Non-fermentative gram-negative bloodstream infection in northern Italy: a multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The management of non-fermentative gram-negative bloodstream infection (NFGN-BSI) offers numerous challenges. In this study the aim is to analyse a large cohort of patients with NFGN-BSI recruited in the northern Italy to describe epidemiology, etiological and susceptibility pattern, therapeutic management and outcome. METHODS: Multicentre retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalised at three large teaching hospitals in northern Italy in a fourth year period. RESULTS: 355 BSI episodes were analyzed, due to P. aeruginosa (72.7%), A. baumannii (16.6%), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (10.7%). Overall, 21.4% of isolates were defined as DTR, highest rate among A. baumannii (64.4%). All-cause 30-day mortality rate was 17.5%. Rates of XDR or DTR A. baumannii isolation were significantly higher in non-surviving patients. Independent risk factors for 30-day mortality were: age (HR 1.03, 95%CI 1.00-1.04, p = 0.003), septic shock (HR 2.84, 95%CI 1.67-4.82, p < 0.001) and BSI due to Acinetobacter baumannii (HR 2.23, 95%CI 1.27-3.94, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of DTR was high in the NFGN BSI cohort analyzied, mainly among Acinetobacter baumannii episodes (64.4%). Acinetobacter baumannii is showed to be an independent predictor of mortality. These evidences marked the urgent need of new therapeutic options against this pathogen. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: 79/2017/O/OssN. Approved: March14th, 2017.

Nosocomial Non-fermentative gram negative bacteria bloodstream infections in children; Risk factors and clinical outcomes of carbapenem resistance.

INTRODUCTION: Non-fermentative Gram-negative bacterias (NFGNBs) are a major cause of life threatening infections in hospitalized children. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of NFGNBs infections and identify the risk factors and outcomes of bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by carbapenem-resistant (CR) NFGNBs infections. METHODS: A retrospective cohort was designed to evaluate the patients with a BSI caused by NFGNBs between in January 2014 and December 2017. RESULTS: A total of 131 episodes from 115 patients were evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 4.79±(4.74) year. The most commonly isolated NFGNBs species was Acinetobacter spp. (35.9%), Pseudomonas spp. (34.4%), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (13%). The rate of carbapenem-resistance was 38.2% in Acinetobacter spp. and 26.6% in Pseudomonas spp. The comparison of CR group with carbapenem-susceptible (CS) group showed statistical significance for the length of hospital stay prior to onset of infection and total hospital stay (P values were 0.001, 0.008). Based on the univariate analysis, requirement of mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter, nasogastric tube, Foley catheter, severe neutropenia (<100/mm3), prolonged neutropenia (≥14 days), prior intensive care unit admission and prior antimicrobial treatment (carbapenems, colistin, glycopeptide) were more common in carbapenem-resistant NFGNBs infections (P values are 0.001, 0.012, 0.000, 0.005, 0.042, 0.027, 0.007, 0.007). In patients with NFGNBs infections 14-day and 30-day mortality rates were %16.8 and 21.4%. CONCLUSION: CR infections were more common in children with prolonged and severe neutropenia. Prior antimicrobial use and intensive care unit admission were more common in CR infections.

Emergence of multidrug-resistant non-fermentative gram negative bacterial infection in hospitalized patients in a tertiary care center of Nepal.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed for the characterization and establishment of antibiotic susceptibility profiles of non-fermentative gram negative bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal. RESULTS: A total of 402 non-fermentative gram negative bacteria was isolated in 1486 culture-positive cases from 6216 different clinical samples obtained from hospitalized patients. Among total non-fermentative gram negative bacterial isolates, the highest number was recovered from specimens collected from lower respiratory tract infections (n = 173, 43.0%) of hospitalized patients followed by pus/swab samples (n = 99, 24.6%) and urinary tract infections (n = 49, 12.2%). The most common non-fermentative gram negative bacteria identified were Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 177, 44.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 161, 40.1%) and Burkholderia cepacia complex (n = 33, 8.2%). These bacterial isolates exhibited a higher rate of insusceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides. On the other hand, all the isolates of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii were completely susceptible to colistin sulfate and polymyxin B. Among total isolates, 78.1% (n = 314) were multidrug-resistant with a high rate of multidrug-resistant among A. baumannii (91.0%).

Non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria in hospital tap water and water used for haemodialysis and bronchoscope flushing: prevalence and distribution of antibiotic resistant strains.

This study provides a detailed description of the distribution of non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) collected in water sources (tap water and water used for haemodialysis and bronchoscope flushing) from different wards of a tertiary care hospital. The aim is to identify risk practices for patients or to alert clinicians to the possible contamination of environment and medical devices. The resistance profile of NFGNB environmental isolates has shown that more than half (55.56%) of the strains isolated were resistant to one or more antibiotics tested in different antimicrobial categories. In particular, 38.89% of these strains were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 16.67% were extensively drug resistant (XDR). The most prevalent bacterial species recovered in water samples were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Ralstonia pickettii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Analysis of antibiotic resistance rates has shown remarkable differences between Pseudomonadaceae (P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens) and emerging pathogens, such as S. maltophilia and R. pickettii. Multidrug resistance can be relatively common among nosocomial isolates of P. aeruginosa, which represent the large majority of clinical isolates; moreover, our findings highlight that the emergent antibiotic resistant opportunistic pathogens, such as R. pickettii and S. maