Contaminants, biochemical methane potential, and biodegradability of different bio-waste categories: guidance for anaerobic digestion.

This study evaluated the anaerobic digestion suitability of bio-waste from different sources by comparing their biochemical methane potential (BMP), biodegradability (BI), and content of contaminants (heavy metals and physical impurities) - an often-overlooked factor but one of particular concern in bio-waste. Predominant heavy metals included Cu and Zn, while recurring physical impurities comprised plastics and organic non-biodegradable matter. Food waste from food processing plants were most suitable, exhibiting low contamination and high biogas conversion (BMP > 549 NmLCH4/gVS and BI > 86 %). Conversely, organic fractions from mechanical biological treatment were highly contaminated, while green waste displayed low biogas conversion (BMP < 368 NmLCH4/gVS and BI < 72 %). Food waste from households and medium/large-sized producers also demonstrated high biogas conversion, but variable contamination levels could compromise their suitability. Assessing contaminants alongside BMP and BI provides a comprehensive approach for selecting suitable bio-waste feedstocks that can be introduced in biogas plants.

Optimization of Eisenia fetida stocking density for biotransformation during green waste vermicomposting.

Appropriate stocking density plays an important role in ensuring the stability and improving the overall efficiency of the vermicomposting system. Although some studies have shown that earthworms can degrade lignocellulosic materials, relatively few studies have been conducted on the effect of earthworm stocking density on the degradation of a single green waste (GW) with high lignocellulosic content. Therefore, this study investigated the degradation effect of earthworms on GW at different stocking densities, and assessed the stability and maturity of the whole vermicomposting by comprehensively analysing the changes in physicochemical and biological properties of earthworms during vermicomposting, and by combining the growth of earthworms with a multi-dimensional assessment of the stability and maturity of the whole vermicomposting. In this study, six stocking densities (CK-T5) were set up, namely, no earthworms, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 worms/kg. The results showed that compared with the CK (without earthworms), when there were 30 earthworms per kg of GW (i.e. T3), the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, organic matter decomposition, bacterial and fungal numbers, and germination index of earthworm compost products increased by 14 %, 29 %, 32 %, 35 %, 42 %, 94 %, and 125 %, respectively. T3 also enhanced the activities of cellulase and alkaline phosphatase. The results were further supported by principal component analysis. Finally, we conclude that when the stocking density of earthworms is appropriate (T3), it not only favours the growth of earthworms, but also positively affects the physicochemical properties of the vermicomposting process, which in turn significantly improves the biodegradation efficiency of GW.

Feasibility of composted green waste amended by vermiculite and earthworm casts as the growth media for three common ornamental plants.

This study demonstrated the effects of adding specific proportions of vermiculite (VMT: 0%, 10%, and 20%) and earthworm casts (EWCs: 0%, 10%, and 20%) on the physico-chemical properties of composted green waste (CGW), and the impacts of amended CGW as growth media on the growth of three common ornamental plants (Dahlia pinnata Cav. [dahlia], Centaurea cyanus L. [cornflower], and Consolida ajacis [L.] Schur [delphinium]). Compared with Treatment T1 (CK), the addition of 10% VMT and 20% EWCs greatly (p < 0.05) increased the total porosity, aeration porosity, water-holding porosity, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and organic matter of CGW by 9%, 35%, 4%, 18%, 27%, 13%, and 33%, respectively. In addition, this pattern increased (p < 0.05) the total fresh biomass, total chlorophyll content, and root length of dahlias by 9%, 19%, and 27%, respectively; those of cornflowers by 17%, 30%, and 29%, respectively (p < 0.05); and those of delphiniums by 23%, 14%, and 63%, respectively. Therefore, the amended CGW supplemented with 10% VMT and 20% EWCs was an ideal growth medium for the three plants.

Unleashing the potential of Cajanus cajun biochar polymer composite for Cu (II) removal: mechanism, modification, and application.

