Role of interdependent self-construal in predicting acute salivary cortisol response, hair cortisol concentrations, and their associations.

Numerous studies have associated interdependent self-construal (InterSC) with heightened acute salivary cortisol stress responses in collectivist cultures. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is an important biomarker of chronic stress and is associated with acute salivary cortisol stress response. However, few studies have explored the association between InterSC and HCC. This study aimed to investigate the role of InterSC in the acute salivary cortisol stress response, HCC, and their associations. Seventy-seven healthy Chinese participants underwent assessments of InterSC, social anxiety, and HCC. The ScanSTRESS paradigm was used to induce an acute stress response and saliva samples were collected. These results replicated earlier findings showing that InterSC was associated with rapid salivary cortisol reactivity and recovery during acute stress. Additionally, InterSC was positively correlated with HCC, and social anxiety mediated this association. Importantly, InterSC moderated the HCC-acute salivary cortisol stress response association. Specifically, high HCC predicted a blunted acute salivary cortisol stress response in participants with low InterSC, including a slow salivary cortisol response during the acute stress reactivity phase and a small overall acute salivary cortisol response. However, this blunting effect was not observed with high InterSC participants, indicating that high InterSC buffered the blunting effect of HCC on the acute salivary cortisol stress response. In conclusion, this study provided new insights into how InterSC is associated with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis stress system and revealed the dual-faceted role of InterSC for acute salivary cortisol stress and HCC.

Psychometric Analysis of the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS).

Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Survey (HOOS) was developed as a region- and disease-specific outcome to assess hip disability. Despite the use of the HOOS in clinical practice and research, psychometric analyses of the scale in a large dataset of patients have not been performed. As such, the purposes of this study were to assess the structural validity of the HOOS in patients who underwent a total hip arthroplasty. Data were obtained from the Surgical Outcome System (SOS) global registry. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the scale structure of the 40-item HOOS and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to identify a parsimonious scale structure. The parsimonious model identified was subjected to multi-group and longitudinal invariance testing and LGC modeling. The original five-factor, 40-item HOOS did not meet recommended model fit indices values (CFI = 0.822, TLI = 0.809, IFI = 0.822, RMSEA = 0.085). Alternate model generation identified an alternative model (i.e., HOOS-9). Sound model fit was identified for the HOOS-9 (CFI = 0.974, TLI = 0.961, RMSEA = 0.046). Invariance testing criteria were also met between groups (i.e., age and sex) and across time. Lastly, a nonlinear growth trajectory was identified in responses pertaining to hip disability. The original scale structure of the 40-item HOOS was not supported. The HOOS-9 met contemporary model fit recommendations, along with multi-group and longitudinal invariance testing. Our findings support the preliminary use of the HOOS-9 to assess hip function and disability in research and clinical practice.

Longitudinal Impacts of Housing Cost Burden on Physical and Psychological Aggression of Children From Age 3 to 15.

Housing cost burden is stressful for families, interfering with healthy, positive parenting. The present study uses data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the relationship between housing cost burden and aggressive parenting with children age 3 to age 15. Latent growth curve modeling finds that both types of aggressive parenting behaviors decline on average, but that housing cost burden contributes to significant ongoing risk. Results indicate within-time associations between housing cost burden and psychological aggression and associations both within- and across-time between housing cost burden and physical aggression. Housing cost burden poses a significant risk factor for families, and child maltreatment prevention approaches must incorporate strategies for addressing housing cost burden.

