Phytofabrication, characterization of silver nanoparticles using Hippophae rhamnoides berries extract and their biological activities.

Introduction: Fabrication of plant-based metal nanoparticles has yielded promising results, establishing this approach as viable, sustainable, and non-toxic in the biomedical sector for targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, biosensing, cancer therapy, and antimicrobial treatments. Methods: The present work demonstrates the suitability of Hippophae rhamnoides berries for the instant green synthesis of silver nanoparticles to check their antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, and antimicrobial potential. The preliminary characterization of Hippophae rhamnoides-mediated AgNPs was validated by monitoring the color shift in the solution from pale yellow to reddish brown, which was further confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy and the plasmon peaks were observed at 450 nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the surface topography and structure of AgNPs. Herein, the antioxidant potential of synthesized AgNPs was investigated using DPPH free radical assay and the antimicrobial efficacy of similar was checked against E. coli and S. aureus by following MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (Minimum bactericidal concentration) assay. Along with the inhibitory percentage of lipid peroxidation was analysed by following TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive species) assay. Results & discussion: The results revealed that the AgNPs were spherical in shape with an average size distribution within the range of 23.5-28 nm and a crystalline structure. Negative zeta potential (-19.7 mV) revealed the physical stability of synthesized AgNPs as the repulsive force to prevent immediate aggregation. The bioactive functional moieties involved in reducing bulk AgNO3 into AgNPs were further validated by FTIR. TBARS was adapted to test lipid peroxidation, and Hippophae rhamnoides-mediated AgNPs showed a 79% inhibition in lipid peroxidation compared to Hippophae rhamnoides berries extract as 65%. Furthermore, the antibacterial tests showed 37 ± 0.01 mm and 35 ± 0.0132 mm, zones of inhibition against E. coli MTCC 1698 and S. aureus MTCC 3160 with MIC and MBC values of 1 mg/mL, respectively.

Anti-Platelet Activity of Sea Buckthorn Seeds and Its Relationship with Thermal Processing.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a tree or shrub with small, orange berries. Sea buckthorn seeds have shown many properties beneficial to human health, including antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, and retinoprotective activities. Seeds, as a component of food, are often exposed to high temperatures, which can increase or decrease their biological activity. In our previous study, we showed that both raw and roasted sea buckthorn seeds had significant antioxidant activity, which was measured in human plasma in vitro. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of extracts from raw and roasted sea buckthorn seeds on several parameters of hemostasis in vitro, including thrombus formation in full blood (measured by the Total Thrombus formation Analysis System-T-TAS), blood platelet activation (based on the exposition of P-selectin, the active form of GPIIb/IIIa on their surface and platelet-derived microparticles formation), aggregation (measured with impedance aggregometry), adhesion to fibrinogen and collagen, arachidonic acid metabolism in washed platelets stimulated by thrombin, and COX-1 activity. We also measured the levels of free 8-isoprostane in plasma and the total non-enzymatic antioxidant status of plasma. The extract from roasted seeds (50 µg/mL) significantly prolonged the time of occlusion measured by T-TAS-the AUC10 (area under the curve) value was decreased by approximately 18%. Both extracts decreased the exposition of the active form of GPIIb/IIIa on the surface of platelets activated with 10 µM ADP (by 38.4-62.2%) and 20 µM ADP (by 39.7-51.3%). Moreover, the extract from raw seeds decreased the exposition of P-selectin on the surface of platelets stimulated with 20 µM ADP (by 31.2-34.9%). The adhesion of thrombin-stimulated platelets to fibrinogen and collagen was inhibited only by the extract from roasted sea buckthorn seeds (by 20-30%). Moreover, the extract from raw seeds inhibited the level of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, an indicator of enzymatic peroxidation of arachidonic acid) in washed platelets stimulated with thrombin; the activity of COX-1 was inhibited by both extracts, although the effect of the extract from raw seeds was stronger. These results indicate that sea buckthorn seeds have anti-platelet activity that is not decreased by thermal processing, but more research is needed to determine which exact chemical compounds and mechanisms are responsible for this phenomenon.

Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Sea Buckthorn Leaves.

Sea buckthorn leaves (SBT_LVs) form notable by-product during harvesting and post-harvest management of the berries. It is already known that sea buckthorn berries are important for their chemical composition and based on this, they occupy a wide field in nutrition. SBT_LVs also have a rich chemical composition, like the berries. The aim of this study was to describe these by-products in the context of protein and complex carbohydrates-dietary fiber fractions, including qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids. Proximate composition, amino acids, nutritional values of the protein, and dietary fiber fractions of SBT_LVs of four cultivars (cvs.) Ascola, Habego, Hergo, and Leikora were assessed. SBT_LVs from different years of the study had statistically different levels of crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE), confirming that the quality of the raw material (leaves) can be significantly modified by habitat conditions. The largest fraction of dietary fiber was neutral detergent fiber (NDF), including the sum of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, followed by the acid detergent fiber fraction (ADF), consisting of lignin and cellulose. The content of essential amino acids in SBT_LV protein was high. Overall, this study confirms that SBT_LVs hold promise as a valuable resource for use as a food ingredient, functional food, and dietary supplement for both humans and animals.

Exploring the effect and mechanism of Hippophae rhamnoides L. triterpenoid acids on improving NAFLD based on network pharmacology and experimental validation in vivo and in vitro.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a traditional Chinese medicinal and possesses a rich medical history in terms of treating gastric disorders, sputum and cough and liver injuries in oriental medicinal system. By reason of the complicated chemical constituents, the material basis and potential pharmacological mechanism of sea buckthorn acting on Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been clearly elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore the pharmacological efficacy and underlying mechanism of sea buckthorn triterpenoid acid enrichment (STE) in the treatment of NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The approaches of Network pharmacology and experiment validation in vitro and in vivo were applied in this study. Firstly, targets of triterpenoid acid compounds and NAFLD were collected from databases. The crucial targets were screened by the construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Furthermore, the potential signaling pathways and targets affected by STE was predicted by GO together with KEGG enrichment analysis. Finally, the experiment validation was carried out through high-fat feeding NAFLD mice and lipid accumulation HepG2 cell model. Lipids and liver related biochemical indicators were determined, Oil Red O and H&E staining were employed to observe fat accumulation. In addition, the expression levels of proteins of key target and signal pathway anticipated in network pharmacology were detected to elaborated its action mechanism. RESULTS: A total of 180 intersecting potential targets for enhancing NAFLD with STE were eventually identified. 6 key targets including AKT1, TNF, IL6, INS, JUN, STAT3 and TP53 were further identified and the AMPK-SREBP1 pathway was enriched. Animal experiment result showed that STE treatment could significantly reduce the levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, ALT and AST, increase the levels of HDL-C in serum, and improve lipid accumulation of epididymal fat and liver. The results of the lipid accumulation cell model indicated that STE and key compound oleanolic acid could diminish intracellular lipid levels of TG, TC, LDL-C and number of lipid droplets. Western blot results showed that the above beneficial effects could be achieved by regulating the expression of p-AMPK/AMPK, SREBP1, FAS, ACC, SCD protein. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the effect of STE on improving NAFLD and the potential action mechanism was involved in the regulation of the AMPK-SREBP1 pathway.

Response of ecological stoichiometry and homeostasis characteristic to nitrogen addition in Hippophae rhamnoides L.

Nitrogen (N) in the atmosphere frequently affects plant growth, ecological stoichiometric equilibrium, and homeostasis stability. However, the effect of N addition application on the growth of Hippophae rhamnoides seedlings remains ambiguous. We investigated the effects of N addition on the ecological stoichiometry and homeostatic characteristics of H. rhamnoides seedlings. Greenhouse cultivation experiments were conducted at five N application levels: 0 kg ha-1 yr-1(CK), 100 kg ha-1 yr-1 (N10), 200 kg ha-1 yr-1 (N20), 400 kg ha-1 yr-1 (N40), 800 kg ha-1 yr-1 (N80). The results showed that pH and available phosphorus (AP) significantly decreased with increasing N, whereas soil C:P and N:P ratios significantly increased under the N40 and N80 treatments. The leaf C:N ratio significantly decreased with increasing N, whereas the N:P ratio increased. With N addition, the C:N ratio of plant stems and roots significantly decreased, whereas the C:P and N:P ratios significantly increased. N addition was significantly correlated with the ecological stoichiometry of plant leaves and soil properties (0.38 and 0.84, respectively). Homeostasis of the organs of H. rhamnoides seedlings exhibited an absolute steady state. The C, N, and C:P ratios of the roots exhibited insensitive states under the N40 treatment. N addition significantly modified both the soil ecological stoichiometry and the stoichiometry of H. rhamnoides seedlings. However, it did not demonstrate a pronounced negative effect on the homeostasis of H. rhamnoides seedlings. This study offers new insights into the ecological adaptation process of H. rhamnoides, particularly concerning its nutrient distribution, utilization strategies, and stability.

