Trauma and mental health in young adults who arrived in France as unaccompanied and separated migrant children.

OBJECTIVES: The mental health of unaccompanied and separated minors (UASC) has been widely studied but not their first years of adulthood, often characterised by uncertainty after leaving child protection. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders using standardised and validated research instruments and examine the effect of exposure to trauma. METHODS: One hundred and ten youth (92.7% male, median age 19.7 [18.1-22.8]) from Chambery, Montpellier and La Rochelle were recruited to a cross-sectional exploratory study. During a face-to-face interview, somatoform disorder, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (score≥10) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (score≥33). Traumatic life events were assessed using the Life Events Checklist. RESULTS: Of the youth, 19.3% had a probable somatoform disorder, 17.6% anxiety, 28.7% depression, and 20% PTSD. The number of traumatic life events increased the risk of depression (multi-adjusted OR (95%CI): 1.56 (1.25-1.96)), PTSD (1.60 (1.23-2.08)), somatoform disorder (1.41 (1.10-1.82), and anxiety (1.33 (1.02-1.72)). Physical assault was the type of event positively associated with the most disorders (P≤0.01, except for anxiety), followed by witnessing sudden and violent death (P≤0.01 for depression and PTSD) and sexual assault (P=0.002 for PTSD). CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in young adults who arrived as UASC and the impact on their mental health of cumulative trauma and exposure to interpersonal and violent traumatic life events. A greater focus on their mental health with regular assessments is needed in order to provide rapid and adapted care.

[Minors in a French custody center: Sociodemographic characteristics, global health and vulnerability factors]. / Mineurs en garde à vue: caractéristiques sociodémographiques, auto-évaluation de la santé et identification de facteurs de vulnérabilité.

Minor offenders are at risk for medico-psycho-social vulnerability, that impacts global health, schooling, professional future, and socio-familial environment; moreover, minors who are victims of violence and neglect are at greater risk of becoming offenders and minor offenders are at greater risk of suffering violence. Few data are currently available regarding global health and vulnerability factors for minors (i.e. those aged under 18) who have been placed in police custody. This study aimed to describe the judicial and social characteristics of these minors, their medical and psychological health status, with the hypothesis that most minors placed in police custody can be considered as abused or neglected, by presenting factors of vulnerability. We carried out a prospective study, including consecutive minors aged of 13 to 18 years old, who had been detained in custody at the Central Police Station of Nantes (France), from October 2012 to May 2013. The sociodemographic characteristics, scores for global health and the data collected from the welfare and judiciary services were analyzed, to identify abused or neglected minors. Ninety-nine teenagers were included: 78 males and 11 females (mean age±standard deviation: 16.5 years±1.01), who had been placed in custody for robbery, with a remarkable proportion of recidivist minors. Our study has highlighted several worrying characteristics of minors in police custody reflecting their vulnerability, as living conditions (no schooling, no fixed address) and irregular or absent medical follow-up; however their scores for global health were not different from the general population. While 49 minors (49.5 %) had already been identified by the welfare services, our study find that 35 added minors of this population should nonetheless be considered as being abused and/or neglected, based on a very high rate of minors already followed by child protection services and/or already penalized. Systematic health screening in custody could help to detect abused and/or neglected minors, in order to provide them access to appropriate medical and social cares. They could be referring to psychiatric or rehabilitation cares, and to the relevant welfare and judiciary services in order to assess if a specific protection measure is needed.

[Quality of life of silicotic former miners]. / Qualité de vie des anciens mineurs silicotiques.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the respiration-related quality of life (QoL) of former miners with silicosis and to determine the factors that could affect QoL (socio-demographic and professional parameters, toxic habits, co-morbidities, and degree of respiratory disability). METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 104 people who came for routine periodic consultation and included the medical records file and a questionnaire. RESULTS: The average age was 66.3±5.4 years. Functional respiratory symptoms were exertional dyspnoea (97.2%), cough (73.1%), sputum (59.6%) and wheezing (25%). Associated respiratory illnesses were asthma (29.8%), COPD (18.3%), persistent rhinitis (13.5%) and tuberculosis (5.8%). 3/4 of the miners had at least one comorbidity. The most common were cardiovascular (43.3%), metabolic (27.9%) and musculo-skeletal (25%). The ventilatory defects were mild in 27.9%, moderate in 57.7% and severe in 14.4%. The radiological lesions exceeded four zones of the pulmonary parenchyma in 81.8%. The average scores for "symptoms", "activities ¼, « impacts" and "total" were 49.1±14%, 77.8±12%, 66.5±16% and 67±16%, respectively. Age, duration of exposure, comorbidities, moderate to severe ventilatory defects, and significant to severe impairment were correlated with altered QoL. CONCLUSION: Improvement of QoL requires comprehensive care with the management of complications, co-morbidities, better patient awareness, and better consideration of the feelings of patients.