Self-disgust mediates the effect of problematic mobile social media use on non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: A latent growth curve analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research linked problematic mobile social media use to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, little research explored the underlying mechanism. Drawing on the social displacement hypothesis, which suggests that excessive social media use may disrupt offline social interactions, leading to negative emotional experiences, the study employs a longitudinal design to explore the relationship between problematic mobile social media use and NSSI, with a specific emphasis on the mediating role of self-disgust. METHODS: A total of 1,684 Chinese adolescents (52.3% females; Mage = 14.59 years, SDage = 1.27) completed self-report questionnaires regarding problematic mobile social media use, self-disgust, and NSSI. The assessment was conducted in three waves, 6 months apart. RESULTS: Using latent growth curve and structural equation modeling, our study observed a consistent linear decline in NSSI levels over time. Higher initial NSSI levels correlated with a slower reduction. Problematic mobile social media use positively influenced the initial level of NSSI. Additionally, self-disgust played a mediating role in the relationship between problematic mobile social media use and NSSI. CONCLUSIONS: The study underscores the importance of understanding the emotional experiences behind social media use, beyond mere usage duration. By revealing the mediating role of self-disgust, it provides new insights into the complex interplay between problematic mobile social media use and adolescent NSSI.

Long-term Trajectories of Low Back Pain in Older Men: A Prospective Cohort Study With 10-Year Analysis of the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study.

Although low back pain (LBP) may persist or recur over time, few studies have evaluated the individual course of LBP over a long-term period, particularly among older adults. Based on data from the longitudinal Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study, we aimed to identify and describe different LBP trajectories in older men and characterize members in each trajectory group. A total of 5 976 community-dwelling men (mean age = 74.2) enrolled at 6 U.S. sites were analyzed. Participants self-reported LBP (yes/no) every 4 months for a maximum of 10 years. Latent class growth modeling was performed to identify unique LBP trajectory groups that explained variation in the LBP data. The association of baseline characteristics with trajectory group membership was assessed using univariable and multivariable multinominal logistic regression. A 5-class solution was chosen; no/rare LBP (n = 2 442/40.9%), low frequency-stable LBP (n = 1 040/17.4%), low frequency-increasing LBP (n = 719/12%), moderate frequency-decreasing LBP (n = 745/12.5%), and high frequency-stable LBP (n = 1 030/17.2%). History of falls (OR = 1.52), history of LBP (OR = 6.37), higher physical impairment (OR = 1.51-2.85), and worse psychological function (OR = 1.41-1.62) at baseline were all associated with worse LBP trajectory groups in this sample of older men. These findings present an opportunity for targeted interventions and/or management to older men with worse or increasing LBP trajectories and associated modifiable risk factors to reduce the impact of LBP and improve quality of life.

Trajectories of activities of daily living according to dementia among middle-aged and older people in South Korea: a longitudinal study from 2006 to 2020 (14 years).

Introduction: The aging population in South Korea faces numerous health challenges, one of which is the decline in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). This study aims to investigate the patterns of change in ADL and IADL among older adults and examines how these patterns vary between individuals with and without dementia. Methods: We conducted an analysis of data collected from the Korea Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) between 2006 and 2022. Our cohort consisted of individuals aged 45 and older with non-dementia conditions, including mild cognitive impairment (N=6042), and a smaller group with dementia (N=91). Using Latent Growth Curve Models, we explored the developmental trajectories of ADL and IADL among our sample. Results: Our findings indicate a linear decline in both ADL and IADL scores as individuals age. The decline in IADL was more pronounced in the dementia group, suggesting a greater sensitivity to sociocultural factors within this domain. The data revealed that individuals with dementia had consistently lower ADL and IADL scores. Notably, the variance in scores within the dementia group increased with age, signifying a worsening in daily living performance and an increase in individual variation (F=226.630, p<.001). Discussion: The results of this study underscore the impact of dementia on both the self-regulation function and the social and cultural aspects of daily living performance, particularly reflected in IADL scores. These findings point to the necessity for comprehensive care strategies that address the multifaceted needs of older adults with dementia, including support for complex daily activities that are influenced by sociocultural factors.

Trajectory of ghrelin and PYY around a test meal in males and females with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder versus healthy controls.

