Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865), Joseph Lister (1827-1912) and the Link Between Their Works Toward the Development of Antisepsis: A Narrative Review.

Infection control remains a significant burden for healthcare systems. The irrational use of antibiotics in the fight against microbial diseases has led to the fast development of antimicrobial resistance. Considering how the latter can adversely influence the effectiveness of modern treatments and the way medicine is practiced, we should revise the events that led to the establishment of the general principles of antisepsis and pay special tribute to the people who contributed to their formation, bearing in mind that they remain unmodified to a great extent until today. Without Semmelweis' conceptualization of the idea of direct transmission of sepsis, Pasteur's emblematic figure that helped promote the idea even further, and Lister's methodology structuring, the scientific community would have significantly delayed winning the battle against germs.

Anatomic location of the first dorsal extensor compartment for surgical De-Quervain's tenosynovitis release: A cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND: De-Quervain's tenosynovitis is a disorder arising from the compression and irritation of the first dorsal extensor compartment of the wrist. Patients who fail conservative treatment modalities are candidates for surgical release. However, risks with surgery include damage to the superficial radial nerve and an incomplete release due to inadequate dissection. Currently, there is a paucity of literature demonstrating the exact anatomic location of the first dorsal extensor compartment in reference to surface anatomy. Thus, this cadaveric study was performed to determine the exact location of the first extensor compartment and to devise a reliable surgical incision to prevent complications. AIM: To describe the location of the first dorsal compartment in relation to bony surface landmarks to create replicable surgical incisions. METHODS: Six cadaveric forearms, including four left and two right forearm specimens were dissected. Dissections were performed by a single fellowship trained upper extremity orthopaedic surgeon. Distance of the first dorsal compartment from landmarks such as Lister's tubercle, the wrist crease, and the radial styloid were calculated. Other variables studied included the presence of the superficial radial nerve overlying the first dorsal compartment, additional compartment sub-sheaths, number of abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon slips, and the presence of a pseudo-retinaculum. RESULTS: Distance from the radial most aspect of the wrist crease to the extensor retinaculum was 5.14 mm ± 0.80 mm. The distance from Lister's tubercle to the distal aspect of the extensor retinaculum was 13.37 mm ± 2.94 mm. Lister's tubercle to the start of the first dorsal compartment was 18.43 mm ± 2.01 mm. The radial styloid to the initial aspect of the extensor retinaculum measured 2.98 mm ± 0.99 mm. The retinaculum length longitudinally on average was 26.82 mm ± 3.34 mm. Four cadaveric forearms had separate extensor pollicis brevis compartments. The average number of APL tendon slips was three. A pseudo-retinaculum was present in four cadavers. Two cadavers had a superficial radial nerve that crossed over the first dorsal compartment and retinaculum proximally (7.03 mm and 13.36 mm). CONCLUSION: An incision that measures 3 mm proximal from the radial styloid, 2 cm radial from Lister's tubercle, and 5 mm proximal from the radial wrist crease will safely place surgeons at the first dorsal compartment.

Pediatric Patients as a Source of Bias in Joseph Lister's Study of Antisepsis.

Joseph Lister's (1827-1912) use of carbolic acid to prevent wound infection in open fractures of the extremities (1865) provided a basic science rationale for the practice of surgery. His series of 11 patients included 4 children, aged 7 to 13. Children, today known to better survive a given injury when compared with adults, may have biased his results in favor of survival, and led him to conclude that his method of carbolic-soaked dressing changes prevented fatal wound sepsis. His success with antisepsis may have been less a testament to his application of germ theory to surgery than to the physiological resilience of his young patients.

Historia de la medicina chilena: ¿Cómo, dónde y cuándo habría nacido la cirugía moderna chilena? / ¿How, where and when modern chilean surgery would have been born?