[Preventing radicalisation with the necessary involvement of all]. / Prévenir la radicalisation avec la nécessaire implication de tous.

As a recent public policy, the prevention of radicalisation has been built in response to an evolving phenomenon. The implementation of tools for reporting and monitoring people undergoing radicalisation will begin in 2014. Although there is no standard profile of radicalised people, the target group for these systems is mainly young people, adults or minors. In terms of prevention of radicalisation, care covers a broad spectrum of interventions and professionals.

« Les soins sont de plus en plus absents du parcours des mineurs non accompagnés ¼.

"Care is increasingly absent from the pathway of unaccompanied minors". Legal experts of the French ombudsperson work with professionals supporting unaccompanied minors on different levels. They can also have a watchdog role with legislative authorities and judicial bodies. They note in particular increasing difficulty for these youngsters in accessing appropriate care. Interview with Nathalie Lequeux, legal expert and coordinator at the French children's rights centre.

[Prohibition of tobacco sales to minors in France and Quebec. Comparison of legislative frameworks, their enforcement, and underage smoking]. / Interdiction de vente de tabac aux mineurs en France et au Québec. Comparaison du cadre législatif, de son application, et du tabagisme des adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Prohibition of tobacco sales to minors is a provision of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on tobacco control. This measure is effective to reduce youth tobacco use, if the legislation adopted is properly implemented and enforced. Through the examples of France and Quebec, the objective of this study is to compare legislative frameworks prohibiting tobacco sales to minors, their enforcement, and possible impact on underage smoking. METHODS: Identification of legislative instruments, reports from public health authorities, and articles addressing the focused question was performed trough Medline and Google. RESULTS: Selling tobacco products to minors under 18 years of age has been banned by the law since 1998 in Quebec and 2009 in France. In 2011, in France for individuals aged 17, compliance with the law was 15%. In 2017 in France, 94% of 17-year-old daily smokers regularly bought their cigarettes in a tobacco store. Law enforcement controls and sanctions are non-existent. In 2013 in Quebec, 23% of underage smoking students usually bought their own cigarettes in a business. The compliance rate with the prohibition law rose from 37% in 2003 to 92.6% in 2017. An approach of underage "mystery shoppers" attempting to purchase tobacco products and dedicated inspectors has been implemented, and progressive sanctions are applied in case of non-compliance. In 2013, 12.2% of Quebec high school students and, in 2017, 34.1% of French 17 year olds reported using tobacco products in the last 30 days. CONCLUSION: Only an improved law enforcement, through the training of tobacco retailer's, inspections and effective deterrent penalties for non-compliance, leads to an effective legislative measure in terms of public health.

"Mandados e comandados por alguém": processos de subjetivação formados pela institucionalização / "Mandates and commanded by someone": processes of subjectivation formed by institutionalization / "Mandados y comandados por alguien": procesos de subjetivación formados por la institucionalización / "Envoyé et commandé par quelqu'un": processus de subjectivation formés par l'institutionnalisation

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os processos de subjetivação de participantes de duas instituições de privação de liberdade no estado da Paraíba - ex-internos de um patronato agrícola contemporâneo ao Código de Menores e educandos de uma unidade de cumprimento de medida socioeducativa de internação criada sob a égide do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) -, a partir da institucionalização vivenciada por eles, identificando mudanças e permanências. De acordo com Foucault, o sujeito se constitui historicamente de diferentes formas através de práticas de poder e jogos de verdade, como a prática da internação em instituições. A institucionalização serve para fixar o sujeito em um sistema normalizador, operando sobre ele um assujeitamento e fabricando corpos dóceis. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 09 participantes, sendo 06 ex-internos do patronato e 03 educandos da unidade de medida socioeducativa, e os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise Crítica do Discurso. Identificaram-se processos de subjetivação - constituídos a partir da vigilância e do controle, de internalização de um discurso institucional e assujeitamentos - e permanências, como as punições incidindo sobre o corpo e um histórico de institucionalização vivenciado em suas juventudes. As mudanças disseram respeito aos motivos pelos quais os jovens foram para a instituição e aos tipos de atos infracionais cometidos, quando foi o caso. Foi possível perceber, a partir do caráter histórico deste estudo e da escuta de ex-internos e educandos, discursos bastante semelhantes proferidos por pessoas que vivenciaram/vivenciam a institucionalização em épocas distintas, sob legislações e contextos diferentes, o que aponta que as mudanças entre o Código de Menores e o ECA têm se dado mais na letra da lei do que na prática de institucionalização dos jovens.

This article aims to analyze the processes of subject of the participants of two institutions of deprivation of liberty in the state of Paraíba - ex-inmates of an agricultural patronage contemporary to the Code of Minors and students of a unit of compliance of socio-educational measure of internment created under the aegis of the Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente /Statute of the Child and the Adolescent (ECA), from the institutionalization experienced by them, identifying changes and permanence. According to Foucault, the subject is historically constituted in different ways through practices of power and real games, such as the practice of institutionalization. The institutionalization serves to fix the subject in a normalizing system, operating on him subjection and making docile bodies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 09 participants, of whom 06 were former board members and 03 students from the socio-educational unit, and the data were analyzed through the Critical Discourse Analysis. We identified processes of subject - constituted from vigilance and control, from the internalization of an institutional discourse and subjection - and permanence, such as punishments focusing on the body and a history of institutionalization experienced in its youth. The changes related to the reasons why the young people went to the institution and the types of infractions committed when this was the case. It was possible to perceive, from the historical character of this study and the listening of former interns and students, quite similar discourses given by people who lived / experienced institutionalization at different times, under different legislation and contexts, which indicates that the changes between the Code of Minors and the ECA have been given more in the letter of the law than in the practice of institutionalizing the young.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los procesos de subjetivación de participantes de dos instituciones de privación de libertad en el Estado de Paraíba - ex-internos de un patronato rural contemporáneo al Código de Menores y alumnos de una unidad de cumplimiento de medida socioeducativa de internación creada bajo la égida del Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente (ECA) -, a partir de la institucionalización vivida por ellos, identificando cambios y permanencias. Según Foucault, el sujeto se constituye históricamente de distintas formas por medio de poder y juegos de verdad, como la práctica de la internación en instituciones. La institucionalización tiene la función de fijar el sujeto en un sistema normalizador, operando sobre él un "asujetamiento" y creando cuerpos dóciles. Fueron realizadas entrevistas semiestructuradas con 09 participantes: 06 ex-internos del patronato y 03 alumnos de la unidad de medida socioeducativa. Los datos fueron analizados por medio del Análisis Crítica del Discurso. Procesos de subjetivación fueron identificados - constituidos a partir de la vigilancia y del control, de internalización de un discurso institucional y "asujetamientos" - y permanencias, como las penas sobre el cuerpo y un histórico de institucionalización vivido en sus juventudes. Los cambios estaban relacionados a los motivos por los cuales los jóvenes fueron para la institución y a los tipos de actos de delito cometidos, cuando fue el caso. Fue posible percibir, a partir del carácter histórico de este trabajo y de la escucha de ex-internos y alumnos, discursos bastante semejantes proferidos por personas que vivieron/viven la institucionalización en épocas distintas, bajo legislación y contextos diferentes, lo que señala que los cambios entre el Código de Menores y el ECA funcionan mejor en la ley que en la práctica de institucionalización de los jóvenes.

