in the studied Dama dama population was Hap3 (GGC) (43.4782%) out of the three observed haplotypes. The results of SSCP-PCR revealed the variability of the target gene between the genotype frequencies in Fallow deer (Dama dama) with a high level of significance (P≤0.01) with two patterns (AA and AB) and an absence of BB pattern. The allele frequency of AA record a high level (71.74%) than the other genotype (AB) (28.26%), with a high-frequency level of the A allele (0.86) than the B allele (0.14). In current findings, SSCP genotyped in the Dama dama DNA observed an estimated 72% monomorphic loci and 28% polymorphic loci approximately. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium test (HW) was applied to the SSCP-PCR data matrix, and the statistical test was based on a chi-square (χ2) test. Chi-square was (55.928%) with a highly significant level (P≤0.01) recorded in the present study. As related to AA and AB genotypes mean, a significant difference (P≤0.05) was noted between IGF1R (exon 2) gene with a body weight of Dama dama, as well as the heterozygosity pattern (AB), was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than the other pattern (AA) (30.34±3.01kg versus 24.85±1.94kg), respectively. A significant impact (P≤0.05) between IGF1R (exon2) polymorphism and heart girth was founded to be related to the AB pattern (heterozygous) (76.92 ± 3.20 cm), whereas the lower value was related to the AA pattern (71.33 ± 2.49 cm). No significant differences in effects were shown in relation to body length and height at the shoulder. The present study is also interested in genetic characterization by calculating (Ne) as a tool for genetic diversity. Therefore, the number of alleles detected (Na) indicates that two alleles only were unique in the population of the study, with (1.3204) being the number of efficient alleles (Ne). Moreover, Shannon's Information index was recorded at 0.4073. The observed homozygosity (O.Hom.) and heterozygosity (HO) were (0.7174 and 0.2826), respectively. The values of expected homozygosity (E.Hom.) and heterozygosity (HE) were 0.7547 and 0.2453, respectively. The genetic diversity of Nei was 0.2427. The results showed an unexpected influx of IGF1R diversity measured by Fis and recorded the value (- 0.1646). In this sense, the results of the current study may be considered an approximation to the total genetic diversity of the population of Dama dama in Iraq, but the information obtained is relevant to proposing the strategies of conservation for the genetic diversity observed.

Immune genotypes, immune responses, and survival in a wild bird population.

Individuals vary in their immune genotype, inbreeding coefficient f, immune responses, survival to adulthood, and adult longevity. However, whether immune genes predict survival or longevity, whether such relationships are mediated through immune responses, and how f affects immune genotype remain unclear. We use a wild song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population in which survival to adulthood, adult longevity, and f were measured precisely, and in which immune responses have previously been assessed. We investigate four toll-like receptor (TLR) and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIB exon 2 genes. We test whether immune genes predict fitness (survival to adulthood or adult longevity); whether immune genes predict immune response; whether immune response predicts fitness and whether fitness, immune responses, or immune genotypes are correlated with f. We find that survival to adulthood is not associated with immune gene variation, but adult longevity is decreased by high MHC allele diversity (especially in birds that were relatively outbred), and by the presence of a specific MHC supertype. Immune responses were affected by specific immune genotypes. Survival to adulthood and adult longevity were not predicted by immune response, implying caution in the use of immune response as a predictor for fitness. We also found no relationship between f and immune genotype. This finding indicates that immune gene associations with longevity and immune response are not artefacts of f, and suggests that pathogen-mediated selection at functional loci can slow the loss of genetic variation arising from genetic drift and small population size.

Case report: Early-onset Parkinson's disease with initial spastic paraparesis and hyperreflexia caused by compound heterozygous PRKN-gene exon 2 and 4 deletions.

Pathogenic variants in the Parkin-gene (PRKN) are among the most common genetic causes of early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD). Patients with EOPD can present with atypical clinical features and misdiagnosis is frequent. Here, we report a clinical phenotype with atypical signs and symptoms of a 35-year-old male patient with EOPD caused by a compound heterozygous PRKN-gene deletion of exons 2 and 4. After the initial diagnosis of stiff person syndrome, the patient was admitted to our department for a second opinion after 8 years of untreated disease progression. The patient presented with prominent spastic paraparesis pronounced on the right side and hyperreflexia as well as Parkinsonism with rigidity predominantly affecting the upper limbs, bradykinesia, and resting tremor. In the diagnostic assessment, magnetic evoked potentials to the anterior tibial muscles showed a low amplitude on the right side, compatible with pyramidal tract disturbance. However, an MRI of the head and the spine did not show any pathologies or atrophy. A [123I] FP-CIT SPECT scan revealed profoundly and left-pronounced reduced striatal uptake suggesting a neurodegenerative Parkinson's syndrome. Even though an acute levodopa challenge did not show marked improvement of symptoms, the chronic levodopa challenge with up to 450 mg/day significantly reduced the rigidity and bradykinesia. Surprisingly, spastic paraparesis and hyperreflexia diminished under dopaminergic treatment. Finally, genetic analysis by next-generation sequencing via copy number variant analysis (CNV) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) confirmed compound heterozygous deletions of exons 2 and 4 in the PRKN-gene. As presented in this case, the awareness of atypical clinical symptoms of EOPD is essential to prevent misdiagnosis in young patients.

