Characteristics, drivers and ecological risk assessment of microplastics in the surface water of urban rivers in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area cities - A case study of Dongguan city.

In the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), microplastic pollution in urban rivers is a prominent problem due to the developed economy and high industrial intensity. Using the Xiaohai River, Hanxi River and Dongguan Canal in Dongguan City, an important node city in the GBA, as an example, microplastic characteristics, drivers and ecological risks in the surface water of three rivers were investigated. Results showed that the average abundance of rivers in the wet period (1646.22±154.73 items/m3) was 4.7 times higher than that in the dry period (351.09±34.2 items/m3). Microplastics were mainly in the form of fragments and fibers, with a size range of 30-500 µm, and appeared transparent with white color. The microplastic polymer types PE, PP, PET and PA accounted for more than 70%. There are large differences in the characteristics of microplastic pollution during different hydrological periods. Redundancy analysis showed that the distribution of plastics, chemical materials, packaging and printing industries along the rivers dominated the differences in microplastic abundance. The electronic information industry contributed most to the composition of microplastic polymer types. The polymer hazard index, pollution load index, and potential ecological risk index for rivers indicate a medium-high risk classification or higher. Therefore, the industrial layout along the urban rivers should be rationalized, the disposal of microplastics in wastewater should be increased, and the use of green plastic products should be promoted. This study provides support for the management of microplastic pollution in urban surface water in the GBA.

The factors driving industrial integration: A fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis.

The integration of modern service and advanced manufacturing industries represents deep industrial reform and profound change in quality concepts, mechanisms, and practices. Integrating these two industries is important for achieving high-quality development and is an area of interest for policymakers and academia. This study analyzes the data of 11 regions in 2021 in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area using the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method from the configuration perspective. This study explores the effects of multiple factors, such as economic efficiency, technological innovation, and the policy environment, on improving the coupling coordination level of the modern service and advanced manufacturing industries, and analyzes the path selection of industrial integration development. Overall, economic efficiency, technological innovation, and policy environment factors are not necessary conditions for the integration development of the modern service and advanced manufacturing industries. The multiple impacts of economic efficiency, technological innovation, and policy environment form a multi-restructuring path that drives the integration of the two industries. Owing to the economic development level and resource endowment of different regions, the path dictating the degree of integration between the two industries varies by region. From a holistic perspective, all regions should strive to coordinate the multiple conditions of economic efficiency, technological innovation, and policy environment to break through objective constraints such as the government's conditions and external environment based on their own organizational conditions and resource endowments. Additionally, all regions should strengthen exchanges, cooperation, and integration mechanisms and implement complementary development and distinctive development in core cities in the Greater Bay Area. The results clarify the factors affecting industrial convergence in the Greater Bay Area, enriching existing research methods and laying a foundation for a decision-making theory of industrial integration development.

[Impact of road infrastructure on ecological networks in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China]. / 粤港澳大湾区道路基础设施对生态网络的影响.

The construction of road infrastructure has resulted in the degradation of wildlife habitat and the decrease of ecological network connectivity and stability. Studying the impacts of road infrastructure on wildlife life and migration is significant for regional wildlife conservation and ecological network optimization. We assessed the impacts of road infrastructure on habitat suitability using the MaxEnt model based on wildlife occurrence point data in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. We constructed the ecological networks and identified ecological breakpoints using the minimum cumulative resistance model, and compared the ecological network connectivity of different scenarios with the landscape connectivity index and graph theory index. The results showed that railway and motorway significantly affected habitat suitability, causing a decrease in wildlife habitat suitability. Affected by road infrastructure, the fragmentation of ecological sources intensified, the resistance of ecological corridors increased, and the ecological network connectivity and stability significantly decreased. A total of 536 ecological breakpoints were identified, which were concentrated in the area adjacent to ecological sources. The results would provide important scientific references for wildlife habitat conservation and ecological restoration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

Study on the impact of air pollution on residents' health expenditures in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao Greater Bay Area.

The Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao Greater Bay Area (GHMA) has experienced economic development and rapid growth of transportation infrastructure in recent years. However, the economic advancement is also accompanied by serious atmospheric pollution, which threatens the health of the residents, thus, it is of great significance to explore the impact of atmospheric pollution on the health expenditures of residents in the GHMA. The article establishes a spatial econometric model to study the impact of atmospheric pollution on residents' health expenditure in the GHMA based on panel data from 2014 to 2021, using nine prefectures in the GHMA as research objects. The results show that: (1) Atmospheric pollution in the GHMA has an obvious spatial agglomeration phenomenon and spatial spillover effect, and the impact of atmospheric pollution on the health of the residents is still very serious; (2) PM2.5 emissions are positively and significantly related to the actual health care cost per person, and the rise in air pollution is the main reason for the rise in public health spending; (3) Other factors also have different impacts on residents' health expenditures. Based on the above research, the article puts forward corresponding policy recommendations.

Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of waterlogging in urban agglomeration from multi-scale perspective: A case study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China.

Understanding the characteristics of waterlogging in urban agglomeration is essential for effective waterlogging prevention and management, as well as for promoting sustainable urban development. Previous studies have predominantly focused on the driving mechanisms of waterlogging in urban agglomeration at a single scale, but urban agglomeration space has greater spatio-temporal heterogeneity, it is often difficult to fully reveal such characteristics at a single scale. Consequently, this study endeavors to explore the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and underlying mechanisms of waterlogging incidents within urban agglomerations by adopting a multi-scale analytical approach. The results indicate that: (1) The waterlogging degree and high-density zones increase in the GBA, and the waterlogging points are spatially polycentric. However, the waterlogging point in Hong Kong is decreasing. (2) The influence of ISP and AI on waterlogging is dominant at all scales, followed by RE and Slope. ISP∩Slope and ISP∩RE are the key interactions for waterlogging. (3) The aggregation of waterlogging decreases with grid scale, and the influence of land cover factors on waterlogging increases with grid scale. Moreover, the findings at the grid scale outperformed those at the watershed scale, indicating that the grid scale is more conducive to the investigation of waterlogging in urban agglomerations. This research broadens our comprehension of the mechanisms behind waterlogging in urban agglomeration and provide references for policy decisions on waterlogging prevention and mitigation within urban agglomerations.

Implementation of the Macao dementia policy: a scoping review for the way forward.

Background: The implementation of dementia policy is a complex process of translating policy goals to actions to address the changing needs of people living with dementia. Leveraging on others' experiences would help policy decision-makers and actors better prepare for the challenges. Purpose: This study explored the development, the implementation and the impact of the dementia policy in Macao, a "role model" recognized by the Alzheimer's Disease International. Methods: A scoping review of policies, strategies, and news articles, as well as scholarly work from 6 scientific databases dated till March 2023 was conducted under the guidance of the Health Policy Triangle Framework. Results: According to 284 documents, the dementia policy in Macao, driven by government leadership and supported with public-private partnership, aimed to integrate health and social services to achieve the goals of "Early prevention, Early detection, Early diagnosis, Early treatment and Early support." Promoting the preparedness according to the dementia burden trajectory, empowering the public and the service providers with training and education, and encouraging services-related research were among the key actions. With major changes in dementia care configuration, a dementia service network, a dementia-friendly community and a one-stop service model for disease screening, diagnosis, treatment and support have been developed. Discussion: Reconfiguring existing resources in the health and social services to form an integrated service network at the community level could be considered a priority of action. Continuous engagement, collaboration and empowerment at different levels across these sectors is crucial for the sustainability of a dementia policy.

Effects of Bright Light Therapy on Agitation Among Older Adults Living with Dementia in Macao: A Pilot Study.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine the effects of bright light therapy on agitation in older adults with dementia in Macao. This study involved 31 participants: 10 in the outdoor light treatment group, 11 in the indoor light-box treatment group, and 10 in the control group. Significant reductions in agitation were observed in the two treatment groups over four weeks compared to the control group. However, no statistical difference in cognitive function between experimental and control groups was found. This study supports the use of bright light therapy to reduce agitation in older people with dementia.

