Unveiling the protein-lipid interaction mechanism: How the sturgeon lipids diminish the surimi gel properties.

Sturgeon, with 4 times higher lipid content than silver carp (ubiquitously applied for surimi production in China), affects surimi gelling properties. However, how the flesh lipids affect gelling properties remains unclear. This study investigated how flesh lipids impact surimi gelling properties and elucidated the interaction mechanism between lipids and proteins. Results revealed yellow meat contains 7 times higher lipids than white meat. Stronger ionic protein-protein interactions were replaced by weaker hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds in protein-lipid interaction. Protein-lipid interaction zones encapsulated lipid particles, changing protein structure from α-helix to ß-sheet structure thereby gel structure becomes flexible and disordered, significantly diminishing surimi gel strength. Docking analysis validated fatty acid mainly binding at Ala577, Ile461, Arg231, Phe165, His665, and His663 of myosin. This study first reported the weakened surimi gelling properties from the perspective of free fatty acids and myosin interactions, offering a theoretical basis for sturgeon surimi production.

Highly ordered aggregation of soy protein isolate particles for enhanced gel-related properties through konjac glucomannan addition.

This study assessed the effect of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on the aggregation of soy protein isolate (SPI) and its gel-related structure and properties. Raman results showed that KGM promoted the rearrangement of SPI to form more ß-sheets, contributing to the formation of an ordered structure. Atomic force microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering results indicated that KGM reduced the size of SPI particles, narrowed their size distribution, and loosened the large aggregates formed by the stacking of SPI particles, improving the uniformity of gel system. As the hydrogen bonding between the KGM and SPI molecules enhanced, a well-developed network structure was obtained, further reducing the immobilized water's content (T22) and increasing the water-holding capacity (WHC) of SPI gel. Furthermore, this gel structure showed improved gel hardness and resistance to both small and large deformations. These findings facilitate the design and production of SPI-based gels with desired performance.

Gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection for small gastric neoplastic lesions: A pilot study.

Gastric endoscopic mucosal resection is challenging due to the slippery mucosa, abundant blood vessels, and the presence of mucus. We developed gel immersion endoscopy to secure the visual field, even in a blood-filled gastrointestinal lumen in 2016. Clear gel with appropriate viscosity, instead of water, can prevent rapid mixture with blood and facilitate identification of the culprit vessel. We further optimized the gel for endoscopic treatment, and the resultant product, Viscoclear (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory) was first released in Japan in 2020. The viscosity of this gel has been optimized to maximize endoscopic visibility without compromising the ease of its irrigation. The aim of this study is to clarify the effectiveness of gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection for small-sized early gastric neoplasms. Seven lesions in seven patients were treated by gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection. The size of all lesions was under 10 mm. The median procedure time was 4.5 min. Intraoperative bleeding occurred in four of seven lesions immediately after snare resection and was easily controlled by endoscopic hemostatic forceps during the gel immersion endoscopy. The R0 resection rate was 100%. In conclusion, gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection may be a straightforward, rapid, and safe technique for resecting superficial gastric neoplasms <10 mm in diameter.

PLGA Nanoparticles Based Mucoadhesive Nasal In Situ Gel for Enhanced Brain Delivery of Topiramate.

Oral Topiramate therapy is associated with systemic adverse effects including paresthesia,abdominal pain, and fluctuations in plasma levels. The purpose of this research was to develop an intranasal in situ gel based system comprising Topiramate polymeric nanoparticles and evaluate its potential both in vitro and in vivo. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation method were added into the in situ gelling system of Poloxamer 407 and HPMC K4M. Selected formulation (TG5) was evaluated for physicochemical properties, nasal permeation and in vivo pharmacokinetics in rats. PLGAnanoparticles (O1) exhibited low particle size (~ 144.4 nm), good polydispersity index (0.202), negative zeta potential (-12.7 mV), and adequate entrapment efficiency (64.7%). Developed in situ gel showed ideal pH (6.5), good gelling time (35 s), gelling temperature(37℃), suitable viscosity (1335 cP)and drug content of 96.2%. In vitro drug release conformedto Higuchi release kinetics, exhibiting a biphasic pattern of initial burst release and sustained release for 24 h. Oral administration of the drug to Sprague-Dawley rats (G3) showed higher plasma Cmax(504 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) when compared to nasal delivery of in situ gel (G4) or solution (G5). Additionally, AUC0-α of G3 (8786.82 ng/ml*h) was considerably higher than othergroups. Brain uptake data indicates a higher drug level with G4 (112.47 ng /ml) at 12 h when compared to G3. Histopathological examination of groups; G1 (intranasal saline), G2(intranasal placebo), G3, G4, and G5 did not show any lesions of pathological significance. Overall, the experimental results observed were promising and substantiated the potential of developed in situ gel for intranasal delivery.

