Bio-based Pickering emulsifier from mangosteen residues-derived sodium caseinate grafted spherical cellulose nanocrystals: Stability, rheological properties and microstructure studies.

This study focuses on the preparation of mangosteen rind-derived nanocellulose via green ascorbic acid hydrolysis. Subsequently, milk protein-grafted nanocellulose particles were developed as a renewable Pickering emulsifier for water-oil stabilization. The stabilizing efficiency of modified nanocellulose (NC-S) at different caseinate (milk protein) concentrations (1.5, 3.0, and 4.0 % w/v) was tested in a water-in-oil emulsion (W/O ratio of 40:60). At a concentration 3.0 % w/v of caseinate (3.0NC-S), the emulsion exhibited a stronger network of adsorption between water, Pickering emulsifier, and oil. This resulted in reduced oil droplet flocculation, increased stability over a longer period, and favorable emulsifying properties, as depicted in the creaming index profile, oil droplet distribution, and rheology analysis. Since 3.0NC-S demonstrated the best colloidal stability, further focus will be placed on its microstructural properties, comparing them with those of mangosteen rind (MG), cellulose, and nanocellulose (NC-L). The XRD profile indicated that both NC-L and NC-S possessed a cellulose nanocrystal structure characterized as type I beta with a high crystallinity index above 60 %. Morphology investigation shown that the NC-L present in the spherical shape of particles with nanosized ranging at diameters of 11.27 ± 0.50 nm and length 11.76 ± 0.46 nm, while modified NC-S showed increase sized at 14.26 ± 4.60 nm and length 14.96 ± 4.94 nm. The increment of particle sizes from NC-L to NC-S indicated 2.82 × 10-15 mg/m2 of surface protein coverage by caseinate functional groups.

Green extraction of total phenolic and flavonoid contents from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) rind using natural deep eutectic solvents.

This research combined ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) to recover phenolic and flavonoid components from mangosteen rind. The antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl assays. NADES prepared from lactic and 1,2-propanediol had the highest extraction efficiency based on the total flavonoid content (TFC) and phenolic contents (TPC). Single-factor experiments were employed to assess the influence of UAE conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio, temperature, water content in NADES, and time) on TFC, TPC, and antioxidant activities. NADES-based UAE conditions were optimized using response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design model on five dependent responses (TPC, TFC, DPPH, ABTS, and OH). The optimal conditions for the lactic-1,2-Propanediol-based UAE process were 76.7 ml liquid/g solid with 30.3% of water content at 57.5 °C for 9.1 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to examine the surface morphology of mangosteen rind before and after sonication. This study proposes an efficient, green, and practical approach for recovering phenolics and flavonoids from mangosteen rinds.

Nano-emulsion of mangosteen rind extract in a mucoadhesive patch for periodontitis regenerative treatment: An in vivo study.

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic potential of nano-emulsion of mangosteen rind extract in a mucoadhesive gingival patch on periodontitis, and its effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa Β ligand (RANKL), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression. Methods: Sixty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: positive control group (mucoadhesive patch with doxycycline), negative control group (mucoadhesive patch), treatment group I (mucoadhesive patch with mangosteen rind extract), and treatment group II (mucoadhesive patch with nano-emulsion of mangosteen rind extract). An experimental model of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis was established in rats by treatment with 0.03 mL bacteria locally (1 × 1010 colony-forming units) seven times at 2-day intervals in the gingival sulcus of mandibular anterior teeth. Treatment was 1 h/day for 3 days. On days 3, 5, and 7, five rats from each group were killed. TNF-α, IL-10, and RANKL expression was determined by dissecting the lower jaw for immunohistochemistry. Results: The mucoadhesive patch with nano-emulsion mangosteen rind extract significantly decreased TNF-α and RANKL expression and increased IL-10 expression (p < 0.05) compared to the treatment I, positive and negative control groups. Conclusion: A mucoadhesive gingival patch with nano-emulsion of mangosteen rind extract has the potential to treat periodontitis by decreasing TNF-α, RANKL, and increasing IL-10 expression.

In ovo inhibition of avian pox virus replication by mangosteen rind and red ginger ethanolic extracts.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Avian pox is a contagious disease caused by the avian pox virus (APV). Mangostin and γ-mangostin in mangosteen rind (MR) and gingerol in red ginger (RG) exhibit antiviral activity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of MR and RG ethanolic extracts on APV based on pock lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three APVs from chicken isolates (C1, C2, and C3), one APV from a pigeon isolate (P), 1.5% and 3% MR ethanolic extract, 5% and 10% RG ethanolic extract, and a combination of 1.5% MR and 5% RG at 0.1 mL/egg were inoculated in ovo (7th day incubation, chorioallantoic route) in SPF ECEs. A control group inoculated in ovo with APV alone was also established. Each treatment consisted of three replicates. Parameters including embryo survival, CAM lesions, and average number of pock lesions were determined. RESULTS: In ovo inoculation of MR and RG ethanolic extracts was not harmful to the ECEs and did not induce CAM lesions. The average number of pock lesions in the control group (C1, C2, C3, and P) was 35, 14, 10, and 17, respectively, whereas in all treatment groups, the number was 0, except in the 5% RG group of C1, which had a value of 10. CONCLUSION: In ovo inoculation of 1.5% and 3% MR, 5% and 10% RG, and the combination of 1.5% MR plus 5% RG ethanolic extracts at 0.1 mL/egg inhibit APV by reducing the number of pock lesions on the CAM of the ECE.

Development of antioxidant and antimicrobial packaging films based on chitosan and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind powder.

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind has long been used as traditional medicine in Southeast Asian countries. Due to the presence of abundant polyphenols, mangosteen rind possesses potent antioxidant and antibacterial ability. In this study, mangosteen rind powder (MRP) was incorporated into chitosan (CS) film to develop active packaging for the first time. The structure, physical and functional properties of CS-MRP films containing different MRP contents (2.5, 5 and 10 wt% on CS basis) were determined. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the polyphenols in MRP could interact with CS through intermolecular hydrogen bonds. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the crystallinity of CS-MRP films was higher than that of CS film. Notably, MRP incorporation significantly increased the thickness, tensile strength, and UV-visible light barrier, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of CS film. However, the moisture content, water solubility, water vapor barrier ability and elongation at break of CS film were reduced by MRP incorporation. Moreover, CS-MRP film packaging effectively inhibited the increase in the peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of soybean oil during storage. Our results suggested CS-MRP films could be used as active packaging to increase the oxidative stability of soybean oil in food industry.