Disruptions in appetite-regulating hormones may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). No study has previously assessed fasting levels of orexigenic ghrelin or anorexigenic peptide YY (PYY), nor their trajectory in response to food intake among youth with ARFID across the weight spectrum. We measured fasting and postprandial (30, 60, 120 minutes post-meal) levels of ghrelin and PYY among 127 males and females with full and subthreshold ARFID (n = 95) and healthy controls (HC; n = 32). We used latent growth curve analyses to examine differences in the trajectories of ghrelin and PYY between ARFID and HC. Fasting levels of ghrelin did not differ in ARFID compared to HC. Among ARFID, ghrelin levels declined more gradually than among HC in the first hour post meal (p =.005), but continued to decline between 60 and 120 minutes post meal, whereas HC plateaued (p =.005). Fasting and PYY trajectory did not differ by group. Findings did not change after adjusting for BMI percentile (M(SD)ARFID = 37(35); M(SD)HC = 53(26); p =.006) or calories consumed during the test meal (M(SD)ARFID = 294(118); M(SD)HC = 384 (48); p <.001). These data highlight a distinct trajectory of ghrelin following a test meal in youth with ARFID. Future research should examine ghrelin dysfunction as an etiological or maintenance factor of ARFID.

A longitudinal study of the relationships among competency-based teasing, positivity, and depressive symptoms in Chinese children: Highlighting gender differences.

Competency-based teasing has been identified as a risk factor for children's depressive symptoms. However, the specific psychological mechanisms mediating this relationship are not well understood, especially in the context of Chinese culture. This study examined the relationship between competency-based teasing, subsequent depressive symptoms, and the possible mediating role of positivity in Chinese children by using parallel process latent growth curve modelling. Gender differences were also explored. A sample of 4376 Chinese children (55.1% boys; age: M = 9.98 years, SD = 0.88) completed measurements of the relevant constructs on five occasions across 2 years, using half-year intervals. The findings revealed that competency-based teasing was significantly positively associated with subsequent depressive symptoms in Chinese children. Furthermore, positivity mediated this relationship in girls, but not in boys. The results suggest that positivity-cultivating and gender-specific interventions may be effective to reduce the risk of depressive symptoms in Chinese children.

Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults: The Moderating Effect of Resilience.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Social isolation has been recognized as a social problem with negative health consequences. Using data from 3 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, this study aimed to examine the long-term impact of social isolation on loneliness and depressive symptoms and to explore the moderating effect of resilience. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study comprised 3,681 U.S. adults aged 60 and older at the baseline wave. Social isolation index was constructed using 5 indicators, including not married or cohabitating with a partner, no social participation, and less than monthly contacts with children, family members, or friends. Loneliness was measured by the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale and depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale. The moderator of resilience was assessed by the simplified resilience score. Latent growth curve models with robust standard errors were estimated. RESULTS: The results of latent growth curve models showed that social isolation was significantly associated with more initial loneliness and depressive symptoms. However, social isolation was associated with a slower increasing rate of loneliness, but no significant relationship with the change rate of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, resilience significantly buffered the negative effect of social isolation on the initial level of depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The findings underscore the importance of enacting strategies and interventions targeting resilience to address social isolation and its negative consequences among older adults.

Overparenting and psychological wellbeing among Chinese adolescents: Findings based on latent growth modeling.

Although overparenting is a growing phenomenon across the globe, there is a severe lack of longitudinal studies examining the trajectory of overparenting and its effects on early adolescent development, particularly in non-Western contexts. The study collected three waves of longitudinal data from 1328 early Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong with an interval of 1 year to examine the stability and change of perceived paternal and maternal overparenting and their effects on adolescent psychological wellbeing. The results indicated that perceived paternal and maternal overparenting declined over time. Besides, adolescents reported lower anxiety and depressive symptoms when they perceived a steep decline in maternal overparenting. Adolescent anxiety at earlier time points also predicted a steeper decline in paternal and maternal overparenting trajectories respectively. Furthermore, we identified gender differences in the initial level of paternal overparenting and the trajectory of maternal overparenting, as well as the effects of rates of change of maternal overparenting on adolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms. The findings give support for self-determination theory and the separation-individuation model, suggesting that changes of overparenting may hinder adolescents' desires for autonomy and self-direction, which may increase their psychological morbidity. The study contributes to theoretical development of contemporary Chinese socialization models and provides useful pointers for future studies of overparenting.