Novel high internal phase emulsion gels stabilized solely by hemp protein isolate: Enhancement of cannabidiol chemical stability and bioaccessibility.

This study aims to fabricate high internal phase emulsion gels (HIPEGs) using modified hemp protein isolates for microencapsulating cannabidiol (CBD) to enhance their chemical stability and bioaccessibility. Importantly, the combined effect of CBD concentrations (0.1 vs 0.5 wt%) and post gel storage conditions (before-refrigeration (BR) vs after-refrigeration (AR)) on the properties of HIPEGs were investigated. The results showed that the CBD concentration above 0.4 % is necessary to fabricate a stable HIPEG. The rheological properties of HIPEGs were influenced by CBD concentration and refrigeration. The AR gels with 0.5 % CBD showed the highest gel strength (up to 91.7 Pa) and solid-like structures. These properties allowed to HIPEGs maintain good physical stability during storage at 4, 25, and 37 °C for 14 days due to the interconnected polyhedral protein matrices and thick interfacial protein layers. These unique protein architectures offered superior protection against CBD degradation (<2 % of initial added amount) for 100 days during exposure to light and temperature (25 or 37 °C). The INFOGEST digestion results showed the BR gels effectively protected CBD during digestion and consequently improved their stability and bioaccessibility up to 95 % and 74 %, respectively. Overall, the fabricated HIPEGs could be valuable for nutraceutical delivery.

Watercress oil loaded with gel: evaluation of hemolysis inhibition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and healing properties.

Plant-derived compounds are renowned for their remarkable pharmacological properties, holding immense promise for therapeutic interventions in human health. In this study, we aimed to assess the antimicrobial, anti-hemolytic, antioxidant, and wound healing attributes of watercress oil incorporated into Vaseline gel (OLG) compared to watercress oil alone. OLG was formulated through a meticulous process involving the addition of Vaseline gel to the oil under agitation conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of watercress oil unveiled a rich array of phenolic compounds, including gallic acid (10.18 µg/mL), daidzein (3.46 µg/mL), and hesperetin (3.28 µg/mL). The inhibitory zones caused by watercress oil alone against a spectrum of pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans, were measured at 25 ± 0.3, 26 ± 0.1, 22 ± 0.2, 25 ± 0.2, and 24 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. Notably, OLG exhibited slightly larger zones of inhibition (27 ± 0.2, 30 ± 0.2, 24 ± 0.1, 28 ± 0.1, and 25 ± 0.3 mm) against the same microbial strains. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of OLG against E. coli and E. faecalis was lower compared to watercress oil alone, indicating enhanced efficacy. Similarly, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of OLG was notably lower across all tested bacteria compared to watercress oil alone. Inhibition of bacterial hemolysis, particularly K. pneumoniae, was significantly enhanced with OLG treatment, showcasing reductions of 19.4%, 11.6%, and 6.8% at 25%, 50%, and 75% MIC concentrations, respectively, compared to watercress oil alone. The antioxidant activity of both oil and OLG was quantified with IC50 values of 2.56 and 3.02 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, OLG demonstrated remarkable efficacy in wound healing assays, with notable enhancements in migration rate, wound closure, and area difference compared to control cells. In light of the observed antibacterial, antifungal, anti-hemolytic, and wound healing properties of OLG, this formulation holds therapeutic potential in treating microbial infections and promoting wound healing.

