Proximity to high streets, social isolation and social support in British adolescents: A longitudinal analysis of sociospatial influences on social connectedness using geospatial data.

High streets have been shown to be central to socio-economic activity, given their diverse residential, leisure, and commercial activities. This study explores the link between adolescent social isolation and proximity to, and land use mix in, high streets. Hypothesising that greater distance from high streets might increase social isolation, measured via social activities, friend contact frequency, and social support, we used multilevel modelling with data from the Millennium Cohort Study. We did not observe a relationship between proximity to high streets and these social isolation indicators, suggesting that high streets may either not significantly influence adolescent social engagement or that young people are willing to travel greater distances.

Datasets of Great Britain primary substations integrated with household heating information.

The growing demand for electrified heating, electrified transportation, and power-intensive data centres challenge distribution networks. If electrification projects are carried out without considering electrical distribution infrastructure, there could be unexpected blackouts and financial losses. Datasets containing real-world distribution network information are required to address this. However, the existing dataset at NERC that covers the whole of Great Britain (GB) does not provide information about demand and capacity, which is insufficient for evaluating the connection feasibility. Although each distribution network operator (DNO) has detailed network information for their supply area, the information is scattered in separate files and different formats even within the same DNO, which limits usability. On the other hand, studying the coupling between energy systems and societal attributes such as household heating is important in promoting social welfare, which calls for more comprehensive datasets that integrate the social data and the energy network data. However, social datasets are usually provided on a regional basis, and the link to energy networks is not straightforward, which explains the lack of the comprehensive datasets. To fill these gaps, this paper introduces two datasets. The first is the main dataset for the GB distribution networks, collecting information on firm capacity, peak demands, locations, and parent transmission nodes (grid supply points, namely GSPs) for all primary substations (PSs). PSs are a crucial part of UK distribution networks and are at the lowest voltage level (11 kV) with publicly available data. Substation firm capacity and peak demand facilitate an understanding of the remaining room in the existing network. The parent GSP information helps link the released datasets to transmission networks. These datasets are collected, standardised, and merged from various files with different formats published by the six DNOs in GB, using a Python script and manual validation. The second dataset extends the main network dataset, linking each PS to the number of households that use different types of central heating recorded in census data (Census in year 2021 for England and Wales, and Census 2011 for Scotland as the up-to-date Census 2022 data is not fully released). The derivation of the second dataset is based on the locations of PSs collected in the main dataset with appropriate assumptions. The derivation process may be replicated to integrate other social datasets. The datasets have the following reuse potentials: 1) Given the PS demand, capacity, and locations in our datasets, users can estimate the connection feasibility and evaluate the optimal deployment locations for different energy technologies, including electric vehicles, heat pumps, and the growing data centres, under different scenarios and at a national scale. These evaluations are beneficial not only for academic research, but also for industrial planning and policy making. 2) Our extended dataset links household information to distribution networks. The integrated information facilitates cross-disciplinary research and analysis across social science, energy policy, and power systems. 3) The network demand and capacity information provided by the datasets can also help with realistic parameter settings to improve the accuracy of case studies in broader power system research.

Attitudes to multi-cancer early detection (MCED) blood tests for population-based screening: A qualitative study in Great Britain.

BACKGROUND: Trials are underway to test the clinical utility of multi-cancer early detection (MCED) blood tests for screening asymptomatic individuals. We sought to understand the acceptability of MCED blood test screening and potential barriers and facilitators to participation among the general public. METHODS: We conducted eleven semi-structured online focus groups with 50-77-year-olds (n = 53) in April-November 2022. Participants were purposefully sampled to include a mix of socio-economic and ethnic backgrounds as well as people who would not want 'a blood test for cancer'. Participants were shown information about MCED blood tests. Transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants showed enthusiasm for MCED screening. Perceived benefits included procedural familiarity and the potential to screen for many cancers. Enthusiasm was driven by beliefs that cancer is a real and increasing risk (both at population level and personally with age) and that early detection reduces treatment burden and cancer mortality. Some felt they would not want to know if they had cancer. The potential for MCED tests to raise anxiety was a concern, especially in a false-positive scenario. Participants wanted to avoid unpleasant and unnecessary procedures. The initial blood test was deemed "less invasive" than current screening tests, but potential follow-up procedures were a concern. Views on MCED screening were influenced by wider factors including dislike of uncertainty, desire for choice and control over one's health, and existing relationships with the NHS. CONCLUSION: The introduction of MCED screening is likely to be appealing due to the simplicity and familiarity of the primary test procedure. Test accuracy needs to be high to facilitate acceptability and should be communicated from the outset. Some people would rather not know if they have cancer, and MCEDs will not appeal to all.