Spatio-temporal evolution and influencing factors of high quality economic development: Case study of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

With the increase in global economic integration, high-quality economic development (HQED) has become a common goal of all countries. Based on these five development concepts, this paper uses the Gini coefficient, trend surface analysis, geographically weighted regression (GWR), the entropy weighting method, and standard deviation ellipse analysis to study the spatio-temporal pattern and driving mechanism of HQED in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). This paper examines the spatial and temporal patterns and driving mechanisms of HQED in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) based on five development concepts. The study revealed that (1) HQED is on the rise overall, but at the same time, it highlights the uneven development of multiple dimensions, especially in terms of significant differences in innovation, openness, and sharing. (2) HQED shows a clear center-periphery structure, with Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong as the core high-value areas; the growth rate of HQED capacity in the internal areas is significantly greater than that in the external areas, and HQED is prominent in the cities around Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. (3) Factors such as agglomeration level, human capital, foreign investment, infrastructure development, financial and environmental protection expenditures, and financial inputs, and scientific, and technological inputs have a significant positive effect on HQED, and their interactions are further strengthened. This study reveals the importance of the realization of HQED in the GBA and the promotion of the overall development of the region.

An evaluation model for city-scale construction and demolition waste management effectiveness: A case study in China.

The growing generation of construction and demolition waste (CDW) has emerged as a prominent challenge on global environmental agendas. However, the effectiveness of CDW management (CDWM) strategies varies among cities. Existing literature predominantly evaluates the effectiveness of CDWM at the project level, offering a localized perspective that fails to capture a city's comprehensive CDWM profile. This localized focus has certain limitations. To fill this gap in city-scale evaluations, this study introduces a novel model for assessing CDWM effectiveness at the municipal level. An empirical investigation was conducted across 11 cities within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) to operationalize this model. The model defines five distinct levels of CDWM effectiveness. Findings indicate that Hong Kong consistently achieves the highest level (level I), while the majority of cities fall within levels III and IV. This pattern suggests that CDWM effectiveness in the GBA is moderately developed, with uneven progress in CDW management outcomes and supporting systems. Essentially, there is a lack of synchronous development of CDWM results and guarantee systems. The proposed evaluation model enriches existing CDWM research field and offers a framework that may inform future studies in other countries.

Characteristics of Gambling Helpline Callers in Macao: A Regional Comparison.

Despite the continued focus on profiling gambling helpline callers, little is known about the characteristics of callers in Macao. To address this gap, this study aims to investigate the characteristics of problem gamblers calling the helpline in Macao and explore the regional differences between callers from Macao, mainland China, and Hong Kong. Specifically, the study examined their demographics, helpline usage, and gambling-related characteristics. The study used data collected by SKHSSCO between 2015 and 2021. The results showed that, at the aggregate level, the helpline callers in Macao were male, young, and full-time employees. The majority used the telephone and reported problems with casino table games. In addition, the referral rate was relatively low, while the rate of suicidal ideation was comparatively high. The results also revealed that callers from Macao, mainland China, and Hong Kong were notably distinct in these characteristics. The findings shed light on how to increase helpline accessibility and create tailored interventions and prevention efforts to better support individuals affected by problem gambling.

Diversity pattern of insects from Macao based on an updated species checklist after 25 years.

