Organic-Inorganic Interfacial Dipole Induced by Energy Level Alignment for Efficient Photocatalytic Sterilization.

Photocatalytic molecules are considered to be one of the most promising substitutions of antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. However, the strong excitonic effect greatly restricts their efficiency in antibacterial performance. Inspired by the interfacial dipole effect, a Ti3C2 MXene modified photocatalytic molecule (MTTTPyB) is designed and synthesized to enhance the yield of photogenerated carriers under light irradiation. The alignment of the energy level between Ti3C2 and MTTTPyB results in the formation of an interfacial dipole, which can provide an impetus for the separation of carriers. Under the role of a dipole electric field, these photogenerated electrons can rapidly migrate to the side of Ti3C2 for improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes. Thus, more electrons can be utilized to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation. As a result, over 97.04% killing efficiency can be reached for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) when the concentration of MTTTPyB/Ti3C2 was 50 ppm under 660 nm irradiation for 15 min. A microneedle (MN) patch made from MTTTPyB/Ti3C2 was used to treat the subcutaneous bacterial infection. This design of an organic-inorganic interface provides an effective method to minimize the excitonic effect of molecules, further expanding the platform of inorganic/organic hybrid materials for efficient phototherapy.

Asymmetric Kosmotropism-Stabilized Double-Layer Hydrogel for Low-Cost Neutral Zinc-Air Battery.

Zinc air battery (ZAB) provides a low-cost and high-energy density power source, particularly in wearable and portable devices. Despite the extensive research on air cathode catalysts, their practical application is hindered by low zinc utilization rate and severe corrosion and passivation in liquid-based alkaline electrolytes. Herein, a double-layer gel (DLKgel) is developed by leveraging the distinct kosmotropic properties of ZnCl2 and ZnSO4. Through phase separation induced by the kosmotropic differentiation (instead of membrane in decoupled systems), this DLKgel electrolyte serves a dual purpose of shielding cathode from irreversible reaction products and protecting Zn anode from passivation. Neutral ZABs with DLKgel demonstrate high zinc utilization rate of 89.3% and stable cycling over 800 h under a current density of 0.1 mA cm-2. The integration of DLKgel-based ZABs into a flexible GPS tracking device is demonstrated, highlighting the potential for broad adoption of flexible ZABs in wearable and logistics applications.

Therapeutic drug monitoring in Parkinson's disease.

A patient-tailored therapy of the heterogeneous, neuropsychiatric disorder of Parkinson's disease (PD) aims to improve dopamine sensitive motor symptoms and associated non-motor features. A repeated, individual adaptation of dopamine substituting compounds is required throughout the disease course due to the progress of neurodegeneration. Therapeutic drug monitoring of dopamine substituting drugs may be an essential tool to optimize drug applications. We suggest plasma determination of levodopa as an initial step. The complex pharmacology of levodopa is influenced by its short elimination half-life and the gastric emptying velocity. Both considerably contribute to the observed variability of plasma concentrations of levodopa and its metabolite 3-O-methyldopa. These amino acids compete with other aromatic amino acids as well as branched chain amino acids on the limited transport capacity in the gastrointestinal tract and the blood brain barrier. However, not much is known about plasma concentrations of levodopa and other drugs/drug combinations in PD. Some examples may illustrate this lack of knowledge: Levodopa measurements may allow further insights in the phenomenon of inappropriate levodopa response. They may result from missing compliance, interactions e.g. with treatments for other mainly age-related disorders, like hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, rheumatism or by patients themselves independently taken herbal medicines. Indeed, uncontrolled combination of compounds for accompanying disorders as given above with PD drugs might increase the risk of side effects. Determination of other drugs used to treat PD in plasma such as dopamine receptor agonists, amantadine and inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase or monoamine oxidase B may refine and improve the value of calculations of levodopa equivalents. How COMT-Is change levodopa plasma concentrations? How other dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic drugs influence levodopa levels? Also, delivery of drugs as well as single and repeated dosing and continuous levodopa administrations with a possible accumulation of levodopa, pharmacokinetic behaviour of generic and branded compounds appear to have a marked influence on efficacy of drug treatment and side effect profile. Their increase over time may reflect progression of PD to a certain degree. Therapeutic drug monitoring in PD is considered to improve the therapeutic efficacy in the course of this devastating neurologic disorder and therefore is able to contribute to the patients' precision medicine. State-of-the-art clinical studies are urgently needed to demonstrate the usefulness of TDM for optimizing the treatment of PD.

