Teacher support and its impact on ESL student engagement in blended learning: The mediating effects of L2 grit and intended effort.

BACKGROUND: In the shifting paradigm of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction, blended learning has become increasingly prevalent, necessitating understanding factors that drive student engagement. The research delves into the intricate interaction between teacher support and student engagement, postulating that L2 grit and intended effort function as mediators within this dynamic. METHODS: We employed a cross-sectional design involving a sample of 712 EFL students engaged in blended learning courses. Through quantitative analysis, we measured the constructs of teacher support, L2 grit, intended effort, and student engagement with validated scales. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to investigate the relationships between these variables and to test the hypothesized mediation effects. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that teacher support correlated with higher levels of student engagement. L2 grit and intended effort were identified as significant mediators in this relationship. L2 grit acted as a bridge between teacher support and student engagement, reflecting the essential role of perseverance and passion for long-term language learning objectives. Intended effort further mediated this relationship, indicating that supportive teacher behaviors foster greater student effort, enhancing overall engagement. The study also revealed a chain mediation effect, suggesting that teacher support sequentially enhances L2 grit, which in turn increases intended effort, cumulatively leading to improved student engagement. CONCLUSION: The findings offer evidence of the central role of teacher support in bolstering student engagement through the development of L2 grit and the enhancement of intended effort. This paper underlines the necessity of a supportive learning environment in blended EFL settings and presents a novel sequential mediation framework that can guide educators, curriculum designers, and policymakers in creating more effective learning experiences.

Predictors of grit among medical students: a study at a Malaysian Public University.

BACKGROUND: Previous literature has demonstrated associations between grit and positive educational and psychological outcomes, such as higher academic grades, lower attrition rates in medical training, and protection from burnout. However, the predictors of grit have yet to be studied, particularly among medical students in Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the level of grit and its predictors among Malaysian medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 123 medical students from a public university in Malaysia. Data on sociodemographic and educational characteristics were collected. The student's personality traits were determined using the Big Five Inventory (BFI), while grit was assessed using the validated 7-item Short Grit Scale (Grit-S). Grit was expressed as a mean score, ranging from 1 (not at all gritty) to 5 (extremely gritty). Multiple linear regression was used to determine the association between the predictors (personality, sociodemographic and educational characteristics) and grit among these students. RESULTS: The mean grit score was 3.43 (SD 0.57). Based on the multiple linear regression analysis, the grit score was significantly predicted by three personality traits which were extraversion, b = 0.2 (95% CI: 0.07-0.32), agreeableness, b = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.12-0.44) and conscientiousness, b = 0.6 (95% CI: 0.42-0.77). A 1-point increase in the mean extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness scores would independently increase these students' mean grit scores by 0.2, 0.28, and 0.6, respectively. The sociodemographic and educational characteristics did not significantly predict grit among Malaysian medical students. CONCLUSIONS: The mean grit score among Malaysian medical students is comparable to other medical students in Asia. Extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness personality traits were associated with higher grit. As grit is a dynamic trait, appropriate interventions should be implemented to foster and increase it among these students.

Bonding Effectiveness of Veneering Ceramic to Zirconia after Different Grit-Blasting Treatments.