The Surface Deterioration of Prefabricated Zirconia Crowns on Exposure to Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride Gel: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction Zirconia is a widely used restorative material in dentistry due to its superior aesthetic and mechanical properties. The oral cavity is a complex ecosystem with various components, which affect the teeth, as well as artificial restorative materials. Various personal and professional interventions carried out can severely affect the properties of restorative materials, thus altering the longevity of the prosthesis; 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel is one such professionally applied topical fluoride agent used to prevent caries. The interaction of this APF gel with highly aesthetic restorative material such as zirconia crowns is unknown. Objective The objective of this study is the evaluation of the surface deterioration of prefabricated zirconia crowns on exposure to deionised water and 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel with field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and mass loss analysis. Material and method Sixty prefabricated paediatric zirconia crowns were taken, 10 samples were immersed in deionised water, 40 samples were immersed in 1.23% APF gel and 10 samples were used as control. Surface morphology and mass loss analysis were carried out at time intervals of four minutes, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours using FE-SEM and digital weighing machine. Results No visual change was observed in the samples immersed in deionised water at the time interval of 72 hours. There was a marked visual change in samples immersed in 1.23% APF gel at the time interval of four minutes to 72 hours; this change involved a loss of gloss to the appearance of chalkiness. FE-SEM analysis for the control group and samples immersed in deionised water showed a smooth, continuous, undisrupted top layer, while samples immersed in 1.23% APF gel showed changes ranging from surface etching, to pinhole porosities, to crack formation and disruption of the surface depending upon the exposure time. Conclusions On the immersion of zirconia crowns in an aqueous acidic medium of 1.23% APF gel, the crowns showed flaws, imperfections and uneven superficial layers. It has been observed that surface grains are disrupted and micropores have been formed. This degraded superficial surface when undergoes cyclic mechanical loading can accelerate the ageing phenomenon of zirconia. Mechanical forces along with a dynamic electrochemical environment can degrade the material properties of zirconia.

Endocytosis-Inspired Zwitterionic Gel Tape for High-Efficient and Sustainable Underoil Adhesion.

Marine oil exploration is important yet greatly increases the risk of oil leakage, which will result in severe environment pollution and economic losses. It is an urgent need to develop effective underoil adhesives. However, realizing underoil adhesion is even harder than those underwater, due to the stubborn attachment of a highly viscous oil layer on target surface. Here, inspired by endocytosis, a tough gel tape composed of zwitterionic polymer network and zwitterionic surfactants is developed. The amphiphilic surfactants can form micelle to capture the oil droplets and transport them from the interface to gel via electrostatic attraction of polymer backbone, mimicking the endocytosis and achieving robust underoil adhesion. Benefiting from the oil-resistance of polymer backbone, the gel further realizes a combination of i) long-term adhesion with high durability, ii) repeated adhesion in oil, and iii) renewable adhesion efficiency after exhausted use. The tape exhibits an ultra-high adhesive toughness of 2446.86 J m-2 to stainless steel in silicone oil after 30 days' oil-exposure; such value of adhesive toughness surpasses many of those achieved in underwater adhesion and is greater than underoil adhesion performance of commercial tape. The strategy illustrated here will motivate the design of sustainable and efficient adhesives for wet environments.

Satisfaction with videoconferencing support for levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel: An observational study.