The relationship between neutral genetic diversity and performance in wild arthropod populations.

Larger effective populations (Ne) are characterised by higher genetic diversity, which is expected to predict population performance (average individual performance that influences fitness). Empirical studies of the relationship between neutral diversity and performance mostly represent species with small Ne, while there is limited data from the species-rich and ecologically important arthropods that are assumed to have large Ne but are threatened by massive declines. We performed a systematic literature search and used meta-analytical models to test the prediction of a positive association between neutral genetic diversity and performance in wild arthropods. From 14 relevant studies of 286 populations, we detected a weak (r = 0.15) but non-significant positive association both in the full data set (121 effect sizes) and a reduced data set accounting for dependency (14 effect sizes). Theory predicts that traits closely associated with fitness show relatively stronger correlation with neutral diversity, this relationship was upheld for longevity and marginally for reproduction. Our analyses point to major knowledge gaps in our understanding of relationships between neutral diversity and performance. Future studies using genome-wide data sets across populations could guide more powerful designs to evaluate relationships between adaptive, deleterious and neutral diversity and performance.

Within-host adaptive speciation of commensal yoyo clams leads to ecological exclusion, not co-existence.

Symbionts dominate planetary diversity and three primary symbiont diversification processes have been proposed: co-speciation with hosts, speciation by host-switching, and within-host speciation. The last mechanism is prevalent among members of an extraordinary marine symbiosis in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, composed of a host mantis shrimp, Lysiosquilla scabricauda, and seven host-specific commensal vasconielline "yoyo" clams (Galeommatoidea) that collectively occupy two distinct niches: burrow-wall-attached, and host-attached/ectocommensal. This within-host symbiont radiation provides a natural experiment to test how symbiont coexistence patterns are regulated in a common ancestral habitat. The competitive exclusion principle predicts that sister taxa produced by adaptive speciation (with distinct morphologies and within-burrow niches) are most likely to coexist whereas the neutral theory predicts no difference among adaptive and non-adaptive sister taxa co-occurrence. To test these predictions, we engaged in (1) field-censusing commensal species assemblages; (2) trophic niche analyses; (3) laboratory behavioral observations. Although predicted by both models, the field census found no mixed-niche commensal assemblages: multi-species burrows were exclusively composed of burrow-wall commensals. Their co-occurrence matched random assembly process expectations, but presence of the single ectocommensal species had a highly significant negative effect on recruitment of all burrow-wall commensal species (P < 0.001), including on its burrow-wall commensal sister species (P < 0.001). Our stable isotope data indicated that commensals are suspension feeders and that co-occurring burrow-wall commensals may exhibit trophic niche differentiation. The artificial burrow behavioral experiment yielded no evidence of spatial segregation among burrow-wall commensals, and it was terminated by a sudden breakdown of the host-commensal relationship resulting in a mass mortality of all commensals unattached to the host. This study system appears to contain two distinct, superimposed patterns of commensal distribution: (1) all burrow-wall commensal species; (2) the ectocommensal species. Burrow-wall commensals (the plesiomorphic condition) broadly adhere to neutral theory expectations of species assembly but the adaptive evolution of ectocommensalism has apparently led to ecological exclusion rather than coexistence, an inverse outcome of theoretical expectations. The ecological factors regulating the observed burrow-wall/ectocommensal exclusion are currently obscure but potentially include differential recruitment to host burrows and/or differential survival in "mixed" burrow assemblages, the latter potentially due to changes in host predatory behavior. Resampling host burrows during commensal recruitment peak periods and tracking burrow-wall commensal survival in host burrows with and without added ectocommensals could resolve this outstanding issue.