Background: Insects represent one of the most diverse groups in the organism world with extremely rich species and morphological diversity, playing important roles in natural and city ecosystems. Regional compilation of insect species lists helps to clarify the richness of insect species in a region, enhances our understanding the structure and function of a local ecosystem and promotes the protection and development of insect resources. Moreover, it also serves as a valuable reference for cities with small area, large population and high urbanisation like Macao. Macao (Macau) Special Administrative Region (SAR) is situated at the Pearl River Delta on the southeast coast of mainland China. With urban development accelerating at great rate in a quite restricted area, Macao still has rich fauna, within which the insect diversity is surprisingly high. New information: In this study, we systematically sorted out major references items of manuals or handbooks, monographs, articles, dissertations, official websites and other publicly available information sources about the insects recorded in Macao and, thus, generated a checklist of 15 orders, 166 families, 868 genera, 1,339 species and 118 subspecies. During this process, the preliminarily summarised list was re-examined to eliminate synonyms and invalid species, based on many more extensive literature reviews. Besides, spelling errors of scientific names, authors and years were corrected. Meanwhile, the catalogue revealed a different composition pattern of species diversity between orders from those of the world and China. Even based on the most conservative estimates, the number of insect species in Macao should not be lower than 3,340 species, which hints at the necessity of deeper investigations with adequate collecting in the future to achieve more comprehensive recognition and understanding of Macao's insect biodiversity.

Modeling assessment of air pollution control measures and COVID-19 pandemic on air quality improvements over Greater Bay Area of China.

A remarkable progress has been made toward the air quality improvements over the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China from 2017 to 2020. In this study, for the first time, the emission reductions of regional control measures together with the COVID-19 pandemic were considered simultaneously into the development of the GBA's emission inventories for the years of 2017 and 2020. Based on these collective emission inventories, the impacts of control measures, meteorological variations together with temporary COVID-19 lockdowns on the five major air quality index pollutants (SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, and O3, excluding CO) were evaluated using the WRF-CMAQ and SMAT-CE model attainment assessment tool over the GBA region. Our results revealed that control measures in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region affected significantly the GBA, resulting in pollutant reductions ranging from 48 % to 64 %. In contrast, control measures in Hong Kong and Macao contributed to pollutant reductions up to 10 %. In PRD emission sectors, stationary combustion, on-road, industrial processes and dust sectors stand out as the primary contributors to overall air quality improvements. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic during period I (Jan 23-Feb 23) led to a reduction of NO2 concentration by 7.4 %, resulting in a negative contribution (disbenefit) for O3 with an increase by 2.4 %. Our findings highlight the significance of PRD control measures for the air quality improvements over the GBA, emphasizing the necessity of implementing more refined and feasible manageable joint prevention and control policies.

The Influence of Self-Esteem on Sociocultural Adaptation of College Students of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan: The Chain Mediating Role of Social Support and School Belonging.

Purpose: Mainland universities have become one of the important choices for students from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, but the maladaptation caused by environmental migration will have a negative impact on the mental health of them. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the psychological mechanism of sociocultural adaptation of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan students. Methods: In order to explore the influence of self-esteem on the sociocultural adaptation of college students of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan studying in mainland universities, as well as the mechanism of social support and school belonging, a survey was conducted among 1108 college students from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan studying in mainland universities, with the help of Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Sociocultural Adaptation Scale, Perceptive Social Support Scale and The Psychological Sense of School belonging Scale. Results: The results show that (1) Different grades of college students of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan have differences in school belonging and sociocultural adaptation (P<0.05); (2) Self-esteem, social support, school belonging and sociocultural adaptation were positively correlated (P < 0.01); (3) The mediation model test showed that self-esteem could directly and positively predict sociocultural adaptation with a direct effect size of 0.245; Social support and school belonging played a mediating role between self-esteem and sociocultural adaptation, and the mediating effect sizes were 0.094 and 0.085, respectively. The chain mediating effect of social support and school belonging was also significant, and the mediating effect size was 0.108. Conclusion: Self-esteem can not only directly affect college students' sociocultural adaptation, but also indirectly affect college students' sociocultural adaptation through the chain mediating effect of social support and school belonging. This study further reveals the mechanism of self-esteem on sociocultural adaptation and provides psychological basis for universities to improve the sociocultural adaptation level of different groups of students.

Text analysis of Macao's COVID-19 prevention and control policies: discussion on strategy evolution and public health capabilities.