The challenge of knowing the events surrounding the modern origins of the different specialties of Chilean medicine should be of interest to the specialists of these specialties. Thus, in the case of surgery, fortunately in Chile there are testimonial documents, which reviewed and analyzed can suggest this question, mentioning the one who today is considered the world father of modern surgery, whose important surgical teachings were delivered to Chilean disciples who introduced it in our country. In the context of the War of the Pacific, in the year 1879, a "blood hospital" was built in Santiago, donated by Domingo Matte, a Chilean politician, to receive the many war wounded who were transported from the north. It was Dr. Manuel Barros Borgoño, a young surgeon recently graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, with a degree revalidated in Chile, who in 1880 took charge of this hospital, and together with his team, began to apply his experience in listerian methods learned in Paris from his teacher Dr. Just Lucas Champonniere. Just Lucas Champonniere, giving beginning to the Chilean antiseptic surgery, managing to reduce the mortality of surgeries to 3%, compared to 80% of other Chilean hospitals that refused to change, and continued with the use of sponge soaked in cerato (lard).

Spontaneous Rupture of the Extensor Pollicis Longus in a Semi-professional Bodybuilder.

Spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus is a rare injury. Distal radius fractures and rheumatisms are the principal causes, but there is an increase in cases related to some professional or sports activities. We report a case of a semi-professional bodybuilder who presented with a full loss of interphalangeal thumb extension and retropulsion following trivial trauma of the left wrist. Ultrasound confirmed the diagnosis of spontaneous rupture of extensor pollicis longus, and MRI revealed a very rare and aggressive anatomical variant of Lister's tubercle. The patient underwent a transfer of the extensor indicis propius, which is the most popular technique used for hyperextension and retropulsion restitution. Aggressive anatomical forms of Lister's tubercle can explain the frequent occurrence of spontaneous rupture of extensor pollicis longus in patients who practice sports or professions with a repetitive movement of the wrist.

Robert Lawson Tait (1845-1899): The true innovator of aseptic surgery?

Robert Lawson Tait was an original thinker, a surgical innovator, a controversialist and an iconoclast. He made important contributions to surgery, was an eloquent supporter of Darwinian evolution and women in medicine and opposed vivisection. He is probably best remembered for his high-profile opposition to Listerian antisepsis which continued until his death. While Lister went on to receive the country's highest honours and was lauded throughout the world, Tait received much more modest honours and little subsequent recognition by historians. Yet it could be argued that Tait's system rather than Lister's was the basis of modern aseptic surgery. Tait never changed his views on asepsis over his lifetime and relied on surgical cleanliness, which, combined with his extensive clinical experience, enabled him to achieve outcomes as good or better than with antisepsis. By contrast, Listerism evolved over 30 years, claimed to be based on laboratory data and adopted the new discoveries of the germ theory of disease as they emerged. We compare the systems of Tait and Lister, explore the basis of Tait's opposition to Listerian methods and conclude that Tait's thinking underlies modern surgical practice and that he should receive greater acknowledgement for his contribution to the prevention of surgical infections.

The role wills and estate planning played in Anne Lister's life1.

Anne Lister became the owner of Shibden Hall in Halifax in 1826, when her Uncle, James Lister, died. Inheriting Shibden was the culmination of a campaign Anne Lister began as a young woman. Lister's journals reflect her thoughts concerning the actions she took to convince her uncle that she was the best choice to ensure that the Shibden estate remained in the Lister family and how she provided for Ann Walker after their commitment in 1834. The journal entries provide an insider's view of the process she engaged in to accomplish her goals. This paper will discuss the wills Anne Lister (1791-1840) and Ann Walker used in preparing for the disposition of their respective estates following their deaths. Lister used wills and other estate planning measures to protect herself and provide for others. The paper also discusses the shortcomings and missed opportunities for adequate legal advice given to Miss Lister and Miss Walker by their lawyer, his failure to consider and advise on the situations that did occur after Lister's death. Anne Lister was prolific in her instructions to her lawyer about her will, but she did not think of everything. The paper also includes a brief background on English law concerning wills, inheritance, and women's rights evolved over many centuries. Considering the various legal aspects of common law and statutes concerning who could inherit under English law, and the restrictions that existed if an owner died intestate, provide a necessary overview of the importance of planning ahead.

"I feel the mind enlarging itself": Anne Lister's gendered reading practices.