Exploring the potential mechanisms of the ethyl acetate fraction of Hippophae rhamnoides L. seeds as a natural healing agent for wound repair.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) has been designated a "medicine food homology" fruit by the National Health Commission of China due to its nutritional value. In traditional Chinese ethnomedicine, Hippophae rhamnoides L. is commonly used to treat nonhealing wounds such as burns, sores, and gastric ulcers. The aim of this study was to explore the healing effects of the ethyl acetate extract of sea buckthorn seeds (SBS-EF) on burn wounds. AIM OF THE STUDY: The primary objectives of this research were to determine the most effective medicinal site of action for treating burns with sea buckthorn seeds (SBS) and to investigate the underlying material basis and mechanisms of their therapeutic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of different components of SBS-EF on the proliferation and migration of human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) were evaluated via MTT assays, scratch assays, transwell assays, and hydroxyproline secretion analysis. SBS-EF displayed the greatest activity amongst the extracts. Subsequent analyses included network pharmacology methodology, molecular docking studies, ultraperformance liquid chromatography UPLC-Orbitrap-Exploris-120-MS and a severe second-degree burn rat model to investigate the chemical constituents and potential therapeutic mechanisms of the SBS-EF. RESULTS: In vitro studies demonstrated the efficacy of SBS-EF in promoting HSF growth and migration. UPLC-Orbitrap-Exploris-120-MS analysis revealed that SBS-EF had ten major constituents, with flavonoids being the predominant compounds, especially catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol derivatives. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses indicated that SBS-EF may exert its healing effects by modulating the Wnt/ß-catenin signalling pathway. Subsequent in vivo experiments demonstrated that SBS-EF accelerated burn wound healing in rats, increased hydroxyproline expression in skin tissue, facilitated skin structure repair, and enhanced collagen production and organisation over a 21 d period. Additionally, exposure to SBS-EF upregulated WNT3a and ß-catenin while downregulating GSK-3ß levels in rat skin tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The wound healing properties of SBS-EF were attributed to its ability to enhance HSF growth and migration, increase hydroxyproline levels in the skin, promote collagen accumulation, reduce scarring, and decrease the skin water content. SBS-EF may also provide therapeutic benefits for burns by modulating the Wnt/ß-catenin signalling pathway, as evidenced by its effective site and likely mechanism of action in the treatment of burned rats.

The Influence of Functional Composite Coatings on the Properties of Polyester Films before and after Accelerated UV Aging.

The aim of this study was to cover biopolymeric packaging films based on PLA/PHBV blend with a functional composite coating (to retain their ecological character) and to investigate their antimicrobial properties before and after UV irradiation. As an active coating, the carrier hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), as well as its modified form with Achillea millefolium L., Hippophae rhamnoides L., and Hypericum L. extract (E) and a combined system based on the extracts and nano-ZnO (EZ), was used to obtain active formulations. Additionally, film surface morphology (SEM, FTIR-ATR) and color (CIELab scale) analysis of the pre- and post-UV-treatment samples were performed. The results confirmed that the E and EZ-modified films exhibited antibacterial properties, but they were not effective against phage phi6. Q-SUN irradiation led to a decrease in the activity of E coating against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas syringae, and Candida albicans. In this case, the effectiveness of EZ against C. albicans at 24 h and 72 h UV irradiation decreased. However, the irradiation boosted the antiviral effectiveness of the EZ layer. SEM micrographs of the film surface showed that UV treatment did not significantly influence the native film morphology, but it had an impact on the coated film. FTIR analysis results showed that the coatings based on HPMC altered the IR absorption of the nonpolar groups of the biopolyester material. The applied coatings only marginally affected film color changes and increased their yellowness after UV irradiation, whereas a composite layer of nano-ZnO limited these changes.