Objective: To determine the effect of grit-blasting before and after sintering on the surface roughness of zirconia and the micro-tensile bond strength of a pressable veneering ceramic to zirconia. Methods: Pre-sintered zirconia blocks (IPS e.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar) were divided into four test groups of three specimens each and a control group ('CTR'; no surface treatment). Pre-S-30, Pre-S-50, and Pre-S-110 were grit-blasted with 30-µm SiO2-coated Al2O3, 50-µm Al2O3 and 110-µm Al2O3 particles, respectively, before sintering. Post-S-30 was grit-blasted with 30-µm SiO2-coated Al2O3 after sintering. For each treatment, the surface roughness was measured (Ra, Perthometer M4P, Mahr Perthen). After sintering the zirconia blocks, a liner was applied and a pressable ceramic (IPS e.max ZirPress, Ivoclar) was heat-pressed. Sixteen microbars were obtained from each block and submitted to micro-tensile bond-strength (µTBS) testing. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. Any correlation between Ra and µTBS was evaluated (Sperman test). Results: Grit-blasting before sintering with 110-µm Al2O3 (RaPre-S-110 = 3.4 ± 0.4 µm), 50-µm Al2O3 (RaPre-S-50 = 2.3 ± 0.5 µm), and 30-µm SiO2-coated Al2O3 (RaPre-S-30 = 1.2 ± 0.2 µm) resulted in significantly higher roughness than grit-blasting after sintering with 30-µm SiO2-coated Al2O3 (RaPost-S-30 = 0.5 ± 0.1 µm). The highest µTBS was measured when the sintered zirconia was grit-blasted with 30-µm SiO2-coated Al2O3 (µTBSPost-S-30 = 28.5 ± 12.6 MPa), which was significantly different from that of specimens that were grit-blasted before sintering (µTBSPre-S-30 = 21.8 ± 10.4; µTBSPre-S-50 = 24.1 ± 12.6; µTBSPre-S-110 = 26.4 ± 14.1) or were not grit-blasted (µTBSCTR = 20.2 ± 11.2). Conclusions: Grit-blasting zirconia before sintering enhanced the surface roughness proportionally to the particle size of the sand used. Grit-blasting with 30-µm SiO2-coated Al2O3 after sintering improved bonding of the veneering ceramic to zirconia. Clinical Significance: As grit-blasting with 30-µm SiO2-coated Al2O3 after sintering improved bonding of the veneering ceramic to zirconia, it may reduce veneering ceramic fractures/chipping.

Development and Validation of the Ease of Imagery Questionnaire.

The present series of studies aimed to develop and provide initial validation of the Ease of Imagery Questionnaire (EIQ)-a measure assessing ease of imaging different positive and negative imagery content reflective of valence and engaging or disengaging in adverse situations. Five studies were conducted to collectively examine the questionnaire's factor structure and concurrent validity. Study 1 (N = 336) and Study 2 (N = 207) informed the development of 16 items of the EIQ, with a four-factor structure supported in Studies 3 (N = 219), 4 (N = 135), and 5 (N = 184) using confirmatory factor analysis. Study 3 also supported concurrent validity with significant bivariate correlations (p < .05) with the similar Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire subscales, while studies 4 and 5 demonstrated criterion validity in the EIQ's prediction of challenge and threat appraisal tendencies, perceived stress, stress mindset, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Overall, the EIQ demonstrates a replicable four-factor structure and appears to assess ability to image content associated with positive and negative emotions as well as demanding stress-evoking situations.

A survey exploring the nexus of psychological traits, nature connection, and quality of life among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Background: As the recognition of psychological factors in chronic illness management grows, this study examined the interplay of psychological traits - grit, self-efficacy, resilience, and nature-relatedness - and their collective impact on the Quality of Life (QoL) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 222 patients with RA at a private hospital in Malaysia. Utilizing validated scales, including the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Short Grit Scale, Nature Relatedness Scale, and Arthritis Self Efficacy Scale, data were collected. Pearson Product-moment Correlation analyses assessed the relationships between variables, and a multiple mediation analysis explored the mediating effects of resilience, grit, and self-efficacy on the relationship between nature-relatedness and QoL. Findings: Of the 222 participants (86% female, mean age = 56.03, S.D. = 13.42), the analysis revealed a significant mediating role of resilience in the relationship between nature-relatedness and QoL among RA patients (b = -.117, SE = .042, 95% BCa CI [-.208, -.046]). Although grit and self-efficacy positively correlated with QoL, they did not serve as significant mediators in the nature-relatedness - QoL relationship. This highlights the pivotal role of building a sense of resiliency among patients with RA. Interpretation: Individuals with RA are not only resilient in terms of their psychological traits such as grit, self-efficacy, and general resilience but also exhibit resilience in their connection and interaction with the natural environment (nature-relatedness). This holistic concept recognizes that fostering resilience in both psychological aspects and the context of one's environment is crucial for promoting overall well-being, particularly in the management of chronic illnesses like RA. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of psychological factors and environmental engagement in contributing to an individual's ability to cope and thrive despite health challenges.

Teacher support, grit and L2 willingness to communicate: the mediating effect of foreign language enjoyment.

Informed by some relevant theories of positive psychology, the current study examined the interrelations among teacher support, grit, and L2 willingness to communicate (WTC), focusing mainly on the mediating role of foreign language enjoyment (FLE). A sample of 619 university students in China participated in this cross-sectional survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the gathered data. The results showed that grit could directly and positively predict L2 WTC. Furthermore, teacher support and grit could affect L2 WTC via the mediating role of FLE. These findings served as empirical evidence from the second language acquisition (SLA) domain for positive psychology, revealing the influential mechanism shaping the interconnectedness among all the constructs. The study concluded with a discussion of pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research.