Longitudinal Analysis and Latent Growth Modeling of the Modified Hip Dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (HOOS-JR).

The Hip Dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (HOOS-JR) was developed as a short-form survey to measure progress after total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, the longitudinal validity of the scale structure pertaining to the modified five-item HOOS-JR has not been assessed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural validity, longitudinal invariance properties, and latent growth curve (LGC) modeling of the modified five-item HOOS-JR in a large multi-site sample of patients who underwent a THA. A longitudinal study was conducted using data from the Surgical Outcome System (SOS) database. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to assess the structural validity and longitudinal invariance across five time points. Additionally, LGC modeling was performed to assess the heterogeneity of the recovery patterns for different subgroups of patients. The resulting CFAs met most of the goodness-of-fit indices (CFI = 0.964-0.982; IFI = 0.965-0.986; SRMR = 0.021-0.035). Longitudinal analysis did not meet full invariance, exceeding the scalar invariance model (CFIDIFF = 0.012; χ2DIFF test = 702.67). Partial invariance requirements were met upon release of the intercept constraint associated with item five (CFIDIFF test = 0.010; χ2DIFF = 1073.83). The equal means model did not pass the recommended goodness-of-fit indices (CFIDIFF = 0.133; χ2DIFF = 3962.49). Scores significantly changed over time, with the highest scores identified preoperatively and the lowest scores identified at 2- and 3-years postoperatively. Upon conclusion, partial scalar invariance was identified within our model. We identified that patients self-report most improvements in their scores within 6 months postoperatively. Females reported more hip disability at preoperative time points and had faster improvement as measured by the scores of the modified five-item HOOS-JR.

The longitudinal association between physical health and depressive symptoms over eight years: Evidence from the health and retirement study.

BACKGROUND: The bidirectional relationship between physical health (PH) and depressive symptoms (DS) remains unclear. METHODS: Data were extracted from the Health and Retirement Study in the United States. PH was measured with a composite of chronic diseases, functional limitations and difficulties in basic and instrumental activities of daily living, and DS with a modified Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression. Latent growth curve models (LGCM) were employed to examine how the change in PH or DS affected their mutual trajectories in later life. In addition, multilevel models were utilized. RESULTS: There were 6144 participants included, with an average age of 69.82 ± 6.85 years at baseline, of whom 3686 (59.99 %) were women. PH scores increased from 5.65 in 2010 to 7.72 in 2018, while depression scores increased from 1.14 to 1.31. LGCM results showed that the initial levels of PH and DS were associated (ß = 0.558, P < .001), and the initial level of PH could predict the trajectory of DS (ß = 0.089, P < .001). Likewise, the initial level of DS was also related to initial PH (ß = -0.563, P < .001) but couldn't predict the trajectory of PH. Furthermore, the slopes of PH and DS were predicted bidirectionally by each other. Two-level logistic models further demonstrated the bidirectional association between PH and DS. CONCLUSION: There was a bidirectional association between physical health and depressive symptoms, which highlights the necessity of comprehensive health management for older adults with poor physical health or depression symptoms.

The impact of omitting confounders in parallel process latent growth curve mediation models: Three sensitivity analysis approaches.

Parallel process latent growth curve mediation models (PP-LGCMMs) are frequently used to longitudinally investigate the mediation effects of treatment on the level and change of outcome through the level and change of mediator. An important but often violated assumption in empirical PP-LGCMM analysis is the absence of omitted confounders of the relationships among treatment, mediator, and outcome. In this study, we analytically examined how omitting pretreatment confounders impacts the inference of mediation from the PP-LGCMM. Using the analytical results, we developed three sensitivity analysis approaches for the PP-LGCMM, including the frequentist, Bayesian, and Monte Carlo approaches. The three approaches help investigate different questions regarding the robustness of mediation results from the PP-LGCMM, and handle the uncertainty in the sensitivity parameters differently. Applications of the three sensitivity analyses are illustrated using a real-data example. A user-friendly Shiny web application is developed to conduct the sensitivity analyses.