Dilated cardiomyopathy caused by mutation of the PNPLA2 gene: a case report and literature review.

Deficiency of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) due to mutation in PNPLA2 causes neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy (NLSDM), an autosomal recessive disorder (MIM: #610717). NLSDM patients are mainly affected by progressive myopathy, cardiomyopathy, and hepatomegaly. Cardiac involvement was reported in 40%-50% of NLSDM patients. Patients with cardiac involvement have adult-onset progressive heart failure, mimicking dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The clinical characteristics, genotype-phenotype correlation, and prognosis of cardiomyopathy secondary to PNPLA2 mutation are not understood. We reported two male patients carrying a homozygous splicing mutation NM_020376.4 (c.757 + 1G>T) in PNPLA2, presenting with severe dilated cardiomyopathy and mild skeletal muscle involvement. Through the literature review, the ECG and imaging features and the prognosis of 49 previously reported cases of cardiomyopathy caused by the PNPLA2 mutation were summarized. This study suggests that NLSDM should be considered a cause of cardiomyopathy, especially in those with elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels, regardless of whether symptoms such as muscle weakness or atrophy are present.

Selective CO2 Electroreduction to Multi-Carbon Products on Organic-Functionalized CuO Nanoparticles by Local Micro-Environment Modulation.

Surface functionalization of Cu-based catalysts has demonstrated promising potential for enhancing the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) toward multi-carbon (C2+) products, primarily by suppressing the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction and facilitating a localized CO2/CO concentration at the electrode. Building upon this approach, we developed surface-functionalized catalysts with exceptional activity and selectivity for electrocatalytic CO2RR to C2+ in a neutral electrolyte. Employing CuO nanoparticles coated with hexaethynylbenzene organic molecules (HEB-CuO NPs), a remarkable C2+ Faradaic efficiency of nearly 90% was achieved at an unprecedented current density of 300 mA cm-2, and a high FE (> 80%) was maintained at a wide range of current densities (100-600 mA cm-2) in neutral environments using a flow cell. Furthermore, in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer, 86.14% FEC2+ was achieved at a partial current density of 387.6 mA cm-2 while maintaining continuous operation for over 50 h at a current density of 200 mA cm-2. In-situ spectroscopy studies and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that reducing the coverage of coordinated K⋅H2O water increased the probability of intermediate reactants (CO) interacting with the surface, thereby promoting efficient C-C coupling and enhancing the yield of C2+ products. This advancement offers significant potential for optimizing local micro-environments for sustainable and highly efficient C2+ production.

Mechanisms of bacterial and fungal community assembly in leaf miners during transition from natural to laboratory environments.

Environmental heterogeneity partly drives microbial succession in arthropods, while the microbial assembly mechanisms during environmental changes remain largely unknown. Here, we explored the temporal dynamics and assembly mechanisms within both bacterial and fungal communities in Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) during the transition from field to laboratory conditions. We observed a decrease in bacterial diversity and complexity of bacterial-fungal co-occurrence networks in leaf miners transitioning from wild to captive environments. Both neutral and null models revealed that stochastic processes, particularly drift (contributing over 70%), play a crucial role in governing bacterial and fungal community assembly. The relative contribution of ecological processes such as dispersal, drift, and selection varied among leaf miners transitioning from wild to captive states. Furthermore, we propose a hypothetical scenario for the assembly and succession of microbial communities in the leaf miner during the short- and long-term transition from the wild to captivity. Our findings suggest that environmental heterogeneity determines the ecological processes governing bacterial and fungal community assembly in leaf miners, offering new insights into microbiome and mycobiome assembly mechanisms in invasive pests amidst environmental change.

Global attractive set for quaternion-valued neural networks with neutral items.

This paper investigated the global attractive set for quaternion-valued neural networks (QVNNs) with leakage delay, time-varying delay, and neutral items. Based on various basic conditions of activation function, the global attractive set and global exponential attractive set of QVNNs are given combined with novel analytical techniques and Lyapunov theory. The QVNNs are studied by a direct method, without any decomposition. The time delay can be non-differential, which makes the results more pragmatic. Restrictions on the activation function of the neutral item are relaxed. The neutral activation function can be bounded or unbounded, which makes the results more practical. Two simulation examples are given to verify the validity of the theory results.