Background: The global impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been profound. Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR), renowned as an international hub for tourism and entertainment, has actively responded to the crisis. However, a comprehensive analysis detailing the evolution of Macao SAR's policies throughout this period is currently lacking. Methods: This study aims to comprehensively understand the decision-making processes, policy formulation, and implementation strategies of the Macao SAR government amidst the pandemic through the analysis of speeches and inquiries made by legislative council members and other relevant documents. Employing both quantitative and qualitative analytical methods, including word frequency analysis and word vector models, we identify key themes and patterns. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis of keyword frequencies during the two waves of the pandemic using radar charts. Results: The results indicate a heightened focus by the Macao SAR government on pandemic control measures and economic impacts. In response, the government formulated and implemented policies, provided support initiatives, and managed port clearance, all while focusing on enhancing healthcare infrastructure and community services. Conclusions: The government persistently amends its policies in response to the evolving challenges posed by the pandemic. The evolution of the dynamic Zero-COVID strategy highlights the government's adaptability and comprehensive consideration, ensuring public health and societal stability.

Corrigendum: Heterologous vaccination with inactivated vaccine and mRNA vaccine augments antibodies against both spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2: a local study in Macao.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1131985.].

[Remote Sensing Model for Estimating Atmospheric PM2.5 Concentration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area].

PM2.5 is extremely harmful to the atmospheric environment and human health, and a timely and accurate understanding of PM2.5 with high spatial and temporal resolution plays an important role in the prevention and control of air pollution. Based on multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction algorithm (MAIAC), 1 km AOD products, ERA5 meteorological data, and pollutant concentrations (CO, O3, NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5) in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area during 2015-2020, a geographically and temporally weighted regression model (GTWR), BP neural network model (BPNN), support vector machine regression model (SVR), and random forest model (RF) were established, respectively, to estimate PM2.5 concentration. The results showed that the estimation ability of the RF model was better than that of the BPNN, SVR, and GTWR models. The correlation coefficients of the BPNN, SVR, GTWR, and RF models were 0.922, 0.920, 0.934, and 0.981, respectively. The RMSE values were 7.192, 7.101, 6.385, and 3.670 µg·m-3. The MAE values were 5.482, 5.450, 4.849, and 2.323 µg·m-3, respectively. The RF model had the best effect during winter, followed by that during summer, and again during spring and autumn, with correlation coefficients above 0.976 in the prediction of different seasons. The RF model could be used to predict the PM2.5 concentration in the Greater Bay Area. In terms of time, the daily ρ(PM2.5) of cities in the Greater Bay Area showed a trend of "decreasing first and then increasing" in 2021, with the highest values ranging from 65.550 µg·m-3 to 112.780 µg·m-3 and the lowest values ranging from 5.000 µg·m-3 to 7.899 µg·m-3. The monthly average concentration showed a U-shaped distribution, and the concentration began to decrease in January and gradually increased after reaching a trough in June. Seasonally, it was characterized by the highest concentration during winter, the lowest during summer, and the transition during spring and autumn. The annual average ρ(PM2.5) of the Greater Bay Area was 28.868 µg·m-3, which was lower than the secondary concentration limit. Spatially, there was a "northwest to southeast" decreasing distribution of PM2.5 in 2021, and the high-pollution areas clustered in the central part of the Greater Bay Area, represented by Foshan. Low concentration areas were mainly distributed in the eastern part of Huizhou, Hong Kong, Macao, Zhuhai, and other coastal areas. The spatial distribution of PM2.5 in different seasons also showed heterogeneity and regionality. The RF model estimated the PM2.5 concentration with high accuracy, which provides a scientific basis for the health risk assessment associated with PM2.5 pollution in the Greater Bay Area.