Rally 'round the flag effects are not for all: Trajectories of institutional trust among populist and non-populist voters.

Using the Consequences of COVID-19 (COCO) dataset (quota sample of the adult Italian population, surveyed seven times by email), we analysed the trend of trust in political (political parties, parliament and local administrations), super partes (president of the Republic, judiciary and police) and international (the European Union and the United Nations) institutions from June 2019 to October 2022. Three latent growth curve models showed that trust in political institutions increased between June 2019 and April 2020 and subsequently decreased below the pre-pandemic level. Trust in super partes institutions decreased slightly between June 2019 and April 2020, decreased from April 2020 to April 2022 and increased in the subsequent months. Trust in international institutions declined between June 2019 and April 2020 and then returned to pre-pandemic levels. Three piecewise decompositions showed different trends in trust for non-populist voters, populist voters and non-voters. Strengths, weaknesses and possible developments of the study are discussed.

Momentary appearance focused self-concept is associated with dietary restraint and binge eating in female university students: An experience sampling study.

OBJECTIVE: Appearance focused self-concept (i.e., overvaluing the importance of appearance for self-definition and self-worth) is theorized to predict dietary restraint and binge eating in the short-term (e.g., daily life). Yet, no research has examined whether appearance focused self-concept increases within-persons during a day and if such increases are linked to greater dietary restraint and binge eating for that day. We addressed this gap in knowledge. METHOD: Sixty-three female university students completed four items from the Beliefs About Appearance Scale as a measure of appearance focused self-concept six times per day (9 am, 11 am, 1 pm, 3 pm, 5 pm, and 7 pm) for 14 days. Daily at 9 pm, they completed measures of dietary restraint and binge eating for that day. RESULTS: Analyzing data from 555 days, latent growth curve analyses revealed a small-to-moderate linear increase in appearance focused self-concept from 9 am to 3 pm that plateaued from 3 to 7 pm. A more rapid linear increase in appearance focused self-concept from 9 am to 3 pm was associated with greater binge-eating frequency during that day, but not with dietary restraint. The findings were observed when adjusting for between-day appearance focused self-concept at 9 am, which was positively associated with dietary restraint and binge-eating frequency. DISCUSSION: Findings are discussed in relation to research on appearance focused self-concept as a risk factor for disordered eating. Findings are also discussed in relation to how sociocultural factors may increase appearance focused self-concept over time. Future research should delve into the within-day dynamic interplay between appearance focused self-concept and disordered eating. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Our study revealed a noteworthy increase in the importance women attach to their appearance over the course of a day, correlating with increased binge eating during that day. Additionally, heightened appearance importance at the onset of a day was associated with more dietary restraint and binge eating during that day. These findings suggest a shorter timescale for the connection between appearance importance and disordered eating than previously understood.

A Longitudinal Study of the Development of Executive Function and Calibration Accuracy.

This longitudinal study examined the development of executive function and calibration accuracy in preadolescents. This study's sample consisted of 262 students (127 females) from grades 4 (n = 91), 5 (n = 89), and 6 (n = 82) who took measures of executive function and performance calibration in a sport task three times over 20 months. A latent growth-curve modeling analysis showed a significant relationship between the rates of change of executive function and calibration accuracy. The results also showed a dynamic interplay in the development of executive function and calibration accuracy. There were significant interindividual differences in the estimated population means both in executive function and calibration accuracy and in the rate of change of executive function, but not in the rate of change of calibration accuracy. The age of the participants had a positive effect only on the estimated population mean of executive function.

Fornix fractional anisotropy mediates the association between Mediterranean diet adherence and memory four years later in older adults without dementia.