L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser les processus de subjectivation des participants de deux institutions de privation de liberté de l'État de Paraíba - des anciens détenus d'un mécénat agricole, contemporain au Code de justice pénal des Mineurs, bien comme des étudiants chez une unité de purge des sanctions socio-éducatives, crée sous l'égide du Statut de l'enfant et de l'adolescent (ECA) -à partir de la base de l'institutionnalisation vécue par eux, en identifiant les changements et les permanences. Selon Foucault, le sujet est historiquement constitué de différentes manières à travers des pratiques de pouvoir et des jeux réels, tels que la pratique de l'institutionnalisation. L'institutionnalisation sert à fixer le sujet dans un système normalisant, en opérant sur lui une sujétion et en fabriquant des corps dociles. Des entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés avec neuf participants, dont six étaient anciens détenus du mécénat et 3 étudiants de l'unité socio-éducative. Les données ont été analysées par le biais de l'analyse du discours critique. On a identifié des processus de subjectivation - constitués par la surveillance et le contrôle, l'internalisation d'un discours institutionnel et des subjectivation - et de permanences, telles que des sanctions sur le corps et une institutionnalisation historique vécue dans leurs jeunesses. Les changements ont été liés aux raisons pour lesquelles les jeunes sont allés à l'instituition, bien comme aux types d'infractions commises. D'après le caractère historique de cette étude, et l'écoute d'anciens détenus et étudiants, il était possible de percevoir des discours assez similaires donnés par des personnes qui ont vécu et vivent encore l'institutionnalisation à différents moments, sous des différents législations et contextes , ce qui indique que les changements entre le Code de justice pénal des mineurs et l'ECA n'ont été que dans le texte de la loi.

'Just black sometimes': analytic tools applied at the frontlines of social upheaval, part 1.

Analysts are increasingly grappling with making space for the discussion of turbulent and disturbing current events in their practices. This social disorder raises questions about the role of social activism and advocacy for groups suffering discrimination, persecution, violence, and displacement. Jung too commented on the immediacy of political happenings that show up in our practices with 'violence'. The author discusses an organizational consultation he did in Berlin in 2017 to consult for an NGO that handles placements for unaccompanied minors who are refugees. Such consultation can employ analytic ideas and concepts to the benefit of the organization and its staff. This process, though, requires some translation of these ideas so as not to burden consultees with theoretical terminology with which they may have little or no familiarity. The role of vicarious trauma is discussed, including how it is passed along, and its implications for frontline helpers are considered. Developmental aspects of adolescence figured prominently in the consultation. This is the first of two papers addressing this topic; the second will focus on interactions that the author had with young refugees.

[Adaptation and validation of the neurological soft sign's scale of Krebs et al. to children]. / Adaptation et validation d'une échelle des signes neurologiques mineurs chez l'enfant.

BACKGROUND: Neurological soft signs (NSS) include anomalies in motor integration, coordination, sensory integration and lateralization and could be endophenotypic markers in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Their characterization provides a more precise phenotype of ASD and more homogeneous subtypes to facilitate clinical and genetic research. Few scales for NSS have been adapted and validated in children including children with ASD. Our objective was to perform an adaptation to the child of a scale assessing neurological soft signs and a validation study in both general and clinical populations. METHODS: We have selected the NSS scale of Krebs et al. (2000) already validated in adults. It encompasses 5 dimensions: motor coordination, motor integration, sensory integration, involuntary movement, laterality. After a preliminary study that examined 42 children, several changes have been made to the original version to adapt it to the child and to increase its feasibility, particularly in children with ASD. Then we conducted a validation study by assessing the psychometric properties of this scale in a population of 86 children including 26 children with ASD (DSM 5 Criteria) and 60 typically developing children. Children's ages ranged between 6 and 12 years, and patients and controls were matched for gender, age and intelligence. Patients were assessed using the Autism diagnostic Interview-revised and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale to confirm diagnosis. Typically developing children were assessed using the semi-structured Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents to eliminate any psychiatric disorder. All children with neurological pathologies (history of cerebral palsy, congenital anomaly of the central nervous system, epilepsy, tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, antecedent of severe head trauma) and obvious physical deformities or sensory deficits that could interfere with neurological assessment were excluded from the study. Both patients and controls were assessed using the Raven Progressive Matrices to exclude intellectual disability, and the adapted Krebs' scale for the assessment of NSS. RESULTS: Adaptation of the scale consisted of a modification in the order of items, in the use of concrete supports for the assessment of laterality and in the elimination of item constructive praxis. The internal consistency was good with a Cronbach alpha of 0.87. Inter-rater reliability was good, kappa coefficient was greater than 0.75 for 16 items, 3 items had a kappa value between 0.74 and 0.60, only 1 item had a kappa coefficient between 0.4 and 0.59. Good inter-rater reliability was also checked for the total score with a value of intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.91. Principal component analysis found five factors accounting for 62.96 % of the total variance. About the comparison between patients and controls, significant differences were found for NSS total score (P=0.000) and all subscores. CONCLUSION: The adaptation for children of the Krebs et al.' NSS scale proved to be valid, especially in children with ASD.