Exploring the relationship between grit scores and academic potential in baccalaureate nursing students.

BACKGROUND: An ongoing nursing shortage poses significant challenges to the healthcare industry, prompting nursing education programs to find ways to increase nurse graduates. Unfortunately, the problem of attrition in nursing education is significant. Despite many years of attrition research, educators still seek to find answers to determine what factors cause some students to succeed and others to fail in nursing programs. Noncognitive variables, like grit, have been largely overlooked as potential solutions to the problem of attrition. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which grit predicts academic potential in baccalaureate nursing students. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a total of 63 baccalaureate nursing students in their first semester of a four-semester nursing program at a mid-sized public university in East Texas. Participants took an electronic survey reporting demographic information, completing the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S), and consenting to release of their pre-admission science grade point average (sGPA), ATI Test of Essential Academic Skills (TEAS) exam scores, and first-semester nursing GPA (nGPA). RESULTS: When added to sGPA and TEAS scores, grit scores were not a statistically significant predictor of nGPA. Students with high grit scores were just as likely to experience attrition as those with low scores, and grit did not statistically significantly predict first-semester attrition. CONCLUSIONS: Nurse educators are encouraged to pursue strategies to address attrition in nursing education. Traditional selection criteria of sGPA and TEAS exam scores were shown to be predictors of nGPA. Additional research is warranted to explore the relationship between noncognitive variables, especially grit, and nursing student academic potential.

Association between grit and depressive symptoms among medical students, moderated by academic performance.

Depression amongst medical students is a crucial matter. Grit, which is a potentially modifiable psychological factor, has been inversely linked to depressive symptoms. However, it remains unclear how grit is associated with depression. This study aims to examine the relationship between grit and depressive symptoms and to further investigate the potential effect modification by academic performance on the association between grit and depression among medical students. We focus on the total grit score and its subscales, namely perseverance of effort and consistency of interest. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from second-year medical students at Tokyo Medical and Dental University in Japan from 2020 to 2023. The participants responded to questionnaire surveys comprising the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Short Grit Scale. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between grit and depressive symptoms. We also tested for effect modification by first-year Grade Point Average (GPA) on the association between grit and depression. The total grit score and its subscales, perseverance of effort and consistency of interest, were all inversely associated with depressive symptoms (b = -4.7 [95%CI - 6.7 to - 2.6], b = -3.7 [95%CI - 5.3 to - 2.1], b = -1.8 [95%CI - 3.5 to - 0.2], respectively). While the interaction term for the total grit score and GPA was not significant, the interaction term for perseverance of effort and GPA was significant, indicating that the association between perseverance of effort and depression was stronger among the higher-achieving students. The interaction term for consistency of interest and GPA was also significant, indicating that the association was stronger among the lower-achieving students. We reveal a novel aspect of the association between grit and depressive symptoms in light of academic performance. The findings will contribute to future research on depression amongst medical students.

Multitasking while studying - grit moderates the relationship of situational motivation and multitasking.

Multitasking during studying is frequent among students. In this experience sampling study we examine if multitasking during studying can be explained by situational study motivation and the personality trait grit; and if grit moderates the relationship of situational motivation and multitasking. Eighty-eight students participated. All participants planned to write an important exam within the upcoming 2 weeks. Situational motivation was conceptualized along the lines of self-determination theory, differentiating between autonomous and controlled motivation. Also, we assessed students' grit. Hypotheses were tested using multilevel modeling in MPlus. As predicted, students multitasked less when situational study motivation was autonomous (vs. controlled). Contrary to predictions, we did not find a significant main effect of grit on multitasking. However, the interaction effect was significant, indicating that in situations with relatively controlled study motivation grittier students are more likely to refrain from multitasking than their less gritty peers.