Background: Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) is a continuously delivered Parkinson's disease therapy intended to stabilize plasma levodopa levels. Patients receiving LCIG require education and follow-up. Some LCIG support programs use video-assisted telenursing. Objective: To examine how videoconferencing impacts satisfaction with LCIG support programs. Methods: FACILITATE CARE (Feasibility of video-Assisted Care for Intestinal Levodopa Infusion with Telenursing - observAtional Trial Evaluating patient and Caregiver Acceptance in REal life) was a 12-week, prospective, open-label, 2-arm, parallel-group, observational study assessing satisfaction with LCIG support in patients who self-assigned to video or audio-only arms. Patients aged 18-85 years had completed LCIG titration and owned a videoconferencing device (video arm only). A visual analog scale measured satisfaction (1-10, 10 being most satisfied). Results: Patients' mean (standard deviation) ages were 67.9 (7.4, n = 26) and 71.1 (6.2, n = 15) years in the video and audio arms, respectively. Patients, caregivers, and physicians in both groups reported satisfaction scores of 8-10 with LCIG support personnel, communication access, and assistance with becoming independent. At week 12, the Modified Caregiver Strain Index least square means change from baseline was lower in the video vs. audio arm (-2.3 [1.0] vs. 1.6 [1.2]). LCIG support personnel travel time was lower in the video vs. audio arm (125.7 [70.2] vs. 203.0 [70.0] minutes). Conclusions: LCIG support programs are associated with high patient, caregiver, and physician satisfaction; video and audioconferencing satisfaction are similarly high. Video-assisted telenursing may be a convenient communication avenue and may reduce caregiver burden. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04500106.

Phase transition and gel properties of chemically modified cassava starch in choline acetate and water mixtures.

This work studied the phase transition and gel properties of cassava starch in aqueous choline acetate ([Ch][OAc]) solution at different [Ch][OAc]:water weight ratios. The paste viscosity and gel strength followed a similar pattern to the starch phase transition temperature, increasing at a 2:3 [Ch][OAc]:water ratio and then decreasing at 3:2 and 4:1 ratios. However, the mobility of free water in the starch gel decreased as the [Ch][OAc]:water ratio increased. At the same [Ch][OAc]:water ratios, acetylated cassava starch (ACS) underwent phase transition more easily than native cassava starch (NCS), leading to greater granule destruction. Nevertheless, ACS gels displayed more viscous-dominated rheological behavior, lower paste viscosity, viscoelasticity, and weaker water-holding capacity (WHC) than NCS gels. In contrast, cross-linked cassava starch (CCS) gels had higher paste viscosity, gel viscoelasticity, and WHC. However, at a 4:1 [Ch][OAc]:water ratio, the viscoelasticity of CCS gel was lower than NCS gel, and the differences in WHC were minimal, likely due to the incomplete phase transition of especially CCS under this condition. Our findings show that starch chemical modification significantly affects phase transition behavior and gel properties in [Ch][OAc]:water mixtures, with outcomes influenced by the viscosity of the aqueous [Ch][OAc] solution and the interaction between [Ch][OAc] and water.

Tough and highly conductive deep eutectic solvent-based gel electrolyte strengthened by high aspect ratio of hemp lignocellulosic nanofiber.

Flexible electronic sensing and energy storage technology impose heightened demands on the mechanical and stable properties of gel electrolyte materials. Lignocellulosic nanofiber (LCNF) present a promising avenue for improving the properties of electrolyte networks and mechanical strength. In this study, LCNF derived from hemp fibers was prepared using lactic acid/choline chloride deep eutectic solvent (DES) through a combination of cooking and colloid mill mechanical treatment to achieve nanocellulose with a high aspect ratio and uniform dimensions. The outcomes demonstrated that LCNF, a width of below 20 nm and a length of over 5 µm, can be effectively produced through the DES cooking pretreatment in conjunction with colloid mill mechanical treatment. Meanwhile, DES lignin possessed a purity of ∼90 % and was obtained as a by-product. Subsequently, the as-prepared LCNF was integrated as a nanofiller into gel electrolyte. Ag-L NPs/LCNF/DES/PAA exhibited dense porous structures and showcased exceptional properties, including a high conductivity exceeding 10 mS/cm and remarkable adhesion strength surpassing 100 KPa. The presence of LCNF allowed Ag-L NPs/LCNF/DES/PAA to achieve strains above 1000 % and compression properties over 1000 KPa. The supercapacitor based on this assembly had a high specific capacitance of 271 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1), along with an impressive capacity retention rate reaching ∼100 % after 3000 cycles. This investigation offers valuable insights into the utilization of lignocellulosic multi-component approaches in the development of flexible electronic devices.