This study introduces a cost-effective approach to fabricating a porous and ionically surface-modified biochar-based alginate polymer networks composite (SBPC) through air drying. The study critically analyzes the role and concentrations of various components in the success of SBPC. Characterization techniques were employed to evaluate the microstructure and adsorption mechanism, confirming the ability of the adsorbent's carboxyl and hydroxyl groups to eliminate various heavy metal ions in water simultaneously. The SBPC demonstrated high copper binding capacities (937.4 mg/g and 823.2 mg/g) through response surface methodology (RSM) and column studies. It was also influential in single and natural systems, exhibiting competitive behavior and efficient removal of Cu2+. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics strongly correlate with experimental data, with R2 values of 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. SBPC showed remarkable stability, up to 10 desorption cycles, and achieved 98% Cu2+ adsorption efficiency and 91.0% desorption. Finally, the cost analysis showed a cost of 125.68 INR/kg or 1.51 USD/kg, which is very low compared to the literature. These results highlight the potential of SPBC and show that it provides an efficient and cost-effective solution for removing Cu2+ from a real system.

Norfloxacin adsorption by urban green waste biochar: characterization, kinetics, and mechanisms.

Biochar, as a potential adsorbent, has been widely employed to remove pollutants from sewage. In this study, a lignin-based biochar (CB-800) was prepared by a simple high-temperature pyrolysis using urban green waste (Cinnamomum camphora leaves) as a feedstock to remove norfloxacin (NOR) from water. Batch adsorption test results indicated that CB-800 had a strong removal capacity for NOR at a wide range of pH values. The maximum adsorption achieved in the study was 50.90 ± 0.64 mg/g at 298 K. The pseudo-first and second-order kinetic models and the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm fitted the experimental data well, indicating that NOR adsorption by CB-800 was a complex process involving both physi-sorption and chemi-sorption. The physical properties of CB-800 were characterized by SEM and BET. The mesoporous structures were formed hierarchically on the surface of CB-800 (with an average pore size of 2.760 nm), and the spatial structure of NOR molecules was more easily adsorbed by mesoporous structures. Combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it was showed that the main NOR adsorption mechanisms by CB-800 included ion exchange, π-electron coordination, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic adsorption. Meanwhile, the reduction of C = O and pyridine nitrogen, and the presence of C-F2, also indicated the occurrence of substitution, addition, and redox. This study not only determined the reaction mechanism between biochar and NOR, but also provides guidance to waste managers for the removal of NOR from water by biochar. It is envisaged that the results will broaden the utilization of urban green waste.

Responses of microorganisms to different wavelengths of light radiation during green waste composting.

Light radiation can degrade recalcitrant materials like lignocelluloses in litter and serve as a physical condition to accelerate green waste (GW) decomposition, but few studies have considered the microbial effects of light wavelength on GW composting. This study innovatively investigated the effects of different wavelengths of light radiation, including full-spectrum, no blue light, no UV, no UV-A, no UV-B, and dark conditions, on accelerating the GW composting process. Especially, the study explored the dynamic changes in the degradation of lignocelluloses and evaluated the responses of microorganisms throughout the composting process under different light radiation wavelengths. No blue light (where radiation between 400 and 500 nm was blocked by the film) yielded the highest-quality compost within 40 days. In comparison to the dark (control), no blue light exhibited an elevated composting temperature (56.7 °C), an extended thermophilic phase (6 days), and increased degradation rates of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose by 13 %, 15 %, and 12 %, respectively. This study revealed that during the composting mesophilic phase, bacterial diversity performed best under no blue light, while fungal diversity excelled under full-spectrum. In the thermophilic phase, microbial diversity exhibited optimal performance under full-spectrum. During the cooling phase, bacterial diversity was highest under no blue light, and fungal diversity excelled under no UV-A. During the mesophilic and cooling phases, the bacterial ACE index for no blue light exceeded that of the other light radiation wavelengths, with values of 418 and 494, respectively. Under no blue light, the Shannon index of microorganisms remained within the range of 2.0-4.8, demonstrating superior performance. Meanwhile, the relative abundances of lignin-degrading microorganisms (Flavobacterium, Acaulium, and Acremoniu) under no blue light has increased, demonstrating improved microbial community structures. Therefore, no blue light radiation offered a novel approach to expedite GW composting.

Effect of different bulking agents on fed-batch composting and microbial community profile.

