How shared suffering bonded Britons witnessing the Queen's funeral.

Previous research suggests that sharing emotionally intense experiences with others, for example by undergoing dysphoric collective rituals together, can lead to "identity fusion," a visceral feeling of oneness that predicts group cohesion and self-sacrifice for the group. In this pre-registered research, we provide the first quantitative investigation of identity fusion following participation in a national funeral, surveying 1632 members of the British public. As predicted, individuals reporting intense sadness during Queen Elizabeth II's funeral exhibited higher levels of identity fusion and pro-group commitment, as evidenced by generosity pledges to a British Monarchist charity. Also consistent with our hypotheses, feelings of unity in grief and emotional sharedness during the event mediated the relationship between sadness intensity and pro-group commitment. These findings shed light on importance of collective rituals in fostering group cohesion, cooperation, and the dynamics of shared emotional experiences within communities.

Whose experts? How federalism shaped psychiatry in the late Habsburg monarchy.

The late Habsburg period (1867-1918) created a constitutional dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. This paper discusses the role of psychiatry in Cisleithania, both as a developing profession and as a distinct 'policy field'. Tension between psychiatry's academic professionalisation and the creation of public institutions as signature projects by individual crownlands created complex relationships between psychiatry and politics. In federalist Cisleithania, psychiatrists became very 'political': whether employed by the state or a crownland influenced their position on policy, despite claiming that their expert knowledge was 'scientific' and 'objective'. The conflicts between asylum-based and academic psychiatrists mirrored those between the central state and the crownlands. This led to intractable delays in mental health law reform, eventually resolved by Imperial decree in 1916.

The En-Gedi Spring Site and the Judahite Expansion into the Judaean Desert in the Late Iron Age.

This article discusses the results of the excavations conducted in the Iron II site near the En-Gedi Spring in 1961-1962 and 2019. The site, consisting of a prominent stone platform documented as early as the 19th century and other recently discovered structural remains, is interpreted as a Judahite outpost built in a strategic location within the oasis of En-Gedi. On the basis of the ceramic assemblage, it is suggested that this site was founded during the early 7th century BCE and was abandoned before the end of that century-making it the earliest Iron Age occupation in the oasis. Combined with historical considerations and a regional analysis, the En-Gedi Spring site enhances our understanding of the Judahite expansion into the Judaean Desert during the late Iron Age.

Forged in the Floods: Transnational Networks in the Habsburg Monarchy.

Riparian communities in the Habsburg monarchy experienced perennial flooding with tragedy often eliciting heroics and generosity. What made these empathetic responses even more admirable was their juxtaposition with the antipathy that nationalist groups expressed in the political realm in the monarchy's final decades. Studying government and public responses to flooding in the nineteenth century demonstrates the critical link between empire and environment which forged transnational communities through floods of adversity, charity and cooperation. As this paper is part of a special issue, Water History in the time of COVID-19, it has undergone modified peer review.

[Adolf Lorenz und Tomás Garrigue Masaryk-an extraordinary encounter]. / Adolf Lorenz und Tomás Garrigue Masaryk ­ eine außergewöhnliche Begegnung.

Adolf Lorenz, the founder of orthopedics in Austria and father of the later Nobel laureate Konrad Lorenz, and the founder and first president of the Czechoslovak Republic, Tomás G. Masaryk, were in contact. In the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century both studied at the University of Vienna: Masaryk, four years older, Philosophy and Lorenz Medicine. The first meetings took place in the dissecting room of the Anatomical Institute. Later both entered (scientific) careers and became well-known personalities. Almost 40 years after the first coincidental encounter, Lorenz remembered his former student, meanwhile president of the Czechoslovak Republic, and made contact with him. The correspondence kept in the Masaryk Institute in Prague will be presented here.

[Dr Fran Mandic (1851 - 1924): A Reputed Physician from Kastav and "Croatian Consul" in Trieste] / Kastavac dr. Fran Mandic (1851. ­ 1924.), ugledni lijecnik i "hrvatski konzul" u Trstu

Born in Istria, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Fran Mandic (1851-1924) finished a Croatian grammar school in Rijeka and studied medicine in Graz, Austria and in Prague, Bohemia. After graduation, he settled in Trieste, a major Austrian port, where he spent his entire career. After a period in the State Hospital in Trieste, Mandic ran his own practice and held a position of medical adviser of the Austrian State Railway in Istria. Since his student days, he had championed equal political rights for the Croatian people in Istria. Aware of the importance of education, he donated his time and money for a number of new schools to open throughout Istria. For his merits he received high honours from the Emperor and an honorary Citizenship of Opatija, but the greatest recognition was the respect he earned from his patients and their families.