Surgical outcomes of a congenital nystagmus family with a missense mutation in the FRMD7 gene.

Background: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of surgery in the management of vertical compensatory head posture in patients with congenital nystagmus (CN) inherited in an X-linked manner in a Chinese family and determine the molecular pathogenesis of this disease. Methods: We studied 18 members belonging to four generations in a family with congenital nystagmus. Parks shift of neutral zone surgeries were performed on 7 patients with vertical compensatory head posture from the family. In addition, head posture, visual acuity, and stereopsis of the 7 patients were evaluated before and 2-years after the displacement surgeries. Gene alternations of the disease were researched by sequencing a candidate gene (FRMD7). From each generation of the family, one patient (including the proband) and one normal control were sampled for Sanger sequencing. Results: Over a median follow-up period of 2 years, the anomalous head posture, visual acuity, and stereopsis significantly improved postoperatively (P < 0.05). Sanger sequencing revealed that a variant c.586G > T (p.D196Y) in exon 7 of FRMD7 was co-segregated with the disease in this family. Conclusions: Parks shift of neutral zone surgeries relieved the vertical compensatory head posture and improved visual acuity and stereopsis in the primary position of CN patients. In this study, it was concluded that a missense mutation in exon 7 (c.586G > 7, p.D196Y) in FRMD7 was possibly responsible for the disease in this family.

Chlorido-[(1,2,5,6-η)-cyclo-octa-1,5-diene](1-ethyl-4-isobutyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl-idene)rhodium(I).

A new neutral triazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene rhodium(I) complex [RhCl(C8H12)(C8H15N3)], has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The complex crystallizes with two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The central rhodium(I) atom has a distorted square-planar coordination environment, formed by a cyclo-octa-1,5-diene (COD) ligand, an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, and a chlorido ligand. The bond lengths are unexceptional. A weak inter-molecular non-standard hydrogen-bonding inter-action exists between the chlorido and NHC ligands.

Optimizing Denture Success: A Strategy for Prosthodontic Rehabilitation in a Patient With Compromised Alveolar Ridges.

The ill-fitting and unstable complete denture prosthesis is the most commonly faced problem by patients with compromised resorbed ridge. The retention, support, and stability of dentures are compromised in severely resorbed ridges, leading to difficulty in mastication and swallowing. The flabby tissue can be managed by using appropriate mucostatic impression techniques, and severely resorbed ridges can be managed by the coordination of a complete denture prosthesis with the neuromuscular function using a neutral zone for the arrangement of artificial teeth. This case report presents a combination of the Hobkirk technique and the neutral zone concept for the rehabilitation of the flabby tissue and severely resorbed alveolar ridge.

Nitrogen limitation-induced adaptive response and lipogenesis in the Antarctic yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa M94C9.

The extremotolerant red yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa displays resilience to diverse environmental stressors, including cold, osmolarity, salinity, and oligotrophic conditions. Particularly, this yeast exhibits a remarkable ability to accumulate lipids and carotenoids in response to stress conditions. However, research into lipid biosynthesis has been hampered by limited genetic tools and a scarcity of studies on adaptive responses to nutrient stressors stimulating lipogenesis. This study investigated the impact of nitrogen stress on the adaptive response in Antarctic yeast R. mucilaginosa M94C9. Varied nitrogen availability reveals a nitrogen-dependent modulation of biomass and lipid droplet production, accompanied by significant ultrastructural changes to withstand nitrogen starvation. In silico analysis identifies open reading frames of genes encoding key lipogenesis enzymes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acc1), fatty acid synthases 1 and 2 (Fas1/Fas2), and acyl-CoA diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (Dga1). Further investigation into the expression profiles of RmACC1, RmFAS1, RmFAS2, and RmDGA1 genes under nitrogen stress revealed that the prolonged up-regulation of the RmDGA1 gene is a molecular indicator of lipogenesis. Subsequent fatty acid profiling unveiled an accumulation of oleic and palmitic acids under nitrogen limitation during the stationary phase. This investigation enhances our understanding of nitrogen stress adaptation and lipid biosynthesis, offering valuable insights into R. mucilaginosa M94C9 for potential industrial applications in the future.