This article argues for the usefulness of deploying a trans lens to examine the diaries of Anne Lister (1791-1840). The author contends that a trans reading may expand possibilities for critical analysis of Lister's gender practices within the context of early-nineteenth-century white, upper-class Halifax society, in addition to existing labels such as "lesbian" and "queer." Examples to illustrate these possibilities are drawn from Lister's reading habits, facilitated by some initial quantitative analysis of Lister's own indexing practices. The article concludes that Lister structures their literary life to enable them to trans certain gender practices, and to fashion a livable gendered existence amidst the competing pressures of class, nationhood, financial security, self-determination, and sexual desire.

Gentleman Jack and the (re)discovery of Anne Lister.

Anne Lister was a brilliant woman who lived between 1791 and 1840. She kept a meticulous record of her life in her dairies, portions of which were written in code. In code, she describes her lesbian relationship with women. Parts of Anne Lister's dairies have been depicted in the hit television show, Gentleman Jack. In this special issue, we present research articles, theoretical contributions, and commentaries centering on Anne Lister and the phenomena of Gentleman Jack. Articles part of this special issue examine Anne Lister's writing about her sexual relationships, gender, and estate. Another set of submissions examines the relationship between Lister's life and its depiction in the show Gentleman Jack. A final set of submissions explores the unique phenomenon of international lesbian fandom surrounding Anne Lister. These fans helped decode and transcribe the diaries and created scholarship, art, and vibrant communities celebrating Anne Lister.

Queer Pilgrimage: Anne Lister, Gentleman Jack, and Locating Community.

Queer pilgrimage is a journey made by an individual or a group to a location, permanent or transitory, which bears relevance to the lives, cultures, and politics of queer people. It is undertaken for the pilgrim/s to feel an affinity with the space itself through emotional and/or physical proximity. Since Gentleman Jack first aired in 2019, acts of queer pilgrimage have increased substantially to key sites associated with Lister, including to Shibden Hall (her ancestral home), Halifax, York, and beyond. In this article I draw upon two forms of queer pilgrimage in relation to Anne Lister. The first is this substantial increase in tourism and attraction to sites associated with Lister. The second is the queer pilgrimage Lister herself undertook in 1822 to the Ladies of Llangollen at their home, Plas Newydd.In drawing out these two comparatively, I propose that historical and contemporary forms of queer pilgrimage have more in common than may initially be apparent, namely a commonality between the queer pilgrims of the 19th and 21st centuries around a desire for community.

'Hook' Shape Lister Tubercle Is Associated with a Greater Incidence of Extensor Pollicis Longus Tendon Rupture after Distal Radius Fracture.

Background: A rupture of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon located close to the Lister tubercle is an uncommon complication of distal radius fractures. This study aimed to determine whether the size and shape of Lister tubercle in patients with EPL rupture differs from a matched group of patients with distal radius fractures without EPL rupture. Methods: We identified 15 patients with EPL rupture (3.5%) out of 426 with distal radius fractures treated conservatively at our hospital over 4 years. Out of the remaining 411 patients with distal radius fractures without EPL rupture, we selected patients using simple random sampling and pseudo-randomised them such that their age, sex and fracture type were matched with patients exhibiting EPL rupture. The size and shape of the Lister tubercle and the size of the EPL groove were measured in both groups using computed tomographic scans and compared. Results: There was no difference in the size of the Lister tubercle or the EPL groove between both groups. A 'hook'-shaped Lister tubercle was noted in 8 out of 15 patients with EPL rupture but in only 1 out of 15 matched patients without EPL rupture. Conclusions: A 'hook'-shaped Lister tubercle was seen more often in patients with EPL rupture following distal radius fracture. Level of Evidence: Level III (Therapeutic).

Can we call Anne Lister a lesbian?