The current study focused on analyzing the effect of different types of bulking agents and other factors on fed-batch composting and the structure of microbial communities. The results indicated that the introduction of bulking agents to fed-batch composting significantly improved composting efficiency as well as compost product quality. In particular, using green waste as a bulking agent, the compost products would achieve good performance in the following indicators: moisture (3.16%), weight loss rate (85.26%), and C/N ratio (13.98). The significant difference in moisture of compost products (p < 0.05) was observed in different sizes of bulking agent (green waste), which was because the voids in green waste significantly affected the capacity of the water to permeate. Meanwhile, controlling the size of green waste at 3-6 mm, the following indicators would show great performance from the compost products: moisture (3.12%), organic matter content (63.93%), and electrical conductivity (EC) (5.37 mS/cm). According to 16S rRNA sequencing, the relative abundance (RA) of thermophilic microbes increased as reactor temperature rose in fed-batch composting, among which Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Basidiomycota, and Rasamsonia were involved in cellulose and lignocellulose degradation.

Optimization of olive oil extraction wastes co composting procedure based on bioprocessing parameters.

Organic waste generation has increased massively around the world during the last decades, especially the waste produced by the olive-growing industry. In order to manage the waste accumulation, composting process is an appropriate biotechnological solution which allows the waste organic matter biotransformation into a useful product the "compost", used as an amendment for agricultural soils. The classical composting process presents several disadvantages; the major difficulty is to find the best feedstocks proportion to be used, leading to a final C/N ratio ranged between 12 and 15, a neutral pH, a humidity between 40% and 60% and organic matter (OM) content of 20-60%, at ambient temperature. Consequently, an accurate optimization of the composting process is needed for predicting the process parameters progress. To optimize these parameters and the waste rates initially mixed, the multiple regression method was used to determine the compost final parameters values, referring to the initial mixture of the different waste types. The best model filling the required standardized values included 49% of olive mill wastewater, 19.5% of exhausted olive mill cake, 15.5% of poultry manure, and 16% of green waste. This combination provides a pH of 7.5, a C/N ratio of 12.5 and an OM content of 44%. Such modelization would enshorten the composting required time.

Life cycle assessment of biowaste and green waste composting systems: A review of applications and implementation challenges.

Composting is one of the most widely applied methods for recycling organic waste. This process has been proposed as one option that facilitates the reincorporation of materials into the production cycle. However, composting also generates environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most common approach to evaluate the environmental impacts of a process at different system stages. Nevertheless, applying LCA in composting facilities is challenging due to the extensive information required, the lack of standardization on the initial assumptions, the definition of system boundaries, and the high diversity of existing composting technologies. This paper systematically reviews LCA studies in biowaste and/or green waste composting. The study highlights the challenges that should be met in order to improving the application of LCA to evaluate the environmental impacts of this type or waste treatment strategy. The review protocol used identified 456 papers published between 2010 and 2022. After the screening, 56 papers were selected, read, and thoroughly analyzed. The results show that: i) about 68% of the studies aimed to compare composting with other solid waste management options; ii) there was a wide diversity among the impact categories considered, which predominantly included climate change and ozone depletion; iii) there was no consensus on the functional unit or the system boundaries; iv) the main gaseous emissions studied were ammonia, methane, and nitrogen oxide, which were generally determined by emission factors; v) the avoided environmental impacts associated with the end-product quality and its application as an organic amendment or soil improver were ignored. This work demonstrates the complexity of conducting credible and valid composting LCA studies and proposes seven recommendations for improving the application of this assessment methodology to analyze this waste management alternative.

Activation of calcium peroxide by nitrogen and sulfur co-doped metal-free lignin biochar for enhancing the removal of emerging organic contaminants from waste activated sludge.

The accumulation of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in waste activated sludge (WAS) is a global concern. In this study, a multi-heteroatom nitrogen and sulfur was successfully embedded into lignin-based biochar (N-S-LGBC) and used it to activate calcium peroxide (CP) for the degradation of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in WAS. N-S-LGBC/CP was effective in degrading 85 % of 4-NP within 12 h through the activation of CP owing to hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen species generated from the synergism among pyrrolic-N, thiophenic-S, and lattice oxygen, i.e., active sites responsible for 4-NP degradation. These results highlight substrate biodegradability for subsequent bioprocesses that improves WAS treatment in EOC degradation by the N-S-LGBC/CP-mediated process. There was abundance of distinct Aggregatilinea genus within the phylum Chloroflexi during N-S-LGBC/CP treatment, indicating high 4-NP pretreatment efficiency in WAS. This work provides a new understanding of N-S-co-doped carbocatalysts in green and sustainable hydroxyl radical-driven carbon advanced oxidation (HR-CAOP) platforms for WAS remediation.