Two PNPLA2 heterozygous mutations result in neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Neutral Lipid Storage Disease with Myopathy (NLSDM) is a rare lipid metabolism disorder caused by PNPLA2 gene mutations. Clinical manifestations are heterogeneous, and diagnosis is often delayed, usually gaining patients' attention due to the increased risk of cardiomyopathy. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein report a 36-year-old Asian male presenting with progressive limb weakness, muscle atrophy of limbs and trunk, dysarthria, and heart failure. Electromyography indicated myogenic changes, and muscle biopsy results revealed characteristics of lipid storage myopathy. Genetic analysis of PNPLA2 revealed two heterozygous mutations: c.757 + 1G > T (chr11-823588, splice-5) on intron 6 and c.919delG (chr11-823854, p.A307Pfs*13) on exon 7. The patient improved limb strength, and dysarthria disappeared after the Medium Chain Fatty Acids diet. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we report for the first time that the two heterozygous mutations PNPLA2 c.919delG and c.757 + 1G > T together induced NLSDM, which was confirmed by muscle biopsy.

Transcriptomics analysis reveals potential regulatory role of nSMase2 (Smpd3) in nervous system development and function of middle-aged mouse brains.

Neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2), gene name sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase-3 (Smpd3), is a key regulatory enzyme responsible for generating the sphingolipid ceramide. The function of nSMase2 in the brain is still controversial. To better understand the functional roles of nSMase2 in the aging mouse brain, we applied RNA-seq analysis, which identified a total of 1462 differentially abundant mRNAs between +/fro and fro/fro, of which 891 were increased and 571 were decreased in nSMase2-deficient mouse brains. The most strongly enriched GO and KEGG annotation terms among transcripts increased in fro/fro mice included synaptogenesis, synapse development, synaptic signaling, axon development, and axonogenesis. Among decreased transcripts, enriched annotations included ribosome assembly and mitochondrial protein complex functions. KEGG analysis of decreased transcripts also revealed overrepresentation of annotations for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington disease (HD). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) tools predicted lower susceptibility to these neurodegenerative disorders, as well as predictions agreeing with stronger synaptic function, learning, and memory in fro/fro mice. The IPA tools identified signaling proteins, epigenetic regulators, and microRNAs as likely upstream regulators of the broader set of genes encoding the affected transcripts. It also revealed 16 gene networks, each linked to biological processes identified as overrepresented annotations among the affected transcripts by multiple analysis methods. Therefore, the analysis of these RNA-seq data indicates that nSMase2 impacts synaptic function and neural development, and may contribute to the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases in middle-aged mice.

Unveiling Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Methane at the Ceria/Gas Interface.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) stand out in sustainable energy systems for their unique ability to efficiently utilize hydrocarbon fuels, particularly those from carbon-neutral sources. CeO2-δ (ceria) based oxides embedded in SOFCs are recognized for their critical role in managing hydrocarbon activation and carbon coking. However, even for the simplest hydrocarbon molecule, CH4, the mechanism of electrochemical oxidation at the ceria/gas interface is not well understood and the capability of ceria to electrochemically oxidize methane remains a topic of debate. This lack of clarity stems from the intricate design of standard metal/oxide composite electrodes and the complex nature of electrode reactions involving multiple chemical and electrochemical steps. This study presents a Sm-doped ceria thin-film model cell that selectively monitors CH4 direct-electro-oxidation on the ceria surface. Using impedance spectroscopy, operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory, it is unveiled that ceria surfaces facilitate C─H bond cleavage and that H2O formation is key in determining the overall reaction rate at the electrode. These insights effectively address the longstanding debate regarding the direct utilization of CH4 in SOFCs. Moreover, these findings pave the way for an optimized electrode design strategy, essential for developing high-performance, environmentally sustainable fuel cells.