Enhanced Monarchy Butterfly Optimization Technique for effective breast cancer diagnosis.

Breast cancer is the biggest curse for the women society in the world since the survival factor of the infected patients is ensured only when it is detected at the early localized stage. The majority of the intelligent schemes proposed for detecting the breast cancer relies on the human skill that helps in trustworthy determination of essential pattern that confirms the existence of the infected cancer cells for deciding upon the course of treatment. Further, most of the research works contributed in the literature for detecting breast cancer necessitates huge time and laborinvolved that increases the time of diagnosis. This Intelligent Artificial Bee Colony and Enhanced Monarchy Butterfly Optimization Technique (IABC-EMBOT) is proposed for effective breast cancer diagnosis. The core idea behind the formulation of IABC-EMBOT relies on two significant ameliorations that, i) focuses on the modification of Monarchy Butterfly Optimization that enhances the exploration degree based on the rate of exploitation of the searching space and ii) concentrates on the elimination in the limitations of the ABC scheme by enhancing the possibility of search diversification process through phenomenal update facilitated through the dynamic and adaptive butterfly operator that improves the search globally. The proposed IABC-EMBOT scheme investigated using the Wisconsin data set is proven to facilitate an improved average classification accuracy of 97.53%.

[Protector Saints Against Plague Epidemics - Analysis of the Examples from the Sacral Patrimonies of the Cites of Rijeka and Osijek] / Svetci zastitnici protiv epidemija kuge ­ analiza primjera iz sakralnih bastina Rijeke i Osijeka

Plague epidemics have remained in the collective consciousness until nowadays remembered as the deadliest. Therefore, it is not surprising that the answers to them throughout history have been not only medical but also religious. The previously mentioned will be analyzed in this paper through the cults of the protector saints against the plague epidemics that have developed in two Croatian cities of comparable size, Rijeka and Osijek, but with the diametrically opposed geographical positions and, accordingly, quite different historical developments. On the one hand, a more detailed overview of the development of the cults of various saints present in the mentioned cities will be presented. On the other hand, based on their presentation in the sacral heritage of these cities, the broader context of the time and space in which they have developed will be lightened. Particular attention will be paid to their medical connotations.

Reporting on Suicide Between 1819 and 1944.

BACKGROUND: Suicide rates increased substantially in many countries during the 19th century. Little is known about news coverage on suicide in this period and its relationship to suicide rates. AIMS: To test whether there was a covariation between the quantity of reporting and suicide rates and whether the press relied on sensational reporting. METHOD: A content analysis of Austrian news coverage between 1819 and 1944 was conducted and compared with contemporary findings. RESULTS: There were similar corresponding troughs and peaks in both time series, indicative of covariation. The analysis revealed that variations in the quantity of reporting predicted the following year's suicide rates, a pattern consistent with a long-term Werther effect. Conversely, suicide rates did not predict future values of the quantity of reporting. Furthermore, the press substantially overrepresented "vivid" firearm suicides compared with other more "pallid" methods such as drowning, indicative of sensational reporting. LIMITATIONS: The causal order of the quantity of reporting and suicide rates should be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSION: The press may have contributed to the establishment of suicide as a mass phenomenon in the 19th century. The contemporary comparison is indicative of temporal stability.

[Adolf Lorenz's decision to study medicine]. / Adolf Lorenz' Entscheidung zum Medizinstudium.

The childhood and adolescence years are decisive in life. It was the aim of this study to analyze the pubertal years of Adolf Lorenz, the founder of Austrian orthopedics who left his mark in all parts of the world, with respect to his choice of profession. As the son of poor people from the former frontier region of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy with Poland, then known as Austrian-Silesia, he was provided with a scholarship in a boys' choir at a Carinthian monastery and then continued his studies at a college in Klagenfurt, capital of Carinthia. He spent the last year at college as a private teacher in Transylvania and passed his maturity examination as an extraordinary pupil. During this time he decided to study medicine. The people he then met and the events leading to this decision are illustrated in this article.