Integrating land-sea coordination into construction of an ecological security pattern for urban agglomeration: a case study in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

The construction of ecological security pattern (ESP) is of great scientific significance for solving the problem of habitat fragmentation in urban environment. However, previous studies mainly focused on the ESP in land area, leaving the sea area to be ignored. This study took the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) and its offshore area as an example and integrated the land-sea coordination into the construction of ESP based on the minimum resistance model, gravity model, and graph theory centrality. The results showed that there are 171 and 56 ecological sources for land area and offshore area, accounting for 31.46% and 21.51% of total area, respectively. Twenty-four important ecological corridors with a total length of 2738.05 km were identified in GBA, and the width is proposed to be less than 100 m. Moreover, the α, ß, and γ index of the ecological network in the study area is 0.19, 1.33, and 0.5, respectively, indicating that the ecological network structure is complex and the connectivity between ecological nodes is good. The ecological restoration area includes 286.6 km2 of ecological pinch points and 140.44 km2 of ecological barrier. The overall ESP of the study area is "one ring, two belts, and four zones." The main body of the area with a superior ecological environment is distributed in a ring-like pattern near the outer edge of the study area, and two belts (important ecological corridor and ecological corridor) are distributed in a network. According to the ecological characteristics, the study area was divided into four zones: ecological preservation areas, ecological restoration areas, limited construction areas, and optimized construction areas. The ESP established herein institute provides a reference for the revision of ecological space control and optimization measures in the GBA. It also provides effective and systematic means to solve ecological problems in the current territorial spatial planning and territorial ecological restoration of coastal urban agglomeration.

Evaluation of sports tourism competitiveness of urban agglomerations in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

In the era of experience economy, sports tourism has been emerged as a new tourism form and consumption hot spot. Evaluation of the competitiveness of sports tourism is helpful to accurately grasp the key competitive factors of sports tourism development and enhance regional sports tourism resource development, market expansion and product upgrading. This study adopted entropy-weight TOPSIS model to construct the index system of sports tourism competitiveness of urban agglomerations and investigated the sports tourism competitiveness of 11 cities in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from 2016 to 2020. The obtained results showed that sports tourism development in the Greater Bay Area was unbalanced and obviously different. Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong are competitive, Macao is average competitive and Dongguan, Jiangmen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Zhongshan, Huizhou and Zhaoqing are less competitive. Based on evolution trend, sports tourism competitiveness in Guangzhou has always been at the forefront of the Greater Bay Area, while those of Hong Kong and Macao have presented a declining trend. Also, sports tourism competitiveness in inland cities has been continuously enhanced and the development focus of sports tourism in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has gradually shifted to mainland. The 11 cities of the Greater Bay Area were classified as strong, average and weak areas on the basis of their sports tourism competitiveness scores. Finally, in terms of the overall situation of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and specific conditions of various cities, countermeasures and suggestions have been provided for sports tourism resource development, sports tourism service level, government functional departments, event brand building, enterprise integration, etc.

Spatial-temporal pattern and urban-rural gradient of comprehensive ecological security in urban agglomeration in South China from 2000 to 2020.

The ecological security (ES) of urban agglomeration and surrounding environmental system is related to the sustainable development of cities, which is a hot spot that we must pay attention to. In this study, four subsystems composed of natural base, landscape structure, ecosystem stability, and anthropogenic interference were used to evaluate the comprehensive ecological security (CES) of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GHMGBA) in 2000, 2010 and 2020. The results show that CES of the region was generally well. The central urban region of GHMGBA was unsafety with an area proportion of about 24.5%, the periphery was safety with an area proportion of about 43.5%, and the others are transitional zone. From 2000 to 2020, the CES change first slightly decreases and then relatively stable, and the transfer of different safety levels mainly occurs in the transitional zone. In 2010-2020 the transfer of different levels of CES is more frequent than in 2000-2010, indicating that the spatial-temporal pattern of CES fluctuated sharply during 2010-2020. The urban-rural gradient showed that with the increase of distance, CES fluctuations increase, but decreases at about 20-40km, 60-80km and 120-140km away from the city center, which may be sub-urban regions. The overall CES change range gradually decreases with increasing distance from urban centers. This study helps to understand the temporal and spatial distribution of ecological environment and urban-rural gradient in typical urban regions, and provides a reference for the collaborative planning of urban agglomeration.