The introductions of scholarly works on queer desire between eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British women typically pose some version of the question "do they count as lesbians?" Historians and literary critics have responded with a variety of answers; while some embrace the term "lesbian" despite the anachronism, others hesitate, using words like "Sapphic" or longer phrases like "women who loved women" to characterize the object of study. Indeed, in the absence of a noun or a recognized social role for women who loved other women before the twentieth century, the ways such women conceptualized themselves necessarily diverge from modern lesbian identity. But although the hesitation to use modern terminology makes sense in the case of many women, I argue in this paper that Anne Lister (1791-1840) is an exception. From her own descriptions in her extensive diaries, it is clear that Lister's thoughts, feelings, and actions are largely consistent with modern lesbian identity-particularly given that "modern lesbian identity" is not a monolith. I support this contention by examining evidence from the journals themselves as well as by considering recent arguments that focus on the fluidity and capaciousness of terminology itself. Finally, I suggest that applying the word "lesbian" to Lister is a strategic way to communicate the extent of her relationships with women to a public that still sometimes refuses to admit that such relationships existed in the past.

"Following Anne Lister: Continuity and queer history before and after the late nineteenth century".

This article addresses the question of whether Anne Lister can be considered a lesbian through a reassessment of how the modern period is conceptualized within the history of sexuality. Returning to the original texts that first defined the history of sexuality project, the article emphasized that those texts indicate that the mechanisms of biopower and identity formation based on cultural texts undergo their most significant shift in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, rather than in the late nineteenth. The formation of sexuality as a disciplinary mechanism, and identities based on it, originated in the late nineteenth century, but many of the mechanisms through which this occurred were in operation earlier. Much of what is now known about gender and sexuality in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was unknown at the time that the history of sexuality project was first formulated, leading to a starker divide being drawn between the late nineteenth century and earlier periods than is warranted. This article argues that the example of Anne Lister can lead to a better appreciation of the continuities in how cultural texts shaped understandings of desire from the early eighteenth century forward.

Adapting the queer language of Anne Lister's diaries.

The Secret Diaries of Miss Anne Lister (2010) and Gentleman Jack (2019-2022) are both television dramas based on the private journals of Anne Lister (1791-1840), commonly known as "the first modern lesbian." The reimagined versions of Lister seen in the two television productions are different from each other in a number of ways, and the adaptations deal in different ways with the language used in Lister's diaries. The diaries were not only partly written in code but make use of idiosyncratic terms for sexual phenomena. While the vocabulary Lister uses does not coincide with present-day queer slang, at least some of it seems to have been understood and used among the women that she had relationships with, just like queer communities have always had and still have their own cultural and linguistic signifiers. This essay examines the language of Anne Lister's diaries and compares their two adaptations, The Secret Diaries of Miss Anne Lister and Gentleman Jack, with a particular focus on the use of queer vocabulary related to an actual or imagined lesbian community now and in Lister's day.

A matter of perspective: Ann Walker through her lens and those of her contemporaries.

When the vibrant dramatization of Anne Lister stormed screens across the globe in Gentleman Jack, she sparked interest in both the real Lister and the women in her life. Among them is her partner, Ann Walker, who was a constant presence in Lister's later life. Given that archival sources connected to Walker are fairly limited in volume and scope, studying her is challenging and requires a combination of different resources, among them Walker's letters and journal. These allow for a better understanding of Ann Walker but are not comprehensive enough to cover most of her life. Thus, to obtain a broader perspective of Walker, it is necessary to consult documents that belonged to her contemporaries. What can one learn about Walker from her perspective? How can Walker's contemporaries fill in the gaps that aren't covered by her papers? And how will these perspectives affect interpretations of Walker? In this article, I provide an overview of the materials that can be used to study and understand the real Ann Walker, both from her perspective and that of others. This article also provides suggestions on keeping a neutral approach to interpreting Walker while using different resources as sources.

URB597 induces subtle changes to aggression in adult Lister Hooded rats.

The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in both social and cognitive processing. The endocannabinoid metabolism inhibitor, URB597, dose-dependently improves non-social memory in adult Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats, whereas its effect on social interaction (SI) is affected by both rat strain and drug dose. Lister Hooded rats consistently respond differently to drug treatment in general compared with albino strains. This study sought to investigate the effects of different doses of URB597 on social and non-social memory in Lister Hooded rats, as well as analyzing the behavioral composition of the SI. Males were tested for novel object recognition (NOR), social preference (between an object and an unfamiliar rat), social novelty recognition (for a familiar vs. unfamiliar rat) and SI with an unfamiliar rat. URB597 (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle was given 30 min before testing. During SI testing, total interaction time was assessed along with time spent on aggressive and explorative behaviors. Lister Hooded rats displayed expected non-social and social memory and social preference, which was not affected by URB597. During SI, URB597 did not affect total interaction time. However, the high dose increased aggression, compared to vehicle, and decreased anogenital sniffing, compared to the low dose of URB597. In summary, URB597 did not affect NOR, social preference or social recognition memory but did have subtle behavioral effects during SI in Lister hooded rats. Based on our findings we argue for the importance of considering strain as well as the detailed composition of behavior when investigating drug effects on social behavior.