Power, intersectionality and stigma: Informing a gender- and spatially-sensitive public health approach to women and gambling in Great Britain.

In Britain more men participate in gambling than women, although the gender gap is narrowing; and online gambling is increasing among women and men. Gambling practices differ between men and women but also between different groups of women, with evidence that younger women are diversifying to gamble in different ways from older women. Complex and powerful spatial, socio-cultural and economic forces shape women's experiences of gambling, the problems gambling may cause, and wider societal efforts to minimise these harms. This paper presents the findings of a Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) of research on women and gambling and conceptual reflections on these findings to argue for greater attention to the gendered and spatial dimensions of gambling in three ways. First, we discuss the geographical focus and scope of the research we reviewed on women and gambling; second, we analyse the changing geographies of where women gamble; and finally, we consider how qualitative notions of space as experiential and co-constitutive can offer a more nuanced conceptual framework for understanding women's lived experience of gambling and gambling harm. We identify areas for further research on gambling and gambling harm that attends to gendered and spatial dimensions of gambling, including online spaces; the intersectional dynamics that shape gambling practice and gambling harms; and the experiences of those affected by others' gambling.

Solar roads - a new potential renewable energy for Great Britain.

Global warming has become a much more realised issue and an immediate threat, accelerating due to the anthropogenic carbon release associated with escalating energy demand. Consequently, pressures are building up to reduce anthropogenic carbon footprint by employing renewable energy resources, among which solar energy is the main. Solar roads are a new and innovative concept as they do not require land to be specifically allocated. This is because the road infrastructure already exists. Therefore, this emerging technique of embedding solar panels into pavements and roadways is becoming a more attractive proposition. However, a hurdle to its successful application is the lack of knowledge regarding its feasibility and viability. This study aims to evaluate the potential of solar roads to inform future feasibility and viability studies in varying contexts and implications. Within the scope of this study, the case of Great Britain is considered to evaluate the potential of how much energy can be generated via the solar roads technology that can be embedded in the country's road infrastructure. A mathematical exercise is performed in which calculations are executed to develop a basic numerical model of the potential. Therefore, the study is quantitative, and the factors considered include seasonal changes, average daily traffic covering roads, tree and building shades, road types and sizes, solar irradiance, solar panel types, and alike. It is estimated that solar roads may supply up to 96.42% of the UK's total electricity, which is a substantially promising potential.

Vegetarianism and mental health: Evidence from the 1970 British Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Reducing animal product consumption has benefits for population health and the environment. The relationship between vegetarianism and mental health, however, remains poorly understood. This study explores this relationship in a nationally representative cohort in Great Britain. METHODS: We use data from the 1970 British Cohort Study, which collected information on vegetarianism at age 30 in 2000 (n = 11,204) and psychological distress (PD) at ages 26, 30, 34, 42, and 46-48 in 2016/18. We first developed a statistical adjustment strategy by regressing PD at age 30 on vegetarianism and 14 confounders measured at ages 10 and 26. We then ran multilevel growth curve models, testing whether within-person changes in PD between ages 30 and 46-48 differed by vegetarianism, before and after statistical adjustment. RESULTS: At age 30, 4.5 % of participants reported being vegetarian. In the cross-sectional models at age 30, vegetarians reported more distress compared with non-vegetarians in bivariate analysis (b = 0.30, 95%CI 0.09, 0.52), but this difference disappeared in the fully-adjusted model (b = 0.02, 95%CI -0.17, 0.21). In the longitudinal models between ages 30 and 46/48, there were no differences in within-person changes in psychological distress between vegetarians and non-vegetarians (p = .723). Sensitivity analyses using red meat consumption yielded similar findings. CONCLUSION: In this British cohort, vegetarianism at age 30 was not associated with changes in psychological distress during mid-adulthood. Since psychological distress in early adulthood predicted vegetarianism at age 30, more studies are needed to disentangle the progression of this relationship over the life-course.