The Role of Risk Tolerance in a Patient's Decision to Undergo Total Knee and Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: A patient's decision-making process to undergo surgery is crucial for surgeons to understand for patient counseling purposes. Total knee and hip arthroplasty, like any other major surgery, is associated with serious, sometimes life-threatening, complications. Using the results of discrete choice experiments (DCE), we aimed to understand the relationship between a patient's risk tolerance and choosing to undergo surgery in real life. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of prospectively collected DCE results for 142 potential knee or hip arthroplasty clinic patients from October 2021 to March 2022. The DCE presented the patient with two scenarios, each of which was made up of different combinations of attributes and levels. A hierarchal Bayesian model was utilized to obtain a risk score that reflected the risk attributes chosen by each patient. Logistic regressions were then utilized to evaluate the association between a patient's willingness to incur risk and their decision to undergo a total joint arthroplasty (TJA). RESULTS: Out of the 142 patients enrolled in the DCE, 89 (62.3%) underwent a TJA. Risk score (OR [odds ratio] = 2.6, 95% CI [confidence interval] 1.1 to 6.6, P = 0.0400), men (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.9, P = 0.0280), and patients who have hip osteoarthritis (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.5, P = 0.0360) increased the odds of undergoing arthroplasty, whereas physical function of at least 75% at the initial visit (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7, P = 0.0040) decreased these odds. CONCLUSIONS: We found that a patient's willingness to incur risk, lower baseline physical function, and men were all independently associated with undergoing total knee arthroplasty. We believe that these findings prompt much-needed future studies that focus solely on the relationship between patients inherent risk behavior and surgical and patient-reported outcomes.

Relationship between maternal grit and effortful control among 18-21-month-old toddlers.

Grit is known to be effective for long-term academic and social success. However, few studies have focused on the role of grit in parenting and its effect on the development of grit in children. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of maternal grit on children's effortful control (EC), which is thought to be a precursor to grit, using parenting as a mediating factor. Participants in the current study were 412 children (age range: 18-21 months, M = 34.67 months, SD = 4.51 months) and their mothers. We assessed maternal grit, parenting style, maternal EC, and child EC, and found that maternal grit, maternal EC, and parenting style were positively correlated with child EC. Furthermore, maternal grit was related to EC in children not only directly, but also indirectly through responsive parenting. Additionally, maternal grit was found to be directly related to child EC only when assessed separately from maternal EC. The current study's findings suggest that maternal grit is directly related to EC in children in a way that differs from the mother's EC in child-rearing situations.

Effects of grit on medical students' wellbeing during clerkships: a longitudinal observational cohort study.

Introduction: In medical education, the clerkship phase is a demanding period during which medical students learn to navigate the responsibilities of medical school and clinical medicine. Grit, a personal quality regarded as a non-cognitive trait, refers to perseverance and passion; specifically, it represents the ability to endure hardship and work industriously toward a goal. Most studies analysed grit as a single concept and few studies have investigated the effect of grit on the well-being of medical students through the whole-specialty training (i.e. surgical and non-surgical specialty rotations) required in clinical clerkships. Therefore, this study investigated whether associations exist between medical students' grit, measured by the two subconstructs of perseverance and passion, and their well-being during clerkships in surgical and non-surgical specialty units. Methods: This one-year prospective web-based questionnaire study enrolled fifth-year medical students at a tertiary medical centre in central Taiwan between September 2017 and July 2018 in their first-year clerkship. The students' sex, age, and grit were measured at the start of their clerkship. Routine surveys were conducted over one year to assess burnout and compassion satisfaction for students' well-being, and the training specialty characteristics of the surgical and non-surgical specialty departments were recorded. This study included 92 medical students and 1,055 survey responses from individual specialty rotations. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: Our results revealed that medical students' perseverance, as part of grit, was related to lower burnout and higher compassion satisfaction during clerkships, but not the subconstruct of passion. Moreover, the positive trait of perseverance measured in our study had greater explanatory power for compassion satisfaction than for burnout. Furthermore, the results revealed that older medical students suffered from less burnout than their younger counterparts, and that male medical students expressed higher compassion satisfaction than their female counterparts. Discussion: Perseverance, as a subconstruct of grit, is a positive personal quality for medical students' clerkships, and methods driving the cultivation of perseverance in medical education should be considered. In addition, even though positive traits such as perseverance equipped medical students for compassion satisfaction, additional factors attributed to medical students' burnout must be identified.

An exploration of the relationship between grit, reflection-in-learning, and academic performance in entry-level doctor of physical therapy students.