Optimized extraction, enrichment, identification and hypoglycemic effects of triterpenoid acids from Hippophae rhamnoides L pomace.

The Hippophae rhamnoides L. pomace was generated in the production process for juice, wine of food industry. To expand the application of pomace, the extraction process optimization, enrichment and identification of triterpene acids were performed in this study. The extraction yield was 14.87% under optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques performed via response surface methodology. The extract was subsequently purified to obtain the triterpenoid acid enrichment fraction (TPF) with the content of 75.23% ± 1.45%. 13 triterpenoid acids were identified via UPLC-Triple-TOF MS/MS and further semi-quantified through comparison with triterpenoid acid standards. TPF exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 5.027 ± 0.375 µg/mL, as determined via enzyme inhibition experiment and molecular docking. Additionally, the TPF significantly reduced postprandial glucose levels, as revealed via carbohydrate tolerance tests, as well as ameliorate serum lipid profiles. Therefore, pomace may be a promising resource of functional food components with therapeutic and commercial values.

Development and application of microsatellite markers in Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis Rousi (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) based on transcriptome sequencing.

Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis Rousi is a cold- and drought-tolerant pioneer species with significant economic and ecological value. Evaluating its genetic diversity and population structure is of great importance for guiding the development and utilization of resources. In this study, a total of 41,804 SSRs were generated by transcriptome sequencing of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis Rousi. Among the different SSR motif types, mononucleotide repeats (26,972) were the most abundant, followed by trinucleotides, tetranucleotides, and pentanucleotides. 200 pairs of SSR primers were selected to detect polymorphisms, of which 15 pairs primers were selected as validated polymorphic SSRs used for genetic diversity and population structure analysis. A total of 63 alleles were identified with 15 pairs primers, with Nei's genetic diversity index ranged from 0.27 to 0.83 (average: 0.54), and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.16 to 0.73 (average: 0.46). The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.23 to 0.81 (average: 0.48). Genetic structure analyses showed that the 10 populations could be broadly categorized into two groups. AMOVA denoted that genetic variations primarily originated from within the populations, with minimal differences observed between the groups, accounting for only 7% of the total genetic variation. This implies that mutation in H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis Rousi mainly occurred within the populations. The results showed that the 10 populations of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis Rousi are rich in genetic diversity, with low levels of population differentiation and a high degree of gene exchange, which should be taken into consideration for the future work of germplasm resource preservation and seedling breeding.

Kaempferol Derivatives from Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. Ameliorate H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells by Upregulating Nrf2.

As a medicinal and edible resource, Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. subsp. sinensis Rousi is rich in bioactive secondary metabolites, including flavonoids and their derivatives, which offer protective effects against oxidative damage. This study reported the isolation of three new kaempferol derivatives from the seed residue of H. rhamnoides - Hippophandine A, B, and C (compounds 1-3). Their structures were elucidated by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and chemical analyses. The compounds were evaluated for their ability to mitigate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. The results elucidated that Hippophandine A-C at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 µM reduced the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the activity of antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, they significantly altered the protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is an indicator of redox detection in H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y.

Advance in Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharides: Extraction, structural characteristics, pharmacological activity, structure-activity relationship and application.

Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea buckthorn) is an excellent medicinal and edible plant owing to its high nutritional and health-promoting properties. As an important bioactive component, H. rhamnoides polysaccharides (HRPs) have aroused wide attention due to their various pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective, immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, anti-obesity, and so on. Nevertheless, the development and utilization of HRP-derived functional food and medicines are constrained to a lack of comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship, application, and safety of HRPs. This review systematically summarizes the advancements on the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, pharmacological activities and mechanisms of HRPs. The structure-activity relationship, safety evaluation, application, as well as the shortcomings of current research and promising prospects are also highlighted. This article aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of HRPs and lay a groundwork for future research and utilization of HRPs as multifunctional biomaterials and therapeutic agents.