Assessing the impact of caregiving for older parents on caregivers' health: Initial health status and trajectories of physical and mental health among midlife caregivers for parents and parents-in-law in Britain.

Assessing the impact of caregiving for older parents on caregivers' health is increasingly important in the context of population changes and curtailment of state provided services. This has been extensively studied but results are inconsistent, possibly reflecting a lack of attention to health-related selection into the caregiver role. We use data from a nationally representative UK longitudinal study to analyse differences in the health of people aged 40-69 at baseline by whether they were 'eligible' to provide parent care (with a living parent/parent-in-law) and by whether they subsequently assumed a caregiver role. We measured initial health status using a latent variable derived from three observer-recorded indicators as well as self-reported health. We analysed trajectories of physical and mental health over a seven-year follow-up for those providing intensive care (20+ hours per week) to a parent or parent-in-law, providers of lesser amounts of care, and non-caregivers. Outcomes were measured using the SF-12 indicators of mental and physical health. RESULTS: showed that those with a living parent or parent-in-law had better health than those lacking these relatives. However, among potential caregivers for a parent or parent-in-law, those assuming intensive caregiving had poorer initial health than non-caregivers or those who became providers of less intensive care. Fixed effects analyses of follow-up data showed that the mental health of intensive caregivers deteriorated. However, the physical health of intensive caregivers with low levels of education improved. RESULTS: show the importance of taking account of whether people are at risk of providing parental care and initial health status when assessing impacts of caregiving on health. They also indicate differential effects of caregiving on health depending on socio-demographic characteristics and reaffirm the need for greater supports for those providing substantial amounts of care to older parents.

Risk factors for tick attachment in companion animals in Great Britain: a spatiotemporal analysis covering 2014-2021.

BACKGROUND: Ticks are an important driver of veterinary health care, causing irritation and sometimes infection to their hosts. We explored epidemiological and geo-referenced data from > 7 million electronic health records (EHRs) from cats and dogs collected by the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) in Great Britain (GB) between 2014 and 2021 to assess the factors affecting tick attachment in an individual and at a spatiotemporal level. METHODS: EHRs in which ticks were mentioned were identified by text mining; domain experts confirmed those with ticks on the animal. Tick presence/absence records were overlaid with a spatiotemporal series of climate, environment, anthropogenic and host distribution factors to produce a spatiotemporal regression matrix. An ensemble machine learning spatiotemporal model was used to fine-tune hyperparameters for Random Forest, Gradient-boosted Trees and Generalized Linear Model regression algorithms, which were then used to produce a final ensemble meta-learner to predict the probability of tick attachment across GB at a monthly interval and averaged long-term through 2014-2021 at a spatial resolution of 1 km. Individual host factors associated with tick attachment were also assessed by conditional logistic regression on a matched case-control dataset. RESULTS: In total, 11,741 consultations were identified in which a tick was recorded. The frequency of tick records was low (0.16% EHRs), suggesting an underestimation of risk. That said, increased odds for tick attachment in cats and dogs were associated with younger adult ages, longer coat length, crossbreeds and unclassified breeds. In cats, males and entire animals had significantly increased odds of recorded tick attachment. The key variables controlling the spatiotemporal risk for tick attachment were climatic (precipitation and temperature) and vegetation type (Enhanced Vegetation Index). Suitable areas for tick attachment were predicted across GB, especially in forests and grassland areas, mainly during summer, particularly in June. CONCLUSIONS: Our results can inform targeted health messages to owners and veterinary practitioners, identifying those animals, seasons and areas of higher risk for tick attachment and allowing for more tailored prophylaxis to reduce tick burden, inappropriate parasiticide treatment and potentially TBDs in companion animals and humans. Sentinel networks like SAVSNET represent a novel complementary data source to improve our understanding of tick attachment risk for companion animals and as a proxy of risk to humans.