A Novel missense mutation of COL2A1 gene in a large family with stickler syndrome type I.

Stickler syndrome type I (STL1, MIM 108300) is characterized by ocular, auditory, skeletal and orofacial manifestations. Nonsyndromic ocular STL1 (MIM 609508) characterized by predominantly ocular features is a subgroup of STL1, and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. In this study, a novel variant c.T100>C (p.Cys34Arg) in COL2A1 related to a large nonsyndromic ocular STL1 family was identified through Exome sequencing (ES). Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the variant site was highly conserved and the pathogenic mechanism of this variant may involve in affected structure of chordin-like cysteine-rich (CR) repeats of ColIIA. Minigene assay indicated that this variant did not change alternative splicing of exon2 of COL2A1. Moreover, the nonsyndromic ocular STL1 family with 16 affected members showed phenotype variability and certain male gender trend. None of the family members had hearing loss. Our findings would expand the knowledge of the COL2A1 mutation spectrum, and phenotype variability associated with nonsyndromic ocular STL1. Search for genetic modifiers and related molecular pathways leading to the phenotype variation warrants further studies.

Is Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase Applicable as a Diagnostic Marker for Lung Cancer in Bronchial Ultrasound-Guided Brushing Cells?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MARS) and A variant of Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase interacting multifunctional protein 2 (AIMP2) with an exon 2 deletion (AIMP2-DX2) are known to be overexpressed in lung cancer. However, their role as diagnostic markers in lung cancer has not been well established. Thus, we evaluated their diagnostic performance in brushed cells obtained from nodular lung lesions suspected of lung cancer. METHODS: Samples obtained by radial endobronchial ultrasound-guided brushing were processed for cytological examination with Papanicolaou (Pap) staining. Then, double IF staining with MARS and AIMP2-DX2 antibodies was measured in the cytology samples for peripheral lung nodules. The diagnostic performance was compared against biomarkers. RESULTS: MARS IF staining was the only independent staining method used for the prediction of malignant cells. The area under the curve (AUC) of conventional cytology, MARS IF, and MARS IF plus cytology was 0.64, 0.68, and 0.69, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy was increased in MARS IF plus conventional cytology compared with cytology alone (71% vs. 47%). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of MARS staining with conventional cytology showed increases in the diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing lung nodules suspected of lung cancer on chest-computed tomography scans.

The Absence of Mutations in the Exon 2 KRAS Gene in Several Ethnic Groups in North Sumatra May Not the Main Factor for Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Rat Sarcoma (RAS) protein encoded Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP-ase) activity, known as a switch of cell proliferation. The mutation of this protein alters the early stage of carcinogenesis and along with the interaction with other oncogene drivers and environmental factors affect the clinical characteristics and prognosis in cancer patients, particularly lung cancer. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the Kristen Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) mutation in lung cancer patients in North Sumatera and evaluate factors that might contribute in the development of lung cancer in the absence of KRAS mutation. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study enrolled 44 subjects age > 18 year with the diagnosis of lung cancer. Histopathology preparation was obtained from surgery, bronchoscopy, and percutaneus needle biopsy then formed as paraffin-block. KRAS mutation was analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method with specific primer of exon 2 for evaluating the expression of RAS protein then continued with Sanger Sequencing Method at 12th and 13th codon. RESULTS: The majority of subjects were male, age > 40 years old, bataknese, heavy smoker, with Adenocarcinoma. Almost all the subjects showed the expression of exon 2 of RAS protein in PCR examinations. However, Sequencing analysis using Bioedit Software, BLASTs and Finch T showed GGT GGC as protein base 219-224 which represented 12th and 13th Codon 12 and 13. The results interpreted there was no mutations of exon 2 of KRAS in North Sumatera Population. CONCLUSION: The absence of KRAS mutation in exon 2 in several ethnics in North Sumatera populations was not the main factors of lung cancer.

Association Between BoLA-DRB3.2 Polymorphism and Bovine Papillomavirus Infection for Bladder Tumor Risk in Podolica Cattle.