Preparation of novel hierarchical catalysts by simultaneous generation of ß-zeolite and mesoporous silica for catalytic cracking.

The gel skeletal reinforcement (GSR) method was applied at the preparation stage of ß-zeolite to prepare a novel hierarchical catalyst. A solution of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) and acetic anhydride, a GSR reagent, was added to the mixture of colloidal silica, sodium aluminate, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and water, and successive aging and hydrothermal treatment gave microporous ß-zeolite surrounded by mesoporous silica like core-shell structure. Its properties were characterized by XRD, nitrogen adsorption and desorption, NH3-TPD, TEM, and TG-DTA measurements, and further characteristics of the catalysts produced were clarified by the catalytic cracking of n-dodecane. The hierarchical structure of microporous zeolite and mesoporous silica was shown from GSR-2.9HS-H-Beta to GSR-3.2HS-H-Beta, where the molar ratio of HMDS and silica source of ß-zeolite was 2.9~3.2:100. It was found that in the catalytic cracking of n-dodecane, the relative activity (the conversion per the amount of zeolite crystals) increased with the increase in mesopore volume and surface area. The result indicated that the introduction of mesopores was effective even in catalytic cracking of small molecule of n-dodecane.

Fabrication of food polysaccharide, protein, and polysaccharide-protein composite gels via calcium ion inducement: Gelation mechanisms, conditional factors, and applications.

Food gel is a kind of macromolecular biopolymer with viscoelasticity, which has good water retention and gelling ability, especially gels formed by protein and/or polysaccharide. The addition of calcium ions triggers gelation by interacting with the gel matrix, enhancing gels' textural and rheological properties like hardness, viscosity and elasticity. Thus calcium ions enrich the range of applications of food gels. This review focuses on forming a calcium-induced gel and improving the texture properties. It summarizes the mechanisms of gelation induced by calcium ions in polysaccharide, protein, and polysaccharide-protein systems and their gel properties. The effects of influencing factors in calcium ion concentration, types and mixing ratios of matrices, acid, and alkaline environments, as well as treatment methods on calcium-induced gel characteristics, are presented. Additionally, the current applications of calcium-induced gels in food industries and challenges are presented.

How bulk liquid viscosity shapes capillary suspensions.

HYPOTHESIS: Capillary suspensions offer a new approach to generate novel materials. They are ternary liquid-liquid-solid systems characterized by particles connected by liquid bridges of one fluid suspended in a second immiscible bulk fluid. The viscosity of the bulk liquid can be modulated to customize the structure and rheological properties of capillary suspensions. Experiments and simulations: Using experiments and numerical simulations, we investigated capillary suspensions in the pendular state, using silica particles and water as a bridging liquid. To modulate the viscosity of the bulk fluid, we use different ratios of either dodecane and diisononyl phthalate, or silicone oils with varying chain lengths as bulk liquids. The rheological behavior was characterized using the maximum storage and loss moduli and the yielding behavior. This was related to structural changes of the systems, which was visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, we used Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to gain more insights into the behavior of two particles connected by a liquid bridge for various bulk liquids. FINDINGS: Experiments show that higher bulk liquid viscosity reduces strength, yield stress, and yield strain in capillary suspensions, which is partly attributed to a reduced inter-connectivity of the percolating network. This is caused by the breakup of liquid bridges occurring at shorter distances in the presence of highly viscous bulk liquids, as indicated by numerical simulations.

Effect of calcium concentration on metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells cultured in alginate gel beads.

Changes in sodium alginate and calcium ion concentrations have a considerable impact on the structural properties of calcium alginate gel (ALG) beads, consequently influencing the biological characteristics of the cells encapsulated within them. This study aimed to examine the effects of calcium on the metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells encapsulated in ALG beads. The results showed that the invasion ability of HCC cells significantly increased when they were encapsulated in beads prepared with a calcium concentration of 200 mM compared to those prepared with a calcium concentration of 50 mM. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes related to metastasis were significantly elevated in ALG beads prepared with a calcium concentration of 200 mM. Specifically, the expression of activated matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator system proteins was found to be high. Conversely, the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 was observed to be significantly reduced. These findings indicate that manipulating the calcium ion concentration during the fabrication of ALG beads enables the generation of three-dimensional HCC cells with varying metastatic capacities. This model offers a valuable tool for investigating the mechanisms underlying liver cancer metastasis and screening potential therapeutic drugs.