[Left temporal arachnoid cyst and specific learning disorders associated with Pervasive Developmental Disorders - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS): contributions of an integrative neuropsychomotor, neuropsychological, psychopathological and neurosurgical approach about a case report in a child (François)]. / Kyste arachnoïdien temporal gauche et troubles spécifiques des apprentissages associés à un trouble envahissant du développement non spécifié (TED-NoS) : apports d'une approche intégrative neuro-psychomotrice neuropsychologique, psychopathologique et neurochirurgicale à propos d'une observation chez un enfant (le cas François).

Left temporal arachnoid cyst and specific learning disorders associated with pervasive developmental disorders - not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS): contributions of an integrative neuro-psychomotor, neuropsychological, psychopathological and neurosurgical approach about a case report in a child (François). With DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR, the terminology of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) covers two main categories of infantile disorders: disorders of "strictly" autistic nature and pervasive developmental disorders - not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Under the terminology of multiple complex developmental disorder (MCDD), it is proposed to classify children presenting symptoms approaching the psychotic disharmonies and usually diagnosed as PDD-NOS. Such a category of developmental disorders is now included without nosographic distinction in the autistic spectrum in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-V). CASE REPORT: We are reporting a case report of a 6-year-old boy which shows a PDD-NoS/MCDD complex symptomatology type. This child presents multiple disorders: minor neurological signs (soft signs), neuro-psychomotor disorders, developmental coordination disorder (DCD), communication, thought, and regulation of emotions disorders, attention deficit disorders (ADD); in the presence of a high verbal intellectual potential, which makes it difficult to establish a clear diagnosis. A cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was carried out due to the presence of minor neurological signs (soft signs) and of neurodevelopmental multiple disorders. The MRI revealed a voluminous arachnoid temporo-polar left cyst with a marked mass effect on the left temporal lobe. DISCUSSION: A neurosurgical intervention allowed to observe the gradual disappearance of the specific symptomatology (in particular soft signs, neuro-psychomotor functions and autistic symptoms) secondary to the interference of the cyst's pressure with intracranial areas involving neurological and psychopathological abnormalities, underlying at the same time the reversibility of the disorders after decompression as demonstrated in some studies. There are always, with a quantitative and qualitative decrease, an emotional dysregulation, a DCD, an ADD as well as impairments in the executive functions. CONCLUSION: This clinical case underlines the necessity of an evaluation in a transdisciplinary way and to follow the developmental evolution of the child in order to focus adapted therapeutics. Furthermore, with neurodevelopmental disorders not specified, it is important to examine the presence of soft signs with standardized neuro-psychomotor assessment, and then, to propose an MRI investigation. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature with a school age child of an unusual association between a temporal arachnoid cyst associated with PDD-NOS/MCDD.

Ortopedia del alma. Degeneracionismo e higiene mental en la Casa de Corrección de Menores y Escuela de Trabajo San José, Colombia 1914-1947 / Ortopedia da Alma. Degeneracionismo e Higiene Mental na Casa de Correção de Menores e Escola de Trabalho San Jose, Colômbia, 1914-1947 / The orthopedics of the Soul. Degeneration and Mental Hygiene in the San Jose Juvenile Correctional Facility and Work School, Colombia 1914-1947 / Orthopédie de l’âme. Dégénerationisme et hygiène mentale à la Maison de correction pour mineurs et de l›École de travail San José, Colombie, 1914-1947 / Orthopädie der Seele. Degenerationstheorie und Mentale Hygiene in der Jugendstrafanstalt / Ausbildungszentrum San José, Kolumbien, 1914-1947 / 1914-1947年哥伦比亚未成年人矫正所和圣胡安工读学校里的精神病治疗，退化和精神健康