Using green waste as substrate to produce biostimulant and biopesticide products through solid-state fermentation.

Although the use of green waste as a substrate in different types of microbial bioprocessing has a major impact on improving green waste valorization, very little information has been provided on this issue. The purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility of using green waste to produce a biostimulant (Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)) and biopesticide (conidial spore) through solid-state fermentation. Trichoderma harzianum was selected as the inoculum of the process and the green waste was a mixture of grass clippings and pruning waste. An experiment was designed to study the effect of tryptophan concentration, proportion of grass and pruning waste, and substrate moisture on IAA and spore production. The results show that washing and using phosphate buffer has a beneficial effect on green waste quality in terms of bioproduction. The maximum IAA and spore productions reported in the current study were 101.46 µg g-1 dry matter and 3.03 × 109 spore g-1 dry matter, respectively. According to the results, IAA production increases with a higher amount of tryptophan and grass. However, the number of spores increased with lower amounts of tryptophan and grass. The model suggested the following optimized parameters for the production of spores and IAA: tryptophan 0.45 %, grass 61 %, and moisture 74 %. The effect of fermentation time was also studied, and the results show that the maximum IAA and spore production was obtained on days 3 and 7, respectively.

Municipal green waste as substrate for the microbial production of platform chemicals.

In Germany alone, more than 5·106 tons of municipal green waste is produced each year. So far, this material is not used in an economically worthwhile way. In this work, grass clippings and tree pruning as examples of municipal green waste were utilized as feedstock for the microbial production of platform chemicals. A pretreatment procedure depending on the moisture and lignin content of the biomass was developed. The suitability of grass press juice and enzymatic hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass pretreated with an organosolv process as fermentation medium or medium supplement for the cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, Ustilago maydis, and Clostridium acetobutylicum was demonstrated. Product concentrations of 9.4 gethanol L-1, 16.9 glactic acid L-1, 20.0 gitaconic acid L-1, and 15.5 gsolvents L-1 were achieved in the different processes. Yields were in the same range as or higher than those of reference processes grown in established standard media. By reducing the waste arising in cities and using municipal green waste as feedstock to produce platform chemicals, this work contributes to the UN sustainability goals and supports the transition toward a circular bioeconomy.

Biochar Derived from Urban Green Waste Can Enhance the Removal of Cd from Water and Reduce Soil Cd Bioavailability.

The beneficial utilization of potentially increasing urban green waste (UGW) is critical for sustainable urban development in China. In this study, UGW was pyrolyzed at different temperatures, and the resulting biochar was used to amend Cd-contaminated soils to grow cabbage. Our results showed that the Cd adsorption capacity of UGW-biochar was positively correlated with the surface area, O/C, and (O+N)/C value of biochar. Furthermore, UGW-biochar was incorporated into three Cd-contaminated soils, including one acidic soil and two neutral soils, to assess its impact on the availability of Cd. The most substantial reduction in the concentration of available Cd was observed in the acidic soil, of the three tested soils. In the neutral soils, a more substantial reduction was found in the heavily Cd-contaminated soil compared to the lightly Cd-contaminated soil. UGW-biochar amendments to the three Cd-contaminated soils resulted in an increase in the cabbage biomass in acidic soil, whereas in neutral soils, it increased in lightly contaminated soils but decreased in heavily contaminated soils. Additionally, the Cd bioaccumulation factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF), and removal efficiency (RE), as impacted by the biochar application, were calculated in the lightly Cd-contaminated soil-cabbage system. The BCF decreased from 5.84 to 3.80 as the dosage of the UGW-biochar increased from 0% to 3%, indicating that the UGW-biochar immobilized Cd and reduced its bioaccumulation in cabbage roots. Based on our investigations, UGW-biochar effectively immobilizes Cd by reducing its mobility and bioavailability in a lightly contaminated environment matrix.