Dietary agents in the prevention of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting (RINV): review addressing the scientific observations, benefits, lacunae and future direction.

PURPOSE: Radiation-induced Nausea and Vomiting (RINV) is an important side effect and conservative estimates are that 50-80% of the patients undergoing curative radiotherapy (RT) will experience some sought of retching, nausea, and/or vomiting during the course of their treatment. Conventionally, antiemetic drugs like the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists and steroids are the mainstay of treatment. However, the use of these agents, especially steroids, can cause side effects and thereby negate the proposed benefits. The antiemetic effects of Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort), Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea buckthorn), oil of Mentha spicata (Spearmint) and the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale (ginger) have been addressed. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that Indian pennywort, Sea buckthorn, Spearmint oil and ginger are beneficial in mitigating RINV. Also, of the four plants investigated in preclinical models of study, mint oil and ginger seem to be more useful and merit structured systematic translational studies to ascertain the benefit of these two agents.

Flavonoid Compounds in Hippophae rhamnoides L. Protect Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Damage Through the PI3K/AKT-eNOS Pathway.

Sea buckthorn, a traditional medicinal plant, has been used for several years in China for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, a practice closely associated with its significant antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of sea buckthorn flavonoids on vascular endothelial cells in an oxidative stress environment. We isolated and extracted active compounds from sea buckthorn and investigated their impact on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity through the PI3K/AKT-eNOS signaling pathway through a combination of network pharmacology and cellular experiments, elucidating the regulatory effects of these compounds on endothelial cell functions. Three flavonoids, named Fr.4-2-1, Fr.4-2-2 and Fr.4-2-3, were obtained from sea buckthorn. The results of network pharmacology indicated that they might exert their effects by regulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. In vitro results showed that all three flavonoids were effective in alleviating the degree of oxidative stress in cells, among which Fr.4-2-1 exerted its antioxidant effects by modulating the PI3K/AKT-eNOS pathway. Flavonoids in sea buckthorn can effectively inhibit oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, preserving the integrity and functionality of endothelial cells, which is crucial for maintaining vascular health and function.

Phenolic composition and bioactivities of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit and seeds: an unconventional source of natural antioxidants in North America.

BACKGROUND: Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) was introduced into Canada in the early 2000s. This plant bears fruits with high commercial value in other countries due to its premium oil. Nevertheless, sea buckthorn berries are also a rich source of bioactives with nutraceutical potential, especially the variety grown in Newfoundland (Canada), which has not previously been characterized. As such, this study evaluated the composition of polyphenols in sea buckthorn pomace and seeds, as well as their prospective health-promoting effects. RESULTS: Polyphenolic identification by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-mass spectrometry-time of flight revealed the presence of 24 compounds in the seeds and 16 compounds in the pomace, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, with ellagic acid derivative IV (pomace, 52.13 µg g-1) and (+)-catechin (seeds, 690.8 µg g-1) being the most dominant. Sea buckthorn extracts displayed in vitro antidiabetic and anti-obesity potential by inhibiting α-glucosidase (71.52-99.31%) and pancreatic lipase (15.80-35.61%) enzymes, respectively. The extracts also protected low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (50.97-89.67%) and supercoiled DNA (35.11-79.84%) from oxidative damage. CONCLUSION: Sea buckthorn berries grown in Canada showed promising health benefits induced by their rich and diverse polyphenolic profile and need to be considered for further commercial expansion as a bioactive-loaded superfruit. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Discovery of Anti-Coronavirus Cinnamoyl Triterpenoids Isolated from Hippophae rhamnoides during a Screening of Halophytes from the North Sea and Channel Coasts in Northern France.