Here, we investigated whether fractional anisotropy (FA) of hippocampus-relevant white-matter tracts mediates the association between baseline Mediterranean diet adherence (MeDiAd) and verbal episodic memory over four years. Participants were healthy older adults with and without subjective cognitive decline and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment from the DELCODE cohort study (n = 376; age: 71.47 ± 6.09 years; 48.7 % female). MeDiAd and diffusion data were obtained at baseline. Verbal episodic memory was assessed at baseline and four yearly follow-ups. The associations between baseline MeDiAd and white matter, and verbal episodic memory's mean and rate of change over four years were tested with latent growth curve modeling. Baseline MeDiAd was associated with verbal episodic memory four years later (95 % confidence interval, CI [0.01, 0.32]) but not with its rate of change over this period. Baseline Fornix FA mediated - and, thus, explained - that association (95 % CI [0.002, 0.09]). Fornix FA may be an appropriate response biomarker of Mediterranean diet interventions on verbal memory in older adults.

Public health spending in Sub-Saharan Africa: exploring transmission mechanisms using the latent growth curve mediation model.

In response to the imperatives of universal health coverage, structural factors that may hinder the effectiveness of increased spending in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) need attention. This study assessed the mediating role of these factors in domestic general government health expenditure (DGGHE) effects to propose solutions for improving population health outcomes (PHO). The analysis used the Latent Growth Curve Mediation Model (LGCMM) approach within the structural equation model (SEM) framework for panel data from 42 SSA countries from 2015 to 2018. The findings were that malaria and female education formed a channel through which DGGHE imparted its effects on DALY in SSA, and these effects were achieved via the specific path from the DGGHE slope to the DALY slope, via malaria and female education slopes. However, the paper found no evidence of immunization coverage mediating the relationship between DGGHE and DALY in SSA. The paper concludes that structural factors affect the effectiveness of DGGHE on PHO, implying that governments should emphasize existing programs to fight against malaria and increase immunization coverage.

Mexican-Origin Children's Trajectories of Ethnic-Racial Pride from Childhood through Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Mothers and Fathers' Trajectories.

Ethnic-racial pride (positive feelings about one's ethnic-racial group) is critical to healthy identity development across the lifespan. Research on ethnic-racial pride development among Latinx populations has focused exclusively on youth, without regard to pride development amongst parents and relations between pride within family units. Using multivariate Latent Growth Curve Modelling among 674 Mexican-origin youth and their parents (673 mothers; 437 fathers), the trajectory of youth's pride from 5th grade through emerging adulthood (14 years/12 waves of data) as well as relations with parental pride trajectories were examined. Respondents' pride generally decreased from waves 1 to 7 (~age 11-17 in youth) and increased after wave 7. Youth's and mothers' trajectories were unrelated, but complex associations emerged between youth's and fathers' trajectories. This study supports the dynamic nature of ethnic-racial pride across distinct life stages and underscores the complex interplay of youth and parental pride trajectories, emphasizing the pivotal role parents may play in co-shaping identity development alongside their children.

Pre-event attachment anxiety and avoidance predict posttraumatic stress symptom severity - Results from a longitudinal population-based study.

Attachment-related anxiety and avoidance have been identified as risk factors for psychopathology following traumatic events. However, the predictive value of pre-event attachment orientations for PTSD symptoms in the general population remains unclear. Attachment anxiety and avoidance, as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression, were assessed in autumn 2010 (T0) in 270 adult members of a Dutch research panel. PTSD symptoms were assessed in April (T1), August (T2), and December (T3) 2012 for events occurring within one year before T1. The predictive value of attachment orientations for severity and remission of PTSD cluster and total scores was estimated by latent growth curve analyses controlling for gender, age, and pre-event psychopathology. Attachment anxiety predicted higher posttraumatic stress severity at T1, while attachment avoidance predicted lower initial posttraumatic stress levels, together adding 7.4 % independently explained variance. Higher attachment anxiety was related to more remission of PTSD total scores (6.0 % independently explained variance) which might be understood as an effect of regression to the mean. In conclusion, insecure attachment orientation predicts PTSD symptoms in the general population. Our results advocate the significance of pre-traumatic factors for the prediction of posttraumatic stress and the consideration of attachment orientations in clinical work with trauma survivors.