Blood samples from 260 unrelated cattle (132 animals affected by papillomavirus-associated bladder tumors and 128 healthy) were genotyped using the classic polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism method to screen MHC class II bovine leukocyte antigen-DRB3. 2 polymorphism. The DRB3*22 allele was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) detected in healthy cattle, thus appearing to have a negative association (protective effect) with virus infection of the urinary bladder known to represent a bladder tumor risk for cattle living free at pasture. Considering the two sequence alleles identified in animals carrying DRB3*22, DRB3*011:01 allele from samples of animals harboring the unexpressed bovine papillomaviruses (BPV)-2 E5 gene was characterized by amino acid residues believed to have a protective effect against BPV infection such as arginine at position 71 (R71) in pocket 4, histidine at position 11 (H11) in pocket 6, and both glutamine at position 9 (Q9) and serine at position 57 (S57) in pocket 9 of the antigen-binding groove. The DRB3*011:02v allele from affected animals was characterized by amino acids believed to be susceptibility residues such as lysine (K71), tyrosine (Y11), glutamic acid (E9), and aspartic acid (D57) in these pockets. These results suggest that animals harboring the DRB3*011:01 allele may have a lower risk of BPV infection and, consequently, a reduced risk of bladder tumors.

A novel PAX3 mutation in a Chinese Han family with Waardenburg syndrome type 1.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical characteristics and genetic causes of Waardenburg syndrome type 1 (WS1) present in a Chinese Han family. METHODS: Evaluations, including the familial history, clinical features and audiological tests, were performed on the proband and her parents. Genetic analyses were conducted using targeted next-generation sequencing of 144 known deafness genes, and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatics analyses of the candidate variant were performed. RESULTS: The proband suffered from moderate hearing loss of the right ear, and her mother suffered from profound congenital bilateral hearing loss. The proband exhibited a left blue iris. The calculated W index of the proband was 2.61, while her mother's W index was 2.12. The proband and her mother were diagnosed with WS1 according to the Waardenburg Syndrome Consortium criteria. A novel missense variant NM_181457.3: c.127G > T; p.(Gly43Cys) in exon 2 in Paired Box 3 (PAX3) was identified in the proband and her mother, but this variant was not detected in the father and the controls. This variant was not reported in the HGMD, ClinVar, 1000G and ESP6500 databases. CONCLUSION: We identified a novel missense variant in exon 2 of PAX3 as the genetic cause of WS1 in this two-generation family, which broadened the genetic spectrum of WS1.

Clinical and prognostic features of patients with detailed RAS/BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer in Japan.

BACKGROUND: RAS/BRAFV600E mutations are the most remarkable oncogenic driver mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC) and play an important role in treatment selection. No data are available regarding the clinical and prognostic features of patients with detailed RAS/BRAFV600E-mutant metastatic CRC (mCRC) in Japan. METHODS: A total of 152 chemotherapy-naïve patients with mCRC were included in this study between August 2018 and July 2019. Tumor samples were collected, and RAS/BRAFV600E status was investigated. RAS/BRAFV600E status was examined using a MEBGEN RASKET-B kit and polymerase chain reaction reverse sequence-specific oligonucleotide method. RESULTS: RAS/BRAFV600E mutations were detected in 54% of cases (KRAS codon 12, 26%; KRAS codon 13, 17%; KRAS non-Exon2, 5%; NRAS, 5%; and BRAFV600E, 7%). BRAFV600E-mutant CRC mainly existed in the right colon, whereas KRAS non-Exon2 and NRAS-mutant CRC was predominantly present in the left colon. KRAS non-Exon2 and NRAS-mutant CRC were associated with shorter survival time than RAS wild-type CRC (hazard ratio [HR], 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-8.03; p = 0.19; HR, 2.42; 95% CI, 0.68-8.61; p = 0.16) and significantly shorter overall survival than KRAS Exon2-mutant CRC (HR, 3.88; 95% CI, 0.92-16.3; p = 0.04; HR, 4.80; 95% CI, 1.14-20.2; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In our multicenter study, the findings elucidated the clinical and prognostic features of patients with detailed RAS/BRAFV600E-mutant mCRC in Japan.

Anti-FIRΔexon2 autoantibody as a novel indicator for better overall survival in gastric cancer.