The limited availability of antiviral therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spurred the search for novel antiviral drugs. Here, we investigated the potential antiviral properties of plants adapted to high-salt environments collected in the north of France. Twenty-five crude methanolic extracts obtained from twenty-two plant species were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and antiviral effectiveness against coronaviruses HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2. Then, a bioguided fractionation approach was employed. The most active crude methanolic extracts were partitioned into three different sub-extracts. Notably, the dichloromethane sub-extract of the whole plant Hippophae rhamnoides L. demonstrated the highest antiviral activity against both viruses. Its chemical composition was evaluated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and then it was fractionated by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Six cinnamoyl triterpenoid compounds were isolated from the three most active fractions by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by high resolution MS (HR-MS) and mono- and bi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Specifically, these compounds were identified as 2-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-maslinic acid, 3ß-hydroxy-2α-trans-p-coumaryloxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3ß-hydroxy-2α-cis-p-coumaryloxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-O-trans-caffeoyl oleanolic acid, a mixture of 3-O-trans-caffeoyl oleanolic acid/3-O-cis-caffeoyl oleanolic acid (70/30), and 3-O-trans-p-coumaroyl oleanolic acid. Infection tests demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of these triterpenes against HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2. Notably, cinnamoyl oleanolic acids displayed activity against both SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E. Our findings suggest that Hippophae rhamnoides could represent a source of potential antiviral agents against coronaviruses.

Comparative quantitative analysis of fruit oil from Hippophae rhamnoides (seabuckthorn) by qNMR, FTIR and GC-MS.

Objective: To develop a qNMR method for quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols in fruit oil of Hippophae rhamnoides (seabuckthorn, SBT) and analyze commercial samples of SBT oils using GC-MS and FTIR. Methods: SBT fruit oil (IPHRFH) was extracted with hexane and the triglyceride (TAG) was isolated by vacuum liquid chromatography. Six different branded SBT oils purchased from e-commerce suppliers (Amazon) and in-house prepared SBT oil was analyzed by qNMR and fatty acyl composition of TAGs determined by using NMR. In-house oil was also analysed by GC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy. Results: The qNMR results showed that the oil contained 80.3% of triacylglycerol (TAG). The SBT oil TAGs comprised of linolenate 6.6%, palmitoleate/oleate 65.4%, and total saturated fatty acyl chain including palmitate 28% as determined by qNMR. GC-MS analysis revealed that the major acyl functionalities present in the TAG were palmitoleic acid 36.5%, oleic acid 12.9%, palmitic acid 21.2%, and linoleic acid 18%. Of the six commercial samples analyzed, samples from only one supplier (SW) were fruit oil; All others were the seed oils or mix of fruit oil and seed oil. The labels for samples except for the SW did not indicate whether it was fruit oil or seed oil. Conclusion: The results suggest that SBT oil should be analyzed by combination of GC-MS, FTIR and qNMR for factual content of free fatty acid or TAGs, which are chemically different in nature and affect the quality of oil. GC-MS showed the content of omega free fatty acids after hydrolysis, while qNMR and FTIR showed the content of TAGs. The major acyl functionalities found in SBT fruit oil TAGs are palmitoleate/palmitate/oleate, while linoleate and linonelate make up a minor fraction. Furthermore, analysis of commercial samples showed discrepancies between label claims and actual content.

In Search of Authenticity Biomarkers in Food Supplements Containing Sea Buckthorn: A Metabolomics Approach.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) (SB) is increasingly consumed worldwide as a food and food supplement. The remarkable richness in biologically active phytochemicals (polyphenols, carotenoids, sterols, vitamins) is responsible for its purported nutritional and health-promoting effects. Despite the considerable interest and high market demand for SB-based supplements, a limited number of studies report on the authentication of such commercially available products. Herein, untargeted metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS) were able to compare the phytochemical fingerprint of leaves, berries, and various categories of SB-berry herbal supplements (teas, capsules, tablets, liquids). By untargeted metabolomics, a multivariate discrimination analysis and a univariate approach (t-test and ANOVA) showed some putative authentication biomarkers for berries, e.g., xylitol, violaxanthin, tryptophan, quinic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside. Significant dominant molecules were found for leaves: luteolin-5-glucoside, arginine, isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside, serotonin, and tocopherol. The univariate analysis showed discriminations between the different classes of food supplements using similar algorithms. Finally, eight molecules were selected and considered significant putative authentication biomarkers. Further studies will be focused on quantitative evaluation.