Understanding the disease and economic impact of avirulent avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) infection in Great Britain.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a notifiable disease affecting chickens and other avian species caused by virulent strains of Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). While outbreaks of ND can have devastating consequences, avirulent strains of APMV-1 generally cause subclinical infections or mild disease. However, viruses can cause different levels of disease in different species and virulence can evolve following cross-species transmission events. This report describes the detection of three cases of avirulent APMV-1 infection in Great Britain (GB). Case 1 emerged from the 'testing to exclude' scheme in chickens in Shropshire while cases 2 and 3 were made directly from notifiable avian disease investigations in chicken broilers in Herefordshire and on premises in Wiltshire containing ducks and mixed species, respectively). Class II/genotype I.1.1 APMV-1 from case 1 shared 99.94% identity to the Queensland V4 strain of APMV-1. Class II/genotype II APMV-1 was detected from case 2 while the class II/genotype I.2 virus from case 3 aligned closely with strains isolated from Anseriformes. Exclusion of ND through rapid detection of avirulent APMV-1 is important where clinical signs caused by avirulent or virulent APMV-1s could be ambiguous. Understanding the diversity of APMV-1s circulating in GB is critical to understanding disease threat from these adaptable viruses.

Towards a historical sociology of associations and dissociations between food, food events and alcoholic drinks: A reply to Warde et al.

This commentary reflects on the strengths of the paper by Warde et al. entitled "Situated drinking: the association between eating and alcohol consumption in Great Britain". It suggests that practice-theoretical approaches towards studying contemporary connections between foods, food events and alcoholic drinks provides an excellent basis for overcoming the analytical limits of fields such as food studies, drinks studies, alcohol studies and related areas. This is especially so if Warde et al.'s quantitative methodology were to be yoked to two further sources of inspiration, namely Mary Douglas's structuralist analysis of food combinations within food events and Stephen Mennell's utilisation of the concepts and concerns of Norbert Elias to produce a systematic historical sociology of food. An extended inter-paradigmatic approach to the study of how alcoholic drinks relate to foods and eating practices emerges as a result.

Situated drinking: The association between eating and alcohol consumption in Great Britain.

Aims: This paper examines the co-occurrence of drinking alcohol and eating in Great Britain. Applying a practice-theoretical framework, it attends primarily to the nature and characteristics of events - to social situations. It asks whether drinking events involving food are significantly different from those without, whether differences are the same at home as on commercial public premises, and whether differences are the same for men and women. The focus is especially on episodes of drinking with meals at home, an infrequently explored context for a substantial proportion of contemporary alcohol consumption. Data: Employing a secondary analysis of commercial data about the British population in 2016, we examine reports of 47,645 drinking events, on commercial premises and at other locations, to explore how eating food and consumption of alcoholic beverages affect one another. Three types of event are compared - drinking with meals, with snacks, and without any food. Variables describing situations include group size and composition, temporal and spatial parameters, beverages, purposes, and simultaneous activities. Basic sociodemographic characteristics of respondents are also examined, with a special focus on the effects of gender. Results: Behaviours differ between settings. The presence of food at a drinking episode is associated with different patterns of participation, orientations, and quantities and types of beverage consumed. Gender, age, and class differences are apparent. Conclusions: Patterns of alcohol consumption are significantly affected by the accompaniment of food. This is a much-neglected topic that would benefit from further comparative and time series studies to determine the consequences for behaviour and intervention.

Sea temperature influences accumulation of tetrodotoxin in British bivalve shellfish.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent neurotoxin mostly associated with pufferfish poisoning, is also found in bivalve shellfish. Recent studies into this emerging food safety threat reported TTX in a few, mainly estuarine, shellfish production areas in some European countries, including the United Kingdom. A pattern in occurrences has started to emerge, however the role of temperature on TTX has not been investigated in detail. Therefore, we conducted a large systematic TTX screening study, encompassing over 3500 bivalve samples collected throughout 2016 from 155 shellfish monitoring sites along the coast of Great Britain. Overall, we found that only 1.1 % of tested samples contained TTX above the reporting limit of 2 µg/kg whole shellfish flesh and these samples all originated from ten shellfish production sites in southern England. Subsequent continuous monitoring of selected areas over a five-year period showed a potential seasonal TTX accumulation in bivalves, starting in June when water temperatures reached around 15 °C. For the first time, satellite-derived data were also applied to investigate temperature differences between sites with and without confirmed presence of TTX in 2016. Although average annual temperatures were similar in both groups, daily mean values were higher in summer and lower in winter at sites where TTX was found. Here, temperature also increased significantly faster during late spring and early summer, the critical period for TTX. Our study supports the hypothesis that temperature is one of the key triggers of events leading to TTX accumulation in European bivalves. However, other factors are also likely to play an important role, including the presence or absence of a de novo biological source, which remains elusive.