Turn over the new leaf of the treatment in peptic ulcer bleeding: a review of the literature.

Peptic ulcer bleeding is the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which has a high mortality risk. The standard therapy for acute peptic ulcer bleeding combines medication administration and endoscopic therapies. Both pharmacologic and endoscopic therapies have developed continuously in the past few decades. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) already reached a high efficacy in ulcer healing and have been widely used in the past few decades. Endoscopic hemostasis, which includes local epinephrine injection, heater probe coagulation, use of hemostatic clips, and/or band ligation, is highly effective with an overall hemostatic success rate of 85%-90%. However, 10%-20% of patients could not be cured by the current standard combination treatment. Recurrent ulcer bleeding, despite an initial successful hemostasis, is also a big problem for longer hospitalization stays, higher mortality, and higher complication rates, especially for malignant ulcer bleeding. How to manage all types of peptic ulcer bleeding and how to prevent early recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding remain unresolved clinical problems. Recently, several novel medications and endoscopic methods have been developed. Potassium competitive acid blockers have shown a stronger and longer acid suppression than PPI. Hemostatic powder spray and hemostatic gel emulsion are novel hemostatic weapons with emerging evidence, which are potential missing pieces of the puzzle. This literature review will go through the development of endoscopic hemostasis to the prospects of novel endoscopic treatments.

Nano-tentacled interconnected channels organic gel for rapid uranium extraction from seawater.

Due to dwindling terrestrial uranium resources and escalating ecological pressures, the long-term viability of uranium supply has become a critical concern. The immense uranium reserves in seawater present a potential solution, yet extraction technology faces dual challenges of efficiency and adaptability to complex marine environments. Current interconnected porous adsorbents, despite their high flux properties, are limited by low specific surface area and weak mechanical strength, which constrain their effectiveness. Here, inspired by the unique hierarchical structures of marine organisms, we describe an organic gel adsorbent with supermacroporous and interconnected channels (10 ∼ 100 µm) adorned with "nano-tentacle" structures. This design significantly enhances the specific surface area by 18 times, increasing adsorption sites and imparting antibacterial properties. Notably, this adsorbent maintains structural integrity and superior mechanical strength (1.32 MPa tensile and 2.44 MPa compressive strength) even when fully saturated. During a 23-day trial in natural seawater, a uranium adsorption rate of 0.332 mg g⁻¹ day⁻¹ was achieved. This work offers a pioneering approach for the design and fabrication of hierarchical structured adsorbents, highlighting the immense potential of extracting uranium from seawater for sustainable energy production.

Effect of Experimental Bleaching Gels With Enzymes on Composite and Enamel.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Potential secondary or toxic effects of peroxide-based whitening gels have driven the search for alternative methods that use natural compounds with gentle action on tooth enamel that provide remineralizing benefits. METHODS: This study introduces four innovative experimental whitening gels (GC, G1, G3, G4) formulated with enzymes (Bromelaine and Papaine) and natural extracts, along with SiO2. The efficacy of these gels was tested on nanohybrid dental composite (EsCOM100, Spident Company) and dental enamel stained with coffee and natural juice (Tedi) over 10 days. The structural changes in samples before and after bleaching were examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Additionally, cytotoxicity tests were conducted on the gels using mesenchymal stem cells from human dental pulp (dMSC) and human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Antibacterial activity was assessed on five strains (Streptococcus mutans. Porphyromonas gingivalis; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus). RESULTS: Coffee and natural juice stains significantly increase the roughness of composite and enamel surfaces by forming deposits. The enzymatic action of bromelain and papain effectively disorganizes and removes these clusters, significantly reducing surface roughness. CONCLUSION: Notably, the gel containing papain and nanostructured SiO2 proved to be the most effective in removing coffee stains from both composite surfaces and enamel. On the other hand, the gel with bromelain and nanostructured SiO2 was the most efficient in removing natural juice stains. The absence of SiO2 in the experimental gels slightly decreased the enzymes' effectiveness in stain removal. The antibacterial activity observed in the experimental gels is attributed solely to the enzymatic compounds.