O corpo da nação: posicionamentos governamentais sobre a educação física no Brasil monárquico / The body of the nation: government positions on physical education during tHe Brazilian monarchy

Associadas a projetos de construção da ideia de nação, no Brasil monárquico foram encaminhadas, pelo governo imperial, algumas iniciativas no sentido de materializar propostas de educação física. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar os sentidos e significados atribuídos ao tema na legislação e nos relatórios anuais do Ministério dos Negócios do Império (1831-1889), com especial interesse pelo que se refere ao Rio de Janeiro. A abordagem do assunto nas fontes pesquisadas evidencia que as visões sobre a educação física se deram a partir de uma matriz que articulava concepções de moral, saúde e civilização, tendo que lidar com as condições concretas de um país recém-independente, periférico e com uma burocracia ainda em formação.

In association with its nation building projects, the imperial government in Brazil under monarchic rule took some concrete actions based on proposals for physical education. The aim of this article is to investigate the meanings and significations attributed to this subject in the legislation and the annual reports issued by the Ministry of Business of the Empire (1831-1889), giving special attention to Rio de Janeiro. The approach to the subject in the sources researched demonstrates that the views of physical education took shape through a web of ideas that associated moral, health and civilization conceptions, in a bid to deal with the concrete circumstances of a newly independent peripheral nation with a bureaucratic structure in the process of formation.

The Emperor Dom Pedro II: his convulsive seizures when a boy

INTRODUCTION: Dom Pedro II, the Prince Heir and Emperor under regency, in a delicate period of the construction of the Brazilian nation, had convulsive seizures. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the convulsive seizures and related syndromes of Dom Pedro II and his family, besides the physicians in charge of the health care. METHOD: Narrative review based on primary and secondary sources. CONCLUSION: The scattered and self-limited convulsive seizures associated with physical and mental integrity favored a benign prognosis. Dom Pedro and his family presented rich history of epileptic seizures and febrile convulsion. This variety resembles the diagnosis of generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus that seems to be a combination of several syndromes with shared genetic susceptibility.

INTRODUÇÃO: Dom Pedro, o príncipe herdeiro e imperador sob regência, em período delicado da formação da nação brasileira, apresentou crises convulsivas que geraram preocupação para o país. OBJETIVO: Investigar a história da epilepsia de Dom Pedro II e da sua família e procurar identificar quais tipos de crises epilépticas estavam presentes, além dos médicos envolvidos com os cuidados de saúde. MÉTODO: Revisão narrativa baseada em fontes primárias e secundárias. CONCLUSÃO: As crises convulsivas esparsas e auto-limitadas associadas a higidez física e mental de Dom Pedro II sugerem um prognóstico benigno. A história de epilepsia idiopática e convulsões febris no imperador e em outros membros da sua família aponta para o diagnóstico mais provável de Epilepsia Generalizada com Convulsões Febris Plus que é determinada por uma combinação de alguns tipos de manifestações epilépticas com suscetibilidade genética compartilhada.

Dom Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal epilepsy and peculiar behavior

We present medical issues related to Dom Pedro de Alcântara Bragança e Bourbon (1798-1834), first Emperor of Brazil. This is made by means of narrative revision on historical facts starting from primary and secondary sources. Dom Pedro presented familiar incidence of epilepsy. His seizures were relatively benign and scattered, supposedly started at the age of 13: idiophatic epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures only or juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. He also had behavioral disorder characterized by hypersexuality, agitation and impulsiveness. It could have facilitated his opportunistic behavior necessary of daring to transgress the conservatism of the Portuguese crown, to create the constitutional monarchism in Brazil and in Portugal.

Apresentamos aspectos médicos relacionadas a Dom Pedro de Alcântara Bragança e Bourbon (1798-1834), primeiro Imperador do Brasil. Isso é feito por meio de revisão narrativa sobre fatos históricos baseados em fontes primárias ou secundárias. Dom Pedro apresentou epilepsia de incidência familiar. Suas crises eram relativamente benignas e esparsas, de início provavelmente aos 13 anos: epilepsia idiopática generalizada com crises tônico-clônicas apenas ou epilepsia mioclônica juvenil. Ele também tinha transtorno do comportamento caracterizado por hipersexualidade, agitação e impulsividade. Isso pode ter facilitado seu comportamento oportunístico necessário para ousar a transgredir o conservadorismo da coroa portuguesa e criar o monarquismo constitucional no Brasil e em Portugal.