Use of tobacco and e-cigarettes among youth in Great Britain in 2022: Analysis of a cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: Although e-cigarettes can be an effective form of nicotine substitution for adults attempting to quit smoking, their use among children and young people is a concern. Accurate data about this are needed to inform debates over policy and regulation in the UK and elsewhere. METHODS: Using data from an online survey of 2613 youth aged 11-18 years, conducted by the market research company YouGov in March 2022, we present prevalence estimates of e-cigarette and tobacco use. We use logistic regression models to assess differences in e-cigarette use, tobacco use and use of disposable e-cigarettes across a range of covariates including age, sex, tobacco smoking status, social class, and country. RESULTS: Among the 18.0% of those surveyed who reported ever having smoked a cigarette, 83.9% were not regular (at least once per week) smokers and 16.1% were (15.1% and 2.9% of the total sample, respectively). Among the 19.2% of those surveyed who had ever used an e-cigarette, 79.2% were not regular users, while 20.8% were (15.2% and 4.0% of the total sample, respectively). Regular e-cigarette use was more common than regular tobacco smoking (4.0% vs 2.9%). E-cigarette use was more common among those who also smoked tobacco, with 9.0% of never e-cigarette users ever smoking tobacco, compared with 89.4% of regular e-cigarette users. Both smoking and e-cigarette use were associated with increasing age and use by others within the home, but not with social class. Use of disposable e-cigarettes was reported by 53.8% of those who have ever used an e-cigarette, and more common among females than males. CONCLUSIONS: Regular e-cigarette use is now more common than smoking in children and youth, though the majority of this is among those who have also smoked tobacco. Measures to reduce the appeal of both e-cigarettes and tobacco to children and young people are warranted.

Urban exodus? Understanding human mobility in Britain during the COVID-19 pandemic using Meta-Facebook data.

Existing empirical work has focused on assessing the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions on human mobility to contain the spread of COVID-19. Less is known about the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the spatial patterns of population movement within countries. Anecdotal evidence of an urban exodus from large cities to rural areas emerged during early phases of the pandemic across western societies. Yet, these claims have not been empirically assessed. Traditional data sources, such as censuses offer coarse temporal frequency to analyse population movement over infrequent time intervals. Drawing on a data set of 21 million observations from Meta-Facebook users, we aim to analyse the extent and evolution of changes in the spatial patterns of population movement across the rural-urban continuum in Britain over an 18-month period from March 2020 to August 2021. Our findings show an overall and sustained decline in population movement during periods of high stringency measures, with the most densely populated areas reporting the largest reductions. During these periods, we also find evidence of higher-than-average mobility from high-density population areas to low-density areas, lending some support to claims of large-scale population movements from large cities. Yet, we show that these trends were temporary. Overall mobility levels trended back to precoronavirus levels after the easing of nonpharmaceutical interventions. Following these interventions, we found a reduction in movement to low-density areas and a rise in mobility to high-density agglomerations. Overall, these findings reveal that while COVID-19 generated shock waves leading to temporary changes in the patterns of population movement in Britain, the resulting vibrations have not significantly reshaped the prevalent structures in the national pattern of population movement. As of 2021, internal population movements sit at an intermediate level between those observed pre- and early phases of the pandemic.

MLVA and com1 genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in farmed ruminants in Great Britain.