INTRODUCTION: Recent literature in physical therapy education suggests learners' non-cognitive skills, such as grit and reflection, may be predictors of success. Little is known about the relationship of these constructs to each other or success during the first year of entry level physical therapist education. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between Reflection-In- Learning Scale (RLS), grit, and grade point average (GPA) of entry-level physical therapy students during the first year of didactic instruction. METHODS: One hundred and fourteen entry-level doctor of physical therapy students enrolled in a private university completed the original 12-item Grit Scale (Grit 1) and the RLS (RLS 1) during the first term and again at the end of the third trimester (Grit 2 and RLS 2). RESULTS: The relationship between Grit 1 and RLS 1 demonstrated a fair, positive, significant correlation (r = .380, p < .001). No relationship was found between Grit 1 and GPA (r = .066, p = .485), or Grit 2 and GPA (r = .064, p = .500), or between RLS 1 and GPA (r = .017, p = .857), or RLS 2 and GPA (r = .171, p = .069). Fifty-three percent of students demonstrated a decrease in grit and 56% decreased RLS scores at the end of the first year of the program. CONCLUSION: The fair correlation between these variables indicates they may measure different constructs. Findings suggest that doctor of physical therapy programs should be cautious when using these non-cognitive factors in making admission decisions. Future research should explore changes in grit and RLS throughout the curricula and impact on student success.

A cross-sectional study of academic success measures, grit, and resilience among US dental students.

PURPOSE: This study explored themes previously identified as central to holistic professional school success, as related to traditional academic achievement, resilience, and grit measures. METHODS: This cross-sectional study surveyed third- and fourth-year US dental students. Items addressed themes previously identified as central to professional school success, including need for cognition, patient ownership, collective orientation, grit, and resilience. Traditional academic metrics were also included. Statistical analyses comprised one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), simple linear regression, and stepwise multiple regression procedures. RESULTS: A total of 126 students participated (81% response rate). Collective orientation, need for cognition, patient ownership, and resilience did not significantly correlate with grade point average (GPA), whereas grit did, r = 0.29. Need for cognition and patient ownership combined significantly predicted grit with approximately 35% of variance explained. Approximately 25% of variance in resilience scores was accounted for by need for cognition, coupled with collective orientation. Grit and resilience significantly correlated, r = 0.59. CONCLUSIONS: Grit significantly predicted both traditional and alternative metrics of success among dental students, particularly need for cognition and patient ownership. A high need for cognition is consistent among students who display both grit and resilience. Neither resilience nor the alternative measures of success predicted traditional academic metrics.

The seeds of change: Antecedent variables and their impact in building grit and resilience through outdoor adventure education.

INTRODUCTION: This study examines the impact of Outdoor Adventure Education (OAE) on developing grit and resilience in adolescents. Focusing on a United States-based sample collected in 2015, it explores how antecedent variables such as age and gender influence these outcomes, integrating the PERMA model of well-being to investigate underlying mechanisms. METHODS: The research employed a cross-sectional design with 350 participants aged 14-18 from various OAE courses. Data collection involved pre/post surveys assessing grit and resilience as experiences through mastery, relatedness, and emotional reactivity. The study utilized established inventories for grit and the Resilience Scales for Children and Adolescents. RESULTS: Findings revealed significant grit, mastery, and relatedness increases following the OAE program. Participants demonstrated enhanced perseverance and passion toward goals, increased sense of mastery, and better relational dynamics. However, emotional reactivity scores remained largely unchanged. Notably, the impact of these programs varied based on participants' gender and socioeconomic status, indicating differential effects across demographic groups. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that OAE programs effectively foster grit and resilience in adolescents, with varying impacts based on demographic factors. It highlights the necessity for inclusive and adaptive program designs that cater to diverse participant needs. The results contribute valuable insights to the field of youth development, emphasizing the role of OAE in enhancing key psychological traits essential for adolescents' growth and adaptation.