Objetivo Comprender las prácticas y la formación experimental de la psicopedagogía de la infancia anormal en Colombia, llevadas a cabo en la “Casa de Corrección de Menores y Escuela de Trabajo San José”, entre 1914 y 1947. Métodos y materiales: estudio cualitativo, de enfoque histórico-hermenéutico, mediante investigación documental, heurística de archivos de patrimonio documental e historiografía institucional del periodo de estudio. Conclusiones el surgimiento de un nuevo régimen de educación especial (médico-psico-pedagógico) estableció un cambio relevante del modelo reformatorio de castigo al de intervención pedagógica, influida por el cruce de doctrinas científicas de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, como la regla de lo normal y lo patológico, la teoría de la degeneración y la eugenesia, para el perfeccionamiento de un sujeto moderno capaz de ser útil por sí mismo y para la sociedad.

Objetivo Compreender as práticas e a formação experimental da psicopedagogia da infância anormal na Colômbia, realizadas na Casa de Correção de Menores e Escola de Trabalho San José, entre 1914 e 1947. Métodos e materiais: estudo qualitativo, de abordagem histórico-hermenêutica, mediante pesquisa documental, heurística de arquivos de patrimônio documental e historiografia institucional do período de estudo. Conclusões O surgimento de um novo regime de educação especial (médico e psicopedagógico) estabeleceu uma relevante mudança do modelo de reformatório de castigo ao de intervenção pedagógica, influenciada pelo cruzamento de doutrinas científicas de fins do século XIX e inícios do século XX, como a regra do normal e do patológico, a teoria da degeneração e a eugenia, para o aperfeiçoamento de um sujeito moderno capaz de ser útil a si mesmo e à sociedade.

Objective To understand the practices and the experimental formation of the psychopedagogy of abnormal childhood in Colombia, carried out in the San Jose Juvenile Correctional Facility and Work School, Colombia, between 1914 and 1947. Methods and materials: qualitative study, of a historical-hermeneutic approach, using documentary research, and file heuristics of document heritage and institutional historiography within the study period. Conclusions The emergence of a new special education regime (medical and psychopedagogical) established an important change in the model of punishing reformatory to pedagogical intervention, influenced by crossing scientific doctrines of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as the rule of normal and pathological, the degeneration theory and eugenics, for perfecting a modern subject who can be useful to itself and to society.

Objectif Comprendre les pratiques et la formation expérimentale de la psychopédagogie de l'enfance anormale en Colombie, réalisées à la Maison de correction et l’École de travail San José, entre 1914 et 1947. Méthodes et matériaux : étude qualitative, approche historique-herméneutique, par le biais d’une recherche documentaire, heuristique de fichiers de patrimoine documentaire et historiographie institutionnelle de la période d'étude. Conclusions L'émergence d'un nouveau régime d'éducation spécialisée (médicale et psychopédagogique) a établi un changement pertinent du modèle de maison de correction à celui d'intervention pédagogique, influencé par le croisement de doctrines scientifiques de la fin du XIXe et début du XXe siècles, comme la règle du normal et du pathologique, la théorie de la dégénérescence et l'eugénisme, pour le perfectionnement d'un sujet moderne capable d'être utile à lui-même et à la société.

Ziel die Praxis und das experimentelle Ausbildungsprogram der Psychopädagogik der abnormalen Kindheit in Kolumbien zu untersuchen, am Fall der Jugendstrafanstalt / Ausbildungszentrum San José, von 1914 bis 1947. Methoden und Materialien: qualitative Studie, historisch-hermeneutischer Ansatz, dokumentarische Forschung, Heuristik der Dokumentdatei und der institutionellen Geschichtsschreibung innerhalb des Untersuchungszeitraumes. Schlussfolgerungen die Entstehung einer neuen (medizinischen und psycho-pädagogischen) Regelung im Bereich der Sonderpädagogik etabliert eine wichtige Wandlung vom Model der 'bestrafenden Erziehungsanstalt' zu jenem der pädagogischen Intervention. Diese Wandlung entsteht durch die Fusion wissenschaftlicher Lehren des späten neunzehnten und frühen zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, wie z.B. die Regel des normalen und des pathologischen, die Degenerationstheorie und die Eugenik. Sie wurde zur Perfektionierung des modernen Subjekts benutzt, das dadurch für sich selbst und für die Gesellschaft von Nutzen wird.