The strange history of surgical gloves in orthopaedic surgery (part I): from no gloves and no hand washing to the introduction of cotton gloves in orthopaedic surgery.

PURPOSE: The goal was to evaluate the advent of surgical gloves during the eighteenth century, nineteenth century, and the beginning of the twentieth century. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used first drawings and paintings, then historical photographs identified in books after 1830 (date of discovery of the photography) or in medical reports of surgery and anesthesiologists. The pictures determined the presence or absence of gloves in the period corresponding to the changing understanding of aseptic and antiseptic techniques proposed by Lister and Pasteur. RESULTS: There was an evolution of the material of gloves, but surgeons throughout time remained significantly opposed to gloves for a long period. Concerning materials, the caecum of a sheep, cotton, silk, leather, and crude rubber were used before the introduction of latex by Goodyear. For surgeons, gloves were introduced initially to protect theatre staff's and surgeon hands from infection and not to protect the patient. Many surgeons contributed to the evolution of surgical gloves, and the use of gloves was an evolutionary process rather than a discovery. The probability that a surgeon had gloves on photographs was 0% in 1860-1870 (period of Lister and Pasteur), 5% in 1890, 28% in 1900, 42% in 1910, 48% in 1920, 58% in 1930, and 75% during the World Word II and reached 100% only in 1950. CONCLUSION: While some reports suggest that by 1920, the use of gloves in surgery became routine practice, in reality, around 30% of trauma surgeons were not wearing gloves until 1939.

"Impossibility of its being deciphered": Anne Lister, her "crypt hand" diaries, and the contrast between voicing and silencing.

In recent decades, it has become increasingly important to reevaluate certain literature and figures in history to discover what was being communicated in the midst of, and through, the silence of minority groups. My particular focus is on the tradition of white female silence and the ways in which Anne Lister and her diaries (as separate entities) contributed to conversations about silence by establishing other methods of communication despite restrictions placed on women's voices at the time. As the main focalizers in the creation and depiction of her societal and sexual identity, I discuss Lister's "crypt hand" diaries, her self-presentation, her inheritance of Shibden Hall, and the contrast they offer between voicing and silencing. Although I argue that through these focalizers Lister does present a certain level of voicing or speaking out, ultimately this is done by using various methods of silence such as coding and implication. I also offer particular analysis of Lister's conceptualization of her own sexuality compared with that of the women she sleeps with and how her inability to fathom their queer identities contributes to a narrative of oppressive patriarchal silence.

From text to screen: Gentleman Jack then and now.

As part of the growing genre of post-heritage quality drama for television, Sally Wainwright's BBC-HBO production of Gentleman Jack stands out in terms of its close adherence to the original Lister diaries. While in many ways season one of Gentleman Jack follows the conventional narrative of courtship and marriage that defines much historical costume drama-as in, for example, the adaptations of Jane Austen novels-it also continually subverts the form through its unique queer content, closely based on the Lister diaries. While Gentleman Jack is not the BBC's first queer lesbian historical series, the uniqueness of the source text, which includes explicit descriptions of Lister's sexual practices in code, positions the series as ground-breaking in terms of prime-time television. This essay considers the ways in which the series adapts, mediates and reconfigures the original diaries for a contemporary audience. It will analyze how these transcriptions are supplemented through the performative and the visual and how to read the ideological coding of episodes that move away from the diaries into the realm of the fictional, such as the Lister-Walker marriage proposal at the end of the series. It also asks what the responsibility of the series is to the historical archive on the one hand, and to its contemporary audience on the other.