RESUMO
Working- and long-term memory are often studied in isolation. To better understand the specific limitations of working memory, effort is made to reduce the potential influence of long-term memory on performance in working memory tasks (e.g., asking participants to remember artificial, abstract items rather than familiar real-world objects). However, in everyday life we use working- and long-term memory in tandem. Here, our goal was to characterize how long-term memory can be recruited to circumvent capacity limits in a typical visual working memory task (i.e., remembering colored squares). Prior work has shown that incidental repetitions of working memory arrays often do not improve visual working memory performance - even after dozens of incidental repetitions, working memory performance often shows no improvement for repeated arrays. Here, we used a whole-report working memory task with explicit rather than incidental repetitions of arrays. In contrast to prior work with incidental repetitions, in two behavioral experiments we found that explicit repetitions of arrays yielded robust improvement to working memory performance, even after a single repetition. Participants performed above chance at recognizing repeated arrays in a later long-term memory test, consistent with the idea that long-term memory was used to rapidly improve performance across array repetitions. Finally, we analyzed inter-item response times and we found a response time signature of chunk formation that only emerged after the array was repeated (inter-response time slowing after two to three items); thus, inter-item response times may be useful for examining the coordinated interaction of visual working and long-term memory in future work.
RESUMO
O esquema de reforçamento diferencial de baixas taxas (DRL) é amplamente utilizado em estudos de comportamentos relacionados à discriminação temporal. Porém, não está claro quais são os efeitos de diferentesníveis de privação em esquemas temporais, especialmente em DRL. O presente estudo testou a hipótese de queprivações mais severas prejudicariam o desempenho de sujeitos sob controle do DRL, comparado com os submetidos a privações mais brandas. Três grupos de ratos submetidos inicialmente a três diferentes níveis de privação alimentar (80, 90 e 100% do peso ad lib) foram treinados em DRL-20 s. Após o treino, realizou-se uma manipulação intra-grupos em duas condições sucessivas de teste: o grupo de privação 80% passou para 100% e o de 100% passou para 80%; o grupo 90% permaneceu nessa condição ao longo de todo o experimento como grupo-controle. Os animais apresentaram um pior desempenho na tarefa quando a transição da privação foi de 100% para 80% do peso ad lib e uma melhora de desempenho quando a transição foi de 80% para 100% ad lib. Não houve alteração de desempenho quando a transição foi de 90% para 100% ou para 80% ad lib. Os resultados indicam que o desempenho de ratos em uma tarefa de DRL é influenciado não só pelo estado gerado por um nível de privação alimentar específico, mas também por experiências de estados fisiológicos e cognitivos adquiridos em situações anteriores.
The scheme of differential reinforcement of low response rates (DRL) is largely employed in behavioral studies of temporal discrimination. However, it is not clear what the behavioral effects of different deprivation levels on the behavior under the control of temporal schemes of reinforcement are, especially the DRL. The present study tested the hypothesis that more severe deprivation disrupts the subjects' performance under DRL control, compared to that of subjects exposed lower levels of deprivation. Three groups of rats initially submitted tothree different food deprivation levels (80, 90 and 100% ad lib) were trained under a DRL-20 s scheme. After the training, deprivation was manipulated intra-group, in two consecutive testing conditions: the deprivation of the 80% group was changed to 100% ad lib and deprivation of the 100% group was changed to 80% ad lib; the 90% deprived group was kept under this level of deprivation across all experimental sessions as a controlgroup.The animals showed a worse performance in the DRL task when the deprivation transition went from 100% to 80% ad lib and a better performance when the transition was from 80% to 100% ad lib. There were no systematic changes in performance under the transitions from 90% to 100% or from 90% to 80% ad lib. The results indicate that the rats performance in a DRL is affected not only by the state generated by a specific level of food deprivation, but also by physiological and cognitive states acquired in preceding situations.