本论文的目的了解1914—1947年哥伦比亚的未成年人矫正所和圣胡安工读学校在异常行为青少年教育心理学方面的试验和实践。 研究方法和材料 对事件的质的分析，从史学和方法论角度，对该时期，两个机构的档案资料和史料进行详细的和整体全面的分析。 结论是 在实践中产生了一个新的特殊教育制度 (医疗和心理教育)，青少年矫正模式也产生了重要的变化，由原来的以惩罚为主的感化院做法，转变为以教育为主的模式，这种转变是由于十九世纪末二十世纪初科学思想和社会思潮的转变，特别是鉴定正常和病态的规则的变化，有关人类退化和优生的理论的传ā...

[Epidemioclinical and legal aspects and cost management of sexual abuse among minors in Dakar, Senegal]. / Aspects épidémiocliniques, juridiques et coût de la prise en charge des abus sexuels chez les mineurs à Dakar, Sénégal.

OBJECTIVES: Specify epidemioclinical and legal aspects of sexual abuse among minors and evaluate the cost of care in Dakar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective multicenter cross-sectional study on sexual abuse among minors over a period of four years from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2009. Four maternities were targeted: the Social Hygiene Institute of Medina, health center Roi-Baudouin Guédiawaye, the Pikine hospital and health center Youssou-Mbargane-Diop of Rufisque. RESULTS: During the study period, 252 child victims of sexual abuse were supported at four health facilities on a total of 272 sexual abuses of all ages, a frequency of 92.64%. The epidemiological profile of our patients was a child of 11 years old on average, female (100%) and living in the suburbs of Dakar (68.1%). Children were often abused during working hours (31.7%), outside the family environment and often by someone known to the victim (72.6%). Genito-genital contact was the most common mode of sexual contact (80.9%) with vaginal penetration in 61% of cases. Almost all of the victims (92.1%) came to consult, accompanied by their parents, between the 1st and 4th day after the sexual abuse (70%). The examination usually revealed a hymenal trauma (59.9%) of which nearly half (49%) consisted of old lesions. 56.9% of victims had a post-traumatic stress disorder and 31.1%, mutism. We recorded six (6) pregnancies, 2% of our sample. A case of HIV infection was recorded on a sample taken 72hours after sexual abuse. Control of three months HIV serology was requested in 7.1% of cases and only 20% of children had received antiretroviral prophylaxis. Antibiotic prophylaxis had been performed in 13.7% of cases using doxycycline as drug of choice (75%). Only 29% of our patients had received emergency contraception progestin and psychological care concerned only 22% of children. On the legal aspects, 46% of our patients had filed a complaint. Prosecutions were 38%, 45% of which were convicted and 21% were acquitted. The rate of out-of-court settlement was 35% and the time limit for settlement by the justice was on average 6 months with extremes of one month and 24 months. The average cost of care was estimated at 17,010 CFA francs (26 euros) taking into account the consumables used for clinical examination (sterile gloves, catheter, syringe), analysis and prescription drugs. CONCLUSION: The sexual abuse of minors is a disturbing reality that raises rightly universal reprobation. In Senegal, this mainly affects children and its magnitude is increasing over the years. Improved support for victims necessarily involves raising public awareness through the media and the development of specialized structures in the management of sexual abuse.

[Neurological soft signs in early onset schizophrenia]. / Signes neurologiques mineurs dans la schizophrénie précoce.