Sea buckthorn, its bioactive constituents, and mechanism of action: potential application in female reproduction.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a flowering shrub, and its berries have been utilized for decades as a raw ingredient in cuisines and herbal remedies. This evidence-based study focuses on its key bioactive constituents, and mechanism of protective effects with a focus on female reproductive processes. Parts of the plant contain phenols, carotenoids (lycopene, carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin), flavonoids (isorhamnetin, quercetin, glycosides, and kaempferol), tocopherols, sterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, omega 3, 6, 9 and rare omega 7 fatty acids etc. Key polyphenolic flavonoids such as isorhamnetin and quercetin are believed to be mainly responsible behind its health benefits (against cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, obesity etc.) through properties including anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. These sea buckthorn constituents appear to mediate healthy ovarian cell proliferation, death, and hormone release, as well as decrease ovarian cancer possibly through apoptosis, and hormonal (estrogen) release. Thus, sea buckthorn and its bioactive ingredients may have potential in the management of gynecological problems such as uterine inflammation, endometriosis, and easing symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women (by targeting inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor - VEGF). Apigenin, myricetin, and luteolin have also been recommended as prospective ovarian cancer preventative and adjuvant therapy options as they can inhibit ovarian cancerogenesis by triggering apoptosis and halting the cell cycle in ovarian tumors. Furthermore, its oil (containing carotenoid, sterol, and hypericin) has been speculated as an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal women particularly to improve vaginal epithelial integrity. However, it is uncertain whether steroid hormone receptors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory regulators are actually behind sea buckhorn's actions. Sea buckthorn, and its compounds' health promoting potential warrants further validation not just in vitro and in animal research, but also in clinical trials to identify and/or standardize optimal methods of delivery of biologically active molecules.

Preparation of Cosmetic Emulsions Containing Hippophae Oil Isolated by Various Methods: Study of Their Antioxidant, Sun-Blocking and Physicochemical Properties.

An industry listed as one of the largest globally is the cosmetic industry. In recent years, this industry has shown growing interest in the application of natural ingredients providing advanced properties to cosmetic creams such as moisturizing, antioxidant, sun-protecting and antimicrobial effects. In this context, the present study concerns the production of cosmetic emulsions containing hippophae oil obtained via the methods of extraction, hydro-distillation and maceration using sunflower oil as the carrier oil. Firstly, an IR-ATR analysis was performed showing that the oils prepared were close to those commercially obtained. Then, the stability of the emulsions was tested over a time period of four months through measuring their pH and viscosity values with positive outcomes, and their antioxidant ability was also measured using the DPPH method. The latter one showed that hippophae oil greatly improves the antioxidant capacity. Moreover, based on the fact that sea buckthorn contains carotenoids, the SPF value of the emulsions was determined. The results showed that the addition of hippophae oil to the emulsions gave higher absorption in UV-Vis, thus higher SPF values. Py-GC/MS analysis was used to identify decomposition compounds in the produced oils. Among those, valuable compounds such as Ω-6, Ω-7 and Ω-9 fatty acids and many aldehydes were found by the decomposition of the oils.

Optimization of Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Leaves: Evaluation of Mixed-Culture Fermentation.

Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaves possess a remarkable amount of polyphenols that could serve as a natural remedy in various applications. In comparison, numerous techniques, such as conventional and high-pressure techniques, are available for extracting the bioactive fractions from sea buckthorn leaves (SBL). However, enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) of SBL has not been comprehensively studied. The aim of this study was to optimize critical EAE parameters of SBL using the cellulolytic enzyme complex, Viscozyme L, to obtain a high-yield extract with a high concentration of bioactive compounds. In order to determine the optimal conditions for EAE, the study employed a central composite design and response surface methodology to analyze the effects of four independent factors (pH, temperature, extraction time, and enzyme concentration) on two different responses. Our findings indicated that under optimal conditions (3:15 h extraction, temperature 45 °C, pH 4.9, and 1% Viscozyme L v/w of leaves DW), EAE yielded 28.90 g/100 g DW of the water-soluble fraction. Furthermore, the EAE-optimized liquid extract was continuously fermented using an ancient fermentation starter, Tibetan kefir grains, which possess lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and have significant potential for use in biopreservation. Interestingly, the results indicated various potential prebiotic characteristics of LAB. Additionally, alterations in the cell wall morphology of the SBL residue after EAE were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study significantly optimized EAE parameters for sea buckthorn leaves, providing a promising natural source of bioactive compounds for various applications, such as nutraceuticals, functional foods, and high-value products.