Reactive Blue MEBF 222 dye and textile wastewater treatment using metal-doped cobalt and nickel perovskites by batch and column adsorption process.

Water contamination is a serious issue that has an impact on the whole globe. In the current work, adsorption technique was used to remove synthetic Reactive Blue MEBF 222 textile dye utilizing Cd-doped Co (Co1 - xCd1.5xFeO3), Zn-doped Co (Co1 - xZn1.5xFeO3), Cr-doped Co (Co1 - xCr1.5xFeO3), Zn-doped Ni (Ni1 - xZn1.5xFeO3), and Cr-doped Ni (Ni1 - xCr1.5xFeO3) perovskites, synthesized by sol-gel auto-combustion approach. According to the findings of batch adsorption studies, maximum adsorption was observed at pH 3 (45.62 mg/g), 0.01 g/50 ml dosage (36.67 mg/g), 60 min (14.31 mg/g), 100 ppm dye concentration (47.41 mg/g), and 308 K (35.96 mg/g) for Co1 - xCd1.5xFeO3; at 3 pH (42.94 mg/g), 0.01 g/50 ml dosage (35.33 mg/g), 60 min (12.88 mg/g), 100 ppm dye concentration (40.52 mg/g), and 308 K (31.31 mg/g) for Co1 - xZn1.5xFeO3; at 2 pH (38.82 mg/g), 0.01 g/50 ml dosage (32.20 mg/g), 60 min (11.98 mg/g), 100 ppm dye concentration (33.54 mg/g), and 308 K (29.34 mg/g) for Co1 - xCr1.5xFeO3; at 2 pH (34.97 mg/g), 0.01 g/50 ml dosage (30.41 mg/g), 60 min (10.46 mg/g), 100 ppm dye concentration (27.19 mg/g), and 308 K (26.12 mg/g) for Ni1 - xZn1.5xFeO3; and at 2 pH (31.22 mg/g), 0.01 g/50 ml dosage (25.04 mg/g), 60 min (9.48 mg/g), 100 ppm dye concentration (21.73 mg/g), and 308 K (23.61 mg/g) for Ni1 - xCr1.5xFeO3. The pseudo-second-order model showed good fitness for adsorption kinetic data. Electrolytes, detergents/surfactants, and heavy metal ions had a substantial impact on the adsorption potential. The column adsorption experiments demonstrated optimal bed height, flow rate, and intake dye concentration to be 3 cm, 1.8 ml/min, and 70 mg/l, respectively, in the column experiment. With an adsorption capacity of 44.1 mg/g, reactive blue (RB) 222 dye was able to achieve its maximum adsorption. Detailed desorption of RB 222 dye was also achieved. The novelty of this adsorption method lies in its eco-friendliness, ease of handling, and cost-effectiveness.

Preparation of ionic gel-modified stationary phase for RPLC/HILIC/IC separation and its application in per aqueous liquid chromatography.

In this study, we synthesized and employed an ionic gel-functionalized silica stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. The successful fabrication of the stationary phase was confirmed through attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), zeta-potential measurements, and elemental analysis (EA). Comparative performance evaluation against a commercial column demonstrated the prepared column's effectiveness in the mixed mode of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), and ion chromatography (IC). Moreover, the stationary phase exhibited exceptional retention repeatability in per aqueous liquid chromatography, showcasing its potential as an environmentally friendly analytical method. Mechanistic investigations unveiled multiple solute-stationary phase interactions, including π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ion exchange. Finally, we applied the developed stationary phase for the precise detection of preservatives in carbonated beverages and jelly, achieving high levels of accuracy and recovery rates.