There is no clinically available biomarker for efficiently indicating the overall survival or therapy response of gastric cancer (GC). The autoantibodies (Abs) in the sera of anti-far-upstream element-binding protein-interacting repressor-lacking exon2 (FIRΔexon2), anti-sorting nexin 15, and anti-spermatogenesis and oogenesis-specific basic helix-loop-helix 1 were markedly higher in GC patients than in healthy donors (HDs). These Abs were identified by large-scale serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning screenings and their expression levels were evaluated by amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay. In particular, compared with age-matched HDs, the level of anti-FIRΔexon2 Abs in GC patients was significantly higher (P < .001). The Spearman's rank correlation analysis between anti-FIRΔexon2 Abs and clinically available tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was statistically insignificant, indicating that FIRΔexon2 Abs is an independent biomarker. We performed receiver-operating curve analysis to evaluate the anti-FIRΔexon2 Ab as a candidate biomarker with CEA and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9). The overall survival of GC patients with high anti-FIRΔexon2 Abs titer was significantly favorable (P = .04) than that of GC patients who were below detection level of anti-FIRΔexon2 Abs. However, clinical stages were not apparently correlated with the levels of anti-FIRΔexon2 Ab, CEA, and CA19-9. In conclusion, anti-FIRΔexon2 Abs detected in GC patients is a potential biomarker for monitoring a better prognosis. Hence, anti-FIRΔexon2 Abs is a promising biomarker for indicating better overall survival of gastric cancer patients.

Genetic diversity, evolution and selection in the major histocompatibility complex DRB and DQB loci in the family Equidae.

BACKGROUND: The mammalian Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a genetic region containing highly polymorphic genes with immunological functions. MHC class I and class II genes encode antigen-presenting molecules expressed on the cell surface. The MHC class II sub-region contains genes expressed in antigen presenting cells. The antigen binding site is encoded by the second exon of genes encoding antigen presenting molecules. The exon 2 sequences of these MHC genes have evolved under the selective pressure of pathogens. Interspecific differences can be observed in the class II sub-region. The family Equidae includes a variety of domesticated, and free-ranging species inhabiting a range of habitats exposed to different pathogens and represents a model for studying this important part of the immunogenome. While equine MHC class II DRA and DQA loci have received attention, the genetic diversity and effects of selection on DRB and DQB loci have been largely overlooked. This study aimed to provide the first in-depth analysis of the MHC class II DRB and DQB loci in the Equidae family. RESULTS: Three DRB and two DQB genes were identified in the genomes of all equids. The genes DRB2, DRB3 and DQB3 showed high sequence conservation, while polymorphisms were more frequent at DRB1 and DQB1 across all species analyzed. DQB2 was not found in the genome of the Asiatic asses Equus hemionus kulan and E. h. onager. The bioinformatic analysis of non-zero-coverage-bases of DRB and DQB genes in 14 equine individual genomes revealed differences among individual genes. Evidence for recombination was found for DRB1, DRB2, DQB1 and DQB2 genes. Trans-species allele sharing was identified in all genes except DRB1. Site-specific selection analysis predicted genes evolving under positive selection both at DRB and DQB loci. No selected amino acid sites were identified in DQB3. CONCLUSIONS: The organization of the MHC class II sub-region of equids is similar across all species of the family. Genomic sequences, along with phylogenetic trees suggesting effects of selection as well as trans-species polymorphism support the contention that pathogen-driven positive selection has shaped the MHC class II DRB/DQB sub-regions in the Equidae.

Mutation in Exon2 of BRCA1 Gene in Adult Bengali Bangladeshi Female Patients with Breast Cancer: An Experience from Two Tertiary-Care Hospitals.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence rate of BRCA1 mutations is found to be high in South Asian countries where early onset of breast cancer is common. In Bangladesh, noticeable percentage of patients experience breast cancer in their reproductive ages. The objective of this study was to identify any mutation in exon2 of the BRCA1 gene in adult Bengali Bangladeshi female patients with breast cancer. METHODS: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of adult fifty Bengali Bangladeshi female breast cancer patients. The whole region of exon2 of the BRCA1 gene was amplified and the amplified DNA products were sequenced using Sanger sequencing. The raw chromatogram data were analyzed using Chromas software, and analyzed sequences were compared with the NCBI RefSeq database by BLAST search. The resultant amino acid change was detected by MEGA X software. RESULTS: We found the mean age at diagnosis 44.66 years, whereas 96% of patients were married, 90% were multiparous and 86% breastfed their children. All patients had unilateral breast cancer and among them 94% had invasive ductal carcinoma. Only 24.5% of the patients had associated omorbidity. The family history of breast cancer or other BRCA-associated cancer was positive only for 4% of patients. A total of five mutations were identified all of which caused by substitutions. Among them three were nonsynonymous and two were synonymous. Only 2.5% of the patients, within the age group of 18-50 years, were found to have mutations in their blood, whereas 26.66% of the patients above 50 years found to have mutations in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Among this small sample size, we found five mutations in exon2 of the BRCA1 gene and this indicates the necessity to find out the mutation spectra of the BRCA1 gene in the Bangladeshi population.