INTRODUCTION: Neurological soft signs (NSS) are subtle neurological abnormalities that cannot be linked to the achievement of a specific region of the central nervous system and which are not part of a particular neurological syndrome. These signs are observed in the case of diseases supporting the neurodevelopmental model such as schizophrenia in general and its early form defined notably by an age of onset of less than 18 years. Indeed, the NSS belong to a set of clinical, cognitive, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical markers reflecting neurodevelopmental brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of our study were to determine the prevalence, the scores, and the nature of neurological soft signs (NSS) in adolescent patients suffering from early onset schizophrenia diagnosis in comparison to healthy controls, and to explore the correlations between NSS and the demographic, clinical and therapeutic features of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve adolescents were recruited in the Child Psychiatry Department at the Razi Hospital (Tunisia), with the diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the DSM-IV supplemented by the Kiddie SAD PL. They were matched by age and educational level with twelve healthy controls without psychiatric family or personal history. The clinical status of the patients was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Neurological soft signs (NSS) were rated with the Neurological Soft Signs Examination (NSSE) by Krebs et al. (2000) for the two groups. This scale is composed of 23 items exploring motor coordination, motor integrative function, sensory integration, involuntary movements and quality of lateralization. RESULTS: The mean age of our population was 14.7 years. The average age of onset of the disease was 12.2 years. The sex-ratio was 1.4. Educational level was 7.4 years. The PANSS mean total score was 74.3. The mean daily dose, in chlorpromazine equivalents, was 523.9 mg/day. Four patients received a strict monotherapy of antipsychotics, while the other patients were receiving an association of two neuroleptics. The prevalence of NSS was 100% (cut-off point=11) with a mean total score of 29.3±4.1. The highest score was for the motor coordination (10.1). As for the control group, the mean total score was 7±1.3. A highly significant difference was found between patients and controls for all sub-scores of NSS. Negative correlations were found in patients, between age and neurological soft signs total score (P=0.05; r=-0.57) and also with sensory integration score (P=0.04; r=-0.58). The NSS total score was also correlated with low educational level (P=0.03; r=-0.61). There was no correlation between neurological soft signs scores and PANSS scores or the daily dose of antipsychotics. CONCLUSION: The prevalence and NSS scores are high among young people with early onset schizophrenia diagnosis illustrating the existence of structural abnormalities of the brain, themselves consequences of early neurodevelopmental disturbances, which would support the neurodevelopmental hypothesis concerning this pathology.

A dimensional approach to personality disorders in a sample of juvenile offenders / Uma abordagem dimensional a distúrbios de personalidade em uma amostra de menores infratores / Une approche dimensionnelle aux troubles de la personnalité dans un échantillon de mineurs délinquants / Un abordaje dimensional de los trastornos de personalidad en una muestra de delincuentes juveniles

In a sample of 60 male Italian subjects imprisoned at a juvenile detention institute (JDI), psychopathological aspects of the AXIS II were described and the validity of a psychopathological dimensional approach for describing criminological issues was examined. The data show that the sample has psychopathological characteristics which revolve around ego weakness and poor management of relations and aggression. Statistically these psychopathological characteristics explain 85% of criminal behavior.

Em uma amostra de 60 sujeitos italianos do sexo masculino presos em un instituto de detenção para menores (JDI), descreveram-se os aspectos psicopatológicos do Axis II e examinou-se a validade de uma abordagem de dimensão psicopatológica para a descrição das questões criminológicas. No conjunto, os dados apontam que a amostragem apresenta características psicopatolócas que dizem respeito à debilidade do Ego e a uma má gestão das relações e da agressão. Estatísticamente, essas características psicopatológicas explicam 85% do comportamento criminal.

Un échantillon de 60 sujets italiens de sexe masculin détenus dans un établissement pénitentiaire pour mineurs (JDI) nous a servi de base pour décrire les aspects psychopathologiques de l'Axe II et pour examiner la validité d'une approche à dimensions psychopathologique pour décrire les questions criminologiques. Dans l'ensemble, les données indiquent que l'échantillon présente des caractéristiques psychopathologiques qui relèvent de la faiblesse de l'ego et de la mauvaise gestion des relations et de l'agression. Statistiquement, ces caractéristiques psychopathologiques expliquent à 85% le comportement criminel.

En una muestra compuesta por 60 sujetos italianos de sexo masculino encarcelados en un instituto correccional para jóvenes (ICJ), se hizo la descripción de los aspectos psicopatológicos de los trastornos de personalidad (AXIS II) y se examinó la validez del abordaje dimensional psicopatológico para describir las cuestiones criminológicas. Los datos demuestran que la muestra tiene características psicopatológicas que giran alrededor de la debilidad del ego y de gestión deficiente de las relaciones y de la agresión. Estadísticamente, esas caracteristicas psicopatológicas explican el 85% del comportamiento criminal.