Fragmented Polymetric Carbon Nitride with Rich Defects for Boosting Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide in Alkaline and Neutral Media.

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction via 2e- pathway is a safe and friendly route for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesis. In order to achieve efficient synthesis of H2O2, it is essential to accurately control the active sites. Here, fragmented polymetric carbon nitride with rich defects (DCN) is designed for H2O2 electrosynthesis. The multi-type defects, including the sodium atom doping in six-fold cavities, the boron atom doping at N-B-N sites and the cyano groups, are successfully created. Owing to the synergistic effect of these defects, the fragmented DCN achieves a high H2O2 yield of 2.28 mol gcat.-1 h-1 and a high Faradic efficiency of nearly 90% in alkaline media at 0.4 V vs. RHE in H-type cell. In neutral media, the H2O2 concentration produced by DCN can reach 1815 mM within 6 h at a potential of 0.2 V vs. RHE, and the H2O2 production rate of DCN is 0.23 mol gcat.-1 h-1. In addition, DCN shows excellent long-term durability in alkaline and neutral media. This study provides a new approach for the design and development of the boron, nitrogen doped carbon-based electrocatalysts for H2O2 electrochemical synthesis.

Lessons Learned From Bhutan on extending Girls-Only HPV Vaccination Program to Boys: A Qualitative Study.

In 2020, Bhutan pioneered a school-based gender-neutral human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program, achieving an impressive 96% vaccination coverage rate by 2021. This study, conducted through 49 in-depth interviews with community leaders, policymakers, parents, teachers, and health workers, and 12 focus group discussions with boys who received HPV vaccination. We used conventional content analysis to analyze the data. Enablers of the extension of gender-neutral HPV vaccination included social mobilization and advocacy efforts, which encompassed community engagement and leadership and collaborations with schools. Equally crucial were proficient program management and the strategic use of digital interventions. Challenges included tracking and reaching eligible adolescents. Vaccinated boys perceived school-based vaccination to be a key enabler of vaccine update. The study concludes that extending a girls-only HPV vaccination program to gender-neutral is feasible and acceptable in Bhutan. Findings related to challenges and ways for overcoming them can support other countries interested in gender-neutral HPV vaccination program.

The combined Lyapunov functionals method for stability analysis of neutral Cohen-Grossberg neural networks with multiple delays.

This research article will employ the combined Lyapunov functionals method to deal with stability analysis of a more general type of Cohen-Grossberg neural networks which simultaneously involve constant time and neutral delay parameters. By utilizing some combinations of various Lyapunov functionals, we determine novel criteria ensuring global stability of such a model of neural systems that employ Lipschitz continuous activation functions. These proposed results are totally stated independently of delay terms and they can be completely characterized by the constants parameters involved in the neural system. By making some detailed analytical comparisons between the stability results derived in this research article and the existing corresponding stability criteria obtained in the past literature, we prove that our proposed stability results lead to establishing some sets of stability conditions and these conditions may be evaluated as different alternative results to the previously reported corresponding stability criteria. A numerical example is also presented to show the applicability of the proposed stability results.

A lipidomic and volatilomic approach to map the lipid profile and related volatile compounds in roasted quail meat using circulating non-fried roast technology.

Lipids play a significant role in aroma formation. However, lipid variations and their impact on aroma during the processing of quail meat remain unknown. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of lipids and aroma compounds was conducted in circulating non-fried roasted quail meat. Nineteen odorants were identified as key aroma compounds in the roasted quail meat at 40 min with OAVs of >1. The concentrations of most key odorants significantly increased in circulating non-fried roasted (CNR) quail meat within the first 30 min of roasting, reaching maximum values at 40 min. Phospholipids, neutral lipids, and sphingolipids emerged as potential markers for distinguishing different samples. Neutral lipids had the highest peak areas and significantly contributed to the aroma retention. Phospholipids and neutral lipids with unsaturated fatty acids, particularly C18 acyl groups, played a crucial role in aroma formation. This study provides valuable insights into the role of lipids in determining aroma quality.