Fermentative α-Humulene Production from Homogenized Grass Clippings as a Growth Medium.

Green waste, e.g., grass clippings, is currently insufficiently recycled and has untapped potential as a valuable resource. Our aim was to use juice from grass clippings as a growth medium for microorganisms. Herein, we demonstrate the production of the sesquiterpene α-humulene with the versatile organism Cupriavidus necator pKR-hum on a growth medium from grass clippings. The medium was compared with established media in terms of microbial growth and terpene production. C. necator pKR-hum shows a maximum growth rate of 0.43 h-1 in the grass medium and 0.50 h-1 in a lysogeny broth (LB) medium. With the grass medium, 2 mg/L of α-humulene were produced compared to 10 mg/L with the LB medium. By concentrating the grass medium and using a controlled bioreactor in combination with an optimized in situ product removal, comparable product concentrations could likely be achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that juice from grass clippings has been used as a growth medium without any further additives for microbial product synthesis. This use of green waste as a material represents a new bioeconomic utilization option of waste materials and could contribute to improving the economics of grass biorefineries.

Combined addition of biochar, lactic acid, and pond sediment improves green waste composting.

Composting, as an eco-friendly method to recycle green waste (GW), converts the GW into humus-like compounds. However, conventional GW composting is inefficient and generates poor-quality compost. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of the combined additions of biochar (BC; 0, 5, and 10 %), lactic acid (LA; 0, 0.5, and 1.0 %), and pond sediment (PS; 0, 20, and 30 %) on GW composting. A treatment without additives served as the control (treatment T1). The results showed that treatment R1 (with 5 % BC, 0.5 % LA, and 20 % PS) was better than the treatments with two additives or no additive and required only 32 days to generate a stable and mature product. Compared with T1, R1 improved water-holding capacity, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus, available potassium, nitrate nitrogen, OM decomposition, and germination index by 51 %, 48 %, 170 %, 93 %, 119 %, 157 %, and 119 %, respectively. R1 also increased the activities of cellulase, lignin peroxidase, and laccase. The results showed that the combined addition of BC, LA, and PS increased the gas exchange, water retention, and the microbial secretion of enzymes, thus accelerating the decomposition of GW. This study demonstrated the effects of BC, LA, and PS addition on GW composting and final compost properties, and analyzed the reasons of the effects. The study therefore increases the understanding of the sustainable disposal of an important solid waste.

Datasets on material properties and energy yields of lab-designed organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) components.

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is a complex material with different ingredients characterized by varying properties depending on parameters such as season or geographical region of origin. Consequently, studies on OFMSW are hard to compare due to the changing characteristics of the samples. Therefore, this article presents data on the physico-chemical composition of standardized, recipe-based OFMSW components divided into the categories "Paper", "Green waste" and "Food waste", and further subcategories. Data presented in this article include (1) dry matter, (2) organic dry matter, (3) C, H and N concentrations, (4) gross calorific values, (5) ash melting behavior, (6) specific biogas yield and (7) methane concentration. An application example of an experiment requiring the same starting material properties is represented by storage experiments, as performed within the original scientific article [1]. Thus, this Data in Brief article also provides additional data on recipe-based storage experiments complementing the original article. The datasets cannot only be used to estimate biowaste potentials but they can also be used for the design and execution of experiments that require standardized OFMSW samples.

Home and community composts in Nantes city (France): quality and safety regarding trace metals and metalloids.

Home and community composting are key strategies for local organic waste management. The quality and safety of industrial composts are controlled, but those of home and community composts are not, and this could make them unsafe for use in kitchen gardens. Home (n = 20) and community (n = 41) composts, from urban and suburban areas including mildly Pb-contaminated allotment gardens, were analyzed for quality and safety regarding trace metals and metalloids (TMM) using mid-infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (FT-MIR) and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, respectively. Home composts had a significantly higher Pb content (98 mg.kg-1 ± 10 mg.kg-1) than community composts (21 mg.kg-1 ± 2 mg.kg-1). Numerous home composts (85%) and a few community composts (17%) exceeded the organic farming thresholds for Pb (45 mg.kg-1) and Zn (100 mg.kg-1). The high mineral matter content and the relative abundance of chemical functions attributable to silicates (up to 35%) highly paralleled with TMM contents, mostly concentrated in the fine fraction. Co-inertia analysis highlighted strong and significant links between TMM contents and the whole chemical signature delivered by FT-MIR spectrometry. Pb-contaminated soil could be carried into home compost by green waste or by voluntary addition. Covariance analyses indicated that mineral matter and chemical functions only partly explained the variability in Pb content, suggesting a more complex combination of drivers. Community composting appears as a suitable local solution resulting in high-quality compost that complies with European organic farming regulations, while home composting from allotment gardens should be seriously evaluated to comply with such safety requirements.