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease Q fever, has been shown to be endemic in Great Britain, but information on the prevailing genomic lineages or Genomic Groups (GGs) of Coxiella burnetii is limited. The aim of this study was to genotype C. burnetii isolates from infected farmed ruminants by Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and identify their associated Genomic Group. A total of 51 Coxiella-containing abortion samples from farmed ruminants (sheep, goats, and cattle), which were collected in Great Britain during 2013-2018, were included in the study, 34 of which returned a C. burnetii MLVA genotype. All bovine samples (n = 18), 5/7 of the ovine samples, and 3/9 of the caprine samples belonged to an MLVA cluster which we could link to the MST20 genotype of GG III, whereas 6/9 of the caprine samples and 2/7 of the ovine samples belonged to MLVA clusters which we could link to the MST33 or MST32 genotypes of GG II (7 vs 1 sample(s), respectively). We also noted that the Coxiella-specific com1 gene contained unique mutations that could genomotype isolates, i.e. assign them to a Genomic Group. In conclusion, both goats and sheep in Great Britain (from 2014 onward) were found to carry the same MLVA genotypes (MST33-like; GG II) that were linked to a human Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands. This knowledge in combination with the usage of genotyping/genomotyping methods should prove useful in future surveillance programs and in the management of outbreaks.

Understanding changes in the locations of drinking occasions in Great Britain: An age-period-cohort analysis of repeat cross-sectional market research data, 2001-2019.

INTRODUCTION: The 21st century has seen wide-ranging changes in drinking locations in Great Britain, with on-trade alcohol sales decreasing and off-trade sales increasing. To better understand the underlying time-trends in consumer behaviour, we examine age-period-cohort (APC) effects related to changes in the share of individuals' drinking occasions taking place in: (i) on-trade versus off-trade locations; and (ii) specific on-trade or off-trade locations, that is traditional/community pubs, modern pubs/bars/café bars, nightclubs/late-night venues, restaurants/pub restaurants, social/working men's clubs, golf/other sports clubs/venues, at home (social setting) and at home (non-social setting). METHODS: Repeat cross-sectional 1-week drinking diary data, collected 2001-2019. APC analysis via negative binomial regression models for each gender (N = 162,296 men, 138,452 women). RESULTS: A smaller/declining proportion of occasions took place in on-trade compared to off-trade locations. Recent cohorts tended to have a larger share of on-trade occasions than previous cohorts, driven by their larger share of occasions in modern pubs/bars/café bars and nightclubs/late-night venues. Meanwhile, occasions in social/working men's clubs, golf/other sports clubs/venues and traditional/community pubs tended to be popular among older men, but have declined. Finally, the growth of off-trade drinking appears to be driven by a growth of off-trade drinking in non-social settings, in particular by older people/cohorts. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the declining prominence of certain on-trade locations, and increasing prominence of home drinking in non-social settings, within British drinking practices. While rising non-social home drinking is concerning, it is positive from a public health perspective that it does not appear to be shared by recent cohorts.

Nigerian and Ghanaian Young People's Experiences of Care for Common Mental Disorders in Inner London: Protocol for a Multimethod Investigation.

BACKGROUND: The Care Quality Commission published a review in 2018 in England titled "Are We Listening," which revealed that child and adolescent mental health services are not responsive to the specific needs of young Black people and other ethnic minorities even in areas with ethnically diverse populations. It found that commissioners and service planners failed to engage with these young people and their families to understand their needs and expectations. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to engage Nigerian and Ghanaian young people (NAGYP) with experiences of care for common mental disorders (CMDs) in London, to increase understanding of their needs, and to give voice to their views and preferences. Their parents', caregivers', and practitioners' views will also be sought for service improvement. METHODS: Three combined contemporary complementary methodologies-thematic analysis, interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), and intersectionality-based policy analysis (IBPA)-will be used across 3 comprehensive phases. First, a scoping review where relevant themes will be critically analyzed will inform further phases of this study. Detailed mapping of community and mental health care services in 13 inner London boroughs to investigate what professionals actually do rather than what they say they do. Second, IBPA will be used to scrutinize improving access to psychological therapies and other legislations and policies relevant to NAGYP to undertake an intersectional multileveled analysis of power, models, and constraints. Third, IPA will "give voice" and "make sense" of NAGYP lived experiences of CMDs via a representative sample of NAGYP participants' (n=30) aged 16-25 years, parents or caregivers' (n=20), and practitioners' (n=20) perspectives will be captured. RESULTS: The study has been approved by the UCL Institute of Education Research Ethics Committee (Z6364106/2022/02/28; health research) and University College London (Z6364106/2022/10/24; social research). Recruitment has begun in 13 inner boroughs of London. Data collection through observation, semistructured interviews, and focus groups are expected to be finalized by early 2024, and the study will be published by early 2025. CONCLUSIONS: Combining multiple qualitative methodologies and methods will enable rigorous investigation into NAGYP's lived experiences of care received for CMDs in London. Findings from this study should enable a reduction in the negative connotations and harmful superstitions associated with mental health-related issues in this group, inform evidence-based interventions, and facilitate preventive or early access to interventions. There may also be an indirect impact on problems resulting from mental illness such as school dropout, antisocial behaviors, knife crimes, juvenile detention centers, and even death. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/42575.

Comparison of health care systems in Poland and Great Britain by Poles staying temporarily in Great Britain prior to the COVID pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Poland's accession to the European Union intensified migration for work purposes. One of the most popular destinations for emigration was Great Britain, which allocates more money to health protection than Poland, where there is a widespread belief that the quality of public health care is poor. However, more negative opinions were expressed by migrants about health care in Great Britain. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare and assess the quality of health services in Poland and Great Britain prior to the SARS COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in the form of a questionnaire addressed to Poles who stay or stayed in the territory of Great Britain and used services provided by both Polish and British medical entities. 1,625 people took part in the study: 1,402 women (86.28%) and 223 men (13.72%). The survey contained 30 questions, of which statistically significant results were obtained in 5 of them. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the average assessments of health services in Poland and Great Britain. The availability of primary health care services and specialist services, other than gynaecology, in Poland was rated higher. In addition, the quality and costs of treatment received a much higher average score in the evaluation of Polish health care compared to the British system. CONCLUSIONS: Although the amount of financial outlays and statistical data should suggest the advantage of the British health care system, the respondents assessed the services provided in Poland being better.

Disability-related inequalities in health and well-being are mediated by barriers to participation faced by people with disability. A causal mediation analysis.

Large inequalities in health and well-being exist between people with and without disability, in part due to poor socio-economic circumstances, and potentially also related to societal factors including issues associated with accessibility and participation. To better understand the contribution of societal factors, we used a unique longitudinal survey of disability in Great Britain to quantify the extent to which barriers to participation contribute to poorer health and well-being. We used data from 2354 individuals who participated in three waves of the Life Opportunities Survey between 2009 and 2014 and compared five health and well-being outcomes (self-rated health, anxiousness, life satisfaction, life worth, happiness) between adults who acquired an impairment and those who remained disability-free. Causal mediation analysis was conducted to quantify how much of the effect of disability acquisition on each outcome was explained by barriers to participation in employment, economic life, transport, community, leisure and civic activities, social contact, and accessibility. People who recently acquired a disability had poorer health and well-being compared to people with no disability. Barriers to participation explained 15% of inequalities in self-rated health, 28% for anxiousness, 32% for life satisfaction, 37% for life worth, and 70% for happiness. A substantial proportion of the inequalities in health and well-being experienced by people with recently acquired disability were socially produced, driven by barriers to participation in different life domains. Furthermore, there was evidence that barriers to participation mediated the effect of well-being measured to a greater extent than the more clinically aligned measures, self-reported health and anxiousness. These findings highlight modifiable factors amenable to public health interventions that could lead to substantial improvements in health and well-being for people with disability.

[Ronald D. Laing's "Radical Trip". Reflection on the Relationship Between Psychiatry, Anti-Psychiatry, and Science in the 1960s]. / Ronald D. Laings "radical trip". Zum Verhältnis von Psychiatrie, Anti-Psychiatrie und Wissenschaft in den 1960er Jahren.

Inspired by American research on the role of the family environment in the development of schizophrenia, the Scottish psychiatrist Ronald D. Laing, now known as the figurehead of British antipsychiatry, began his own research project with his colleague Aaron Esterson in the late 1950s. In the process, he became convinced that those diagnosed as "schizophrenic" were far more rational than bourgeois families alienated from themselves. Driven by this perspective, Laing pushed harder into the public arena and began to become politically active. This article analyzes Laing's development into an anti-psychiatrist and star of the counterculture in the course of the 1960s and asks about the reasons and conditions of possibility for this transformation from scientist to "scientific political activist".