Personalidad Grit y rendimiento anaeróbico en taekwondistas estadounidenses

El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre el rendimiento anaeróbico y la personalidad Grit en taekwondistas estadounidenses, su grado de influencia, así como las diferencias que puedan existir entre sexos. Este estudio tuvo una metodología cuantitativa, descriptiva-correlacional, realizada en una población de (n=121) taekwondistas, vinculados a la USAT. La personalidad Grit fue medida mediante la escala Grit, y el rendimiento anaeróbico a través de la prueba del sprint anaeróbico basado en la carrera (Rast). De acuerdo con los resultados se pudo identificar en hombres, una correlación positiva y significativa entre la capacidad y potencia anaeróbica con el Grit (p<0.005 y p<0.007 respectivamente). Asimismo, estas dos variables se relacionaron significativamente con el Grit (p<0.001) en el total de la muestra. En el caso de las mujeres, no hubo relaciones significativas. El índice de fatiga no presentó correlaciones significativas. La personalidad Grit influyó hasta un 14% en la capacidad y potencia anaeróbica en hombres (p<0.001 y p<0.002, respectivamente) y un 12% en estos dos mismos aspectos para la muestra total (p<0.000 en ambos casos). Finalmente, los hallazgos indican una relación entre la potencia, capacidad anaeróbica con la personalidad Grit en hombres y en el total de la muestra, con una influencia significativa del Grit en el rendimiento anaeróbico. No se encontraron tales relaciones en mujeres. Aunque no se hallaron diferencias significativas por sexo en el Grit, capacidad y potencia anaeróbica, sí que se encontró en el índice de fatiga, indicando una disparidad en la resistencia a la fatiga entre sexos.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between anaerobic performance and Grit personality in American taekwondo practitioners, its degree of influence, as well as any differences that may exist between genders. This study employed a quantitative, descriptive-correlational methodology, conducted on a population of (n=121) taekwondo practitioners affiliated with the USAT. Grit personality was measured using the Grit Scale, and anaerobic performance was assessed through the Anaerobic Sprint Test based on running (Rast). According to the results, a positive and significant correlation between anaerobic capacity and power with Grit was identified in men (p<0.005 and p<0.007 respectively). Likewise, these two variables were significantly related to Grit (p<0.001) in the total sample. In the case of women, there were no significant relationships. The fatigue index showed no significant correlations. Grit personality influenced up to 14% in anaerobic capacity and power in men (p<0.001 and p<0.002, respectively) and 12% in these two aspects for the total sample (p<0.000 in both cases). Finally, the findings indicate a relationship between power, anaerobic capacity, and Grit personality in men and the total sample, with a significant influence of Grit on anaerobic performance. Such relationships were not found in women. Although no significant gender differences were found in Grit, anaerobic capacity, and power, differences were found in the fatigue index, indicating a disparity in fatigue resistance between genders.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre o desempenho anaeróbico e a personalidade Grit em praticantes de taekwondo americanos, seu grau de influência, bem como as diferenças que possam existir entre os sexos. Este estudo utilizou uma metodologia quantitativa, descritiva-correlacional, realizada em uma população de (n=121) praticantes de taekwondo afiliados à USAT. A personalidade Grit foi medida usando a Escala Grit, e o desempenho anaeróbico foi avaliado através do Teste de Sprint Anaeróbico baseado em corrida (Rast). De acordo com os resultados, foi possível identificar nos homens uma correlação positiva e significativa entre a capacidade e potência anaeróbica com o Grit (p<0.005 e p<0.007, respectivamente). Da mesma forma, essas duas variáveis estavam significativamente relacionadas ao Grit (p<0.001) na amostra total. No caso das mulheres, não foram encontradas relações significativas. O índice de fadiga não apresentou correlações significativas. A personalidade Grit influenciou até 14% na capacidade e potência anaeróbica em homens (p<0.001 e p<0.002, respectivamente) e 12% nesses dois aspectos para a amostra total (p<0.000 em ambos os casos). Finalmente, os achados indicam uma relação entre potência, capacidade anaeróbica e a personalidade Grit em homens e na amostra total, com uma influência significativa do Grit no desempenho anaeróbico. Tais relações não foram encontradas em mulheres. Embora não tenham sido encontradas diferenças significativas por sexo no Grit, capacidade e potência anaeróbica, foi encontrada diferença no índice de fadiga, indicando uma disparidade na resistência à fadiga entre os sexos.

Reliability and validity of simple Chinese version of grit scale for elementary school students.