The adsorption mechanisms of oriental plane tree biochar toward bisphenol S: A combined thermodynamic evidence, spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations.

Garden pruning waste is becoming a problem that intensifies the garbage siege. It is of great significance to purify polluted water using biochar prepared from garden pruning waste. Herein, the interaction mechanism between BPS and oriental plane tree biochar (TBC) with different surface functional groups was investigated by adsorption experiments, spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm of BPS on TBC can be satisfactorily fitted into pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir models, respectively. A rapid adsorption kinetic toward BPS was achieved by TBC in 15 min. As compared with TBC prepared at low temperature (300 °C) (LTBC), the maximum adsorption capacity of TBC prepared at high temperature (600 °C) (HTBC) can be significantly improved from 46.7 mg g-1 to 72.9 mg g-1. Besides, the microstructure and surface functional groups of HTBC were characterized using SEM, BET-N2, and XPS analysis. According to density functional theory (DFT) theoretical calculations, the higher adsorption energy of HTBC for BPS was mainly attributed to π-π interaction rather than hydrogen bonding, which was further supported by the analysis of FTIR and Raman spectra as well as the adsorption thermodynamic parameters. These findings suggested that by improving π-π interaction through high pyrolysis temperature, BPS could be removed and adsorbed by biochar with high efficacy, cost-efficiency, easy availability, and carbon-negative in nature, contributing to global carbon neutrality.

Optimization of lignocellulolytic bacterial inoculum and substrate mix for lignocellulose degradation and product quality on co-composting of green waste with food waste.

The present study evaluates the effect of the mixing ratio of substrates and inoculation with lignocellulolytic bacteria on green waste (GW) and food waste (FW) co-composting. A Box-Behnken design was used to simultaneously optimize the lignocellulose degradation (%LD) and end-product quality. The best operational conditions were 4.85*105 CFU g-1 of Bacillus sp. F3X3 and 1.44*106 CFU g-1 of Paenibacillus sp. F1A5 with a substrate mixture containing 50% GW, 32.5% unprocessed FW, 2.5% processed FW, 13% sawdust, and 2% phosphate rock; with a C/N ratio of 27. Under these conditions, the %LD was 33% and the end-product has pH 8.3, TOC 22,4%, TN 1,7%, and a germination index of 103%. Therefore, the product complies with quality standards for organic fertilizers. The results of this study allow the identification of appropriate strategies to optimize GW composting, increasing the degradation of lignocellulose and improving the end-product quality.

Study on dynamic changes of microbial community and lignocellulose transformation mechanism during green waste composting.

There are few reports on the material transformation and dominant microorganisms in the process of greening waste (GW) composting. In this study, the target microbial community succession and material transformation were studied in GW composting by using MiSeq sequencing and PICRUSt tools. The results showed that the composting process could be divided into four phases. Each phase of the composting appeared in turn and was unable to jump. In the calefactive phase, microorganisms decompose small molecular organics such as FA to accelerate the arrival of the thermophilic phase. In the thermophilic phase, thermophilic microorganisms decompose HA and lignocellulose to produce FA. While in the cooling phase, microorganisms degrade HA and FA for growth and reproduction. In the maturation phase, microorganisms synthesize humus using FA, amino acid and lignin nuclei as precursors. In the four phases of the composting, different representative genera of bacteria and fungi were detected. Streptomyces, Myceliophthora and Aspergillus, maintained high abundance in all phases of the compost. Correlation analysis indicated that bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi had synergistic effect on the degradation of lignocellulose. Therefore, it can accelerate the compost process by maintaining the thermophilic phase and adding a certain amount of FA in the maturation phase.