BACKGROUND: The Grit scale (GS-12) is a widely used rating scale that assess passion and perseverance. The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of simple Chinese Version of Grit Scale (GS-SC) among Chinese adolescents. METHODS: Seven hundred one primary school students were recruited as Sample 1. Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were conducted on Sample 1 to preliminarily examine the structure of the scale. Sample 2 consisted of 5,384 primary school students. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and verification of reliability and validity were conducted on Sample 2 to establish a formal scale and further verify the psychometric properties by applying item response theory (IRT). RESULTS: EFA and CFA revealed a clear two-factor structure. The results demonstrated that the Simplified Chinese Version of Grit Scale had adequate internal consistency and re-test reliability. GS-CS also showed good criterion-validity with personality, self-control, effort regulation and academic achievement. Furthermore, all the items show a acceptable fit to the GRM and have good discrimination (ranging from 2.13 to 3.45) and moderate difficulty(ranging from-1.58 to 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: The reliability and validity of the GS-SC are good, indicating that the scale can be used as an effective tool for measuring the grit of primary school students in China.

Physical activity and self-efficacy in college students: the mediating role of grit and the moderating role of gender.

Background: There is a paucity of knowledge concerning the psychological variables that serve to facilitate the connection between physical activity and self-efficacy, and the factors capable of moderating these pathways. This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity and self-efficacy among college students, with a focus on the mediating effect of grit and the moderating effect of gender. Methods: This study recruited 3,228 undergraduate students from a university in Shanghai, China. They completed the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Short Grit Scale, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 and the Process v4.0 plugin. Results: Physical activity had both a direct effect on self-efficacy (ß = 0.07, 95% CI [0.04-0.11]) and an indirect effect through the two dimensions of grit: perseverance of effort (ß = 0.06, 95% CI [0.04-0.07]) and consistency of interest (ß = 0.03, 95% CI [0.02-0.04]). The mediating effect explained 53.27% of the total effect. Furthermore, gender moderated the relationship between perseverance of effort and self-efficacy, with a stronger effect observed in males (ß = 0.08, t = 3.27, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The results revealed that grit is an underlying psychological mechanism that links physical activity and self-efficacy. Moreover, gender moderates the effect of perseverance of effort on self-efficacy, with a stronger effect observed in males. These findings have practical implications for educators to design tailored physical activity interventions that foster grit and self-efficacy among college students.

Longitudinal Relationship between L2 Grit and Motivational Regulation Strategy in University Second Language Learning: An Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model Study.

Despite the significance of grit and motivational regulation strategies (MRS) to language learning, limited research has been conducted on their longitudinal interplay. The present study explores the relationship between these two constructs in an English as a second language (L2) learning context through a longitudinal design. This study utilizes repeated measures of L2 grit and MRS at two time points (T1 and T2) to investigate the direction of influence between them and proposes and evaluates four models: an autoregressive model, two unidirectional models, and a bidirectional model. Using questionnaire data from 205 Chinese university students to evaluate the models, results from model assessment revealed that L2 grit at T1 positively predicted L2 grit at T2 and that MRS at T1 positively predicted MRS at T2. While L2 grit showed stability, MRS developed over time. The unidirectional model with L2 grit at T1 as a predictor of MRS at T2 was identified as the model of best fit, indicating that L2 grit at an earlier time unidirectionally influenced MRS at a later time. Based on these findings, we conclude that there is a unidirectional influence between L2 grit and MRS: the former plays an influential role in shaping MRS in L2 learning over time. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between the two constructs, which in turn impacts language learning persistence and success, offering valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers striving to optimize language learning environments and interventions.

Neural basis responsible for effect of grit on procrastination: The interaction between the self-regulation and motivation neural pathways.

Procrastination has a detrimental impact on academic performance, health, and subjective well-being. Previous studies indicated that grit was negatively related to procrastination. However, the underlying neural basis of this relationship remains unclear. To address this issue, we utilized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis to identify the neural substrates of how is grit linked to procrastination. Behavioral results showed that procrastination was negatively associated with grit. VBM analysis revealed that gray matter volume (GMV) in the left precuneus was positively associated with the consistency of interest (CI), a subcomponent of grit, while the right medial orbital frontal cortex (mOFC) was positively correlated with the perseverance of effort (PE), another subcomponent of grit. Moreover, the RSFC analysis indicated that both precuneus-medial superior frontal gyrus (mSFG) and precuneus-insula connectivity were positively related to CI, while the functional coupling of right mOFC with left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was positively related to PE. Importantly, the structural equation modeling (SEM) results were well suited for the influence of grit on procrastination via both self-regulation (mOFC-ACC) and motivation pathways (precuneus-mSFG, precuneus-insula). Together, these findings imply that self-regulation and motivation could be two neural circuits underlying the impact of grit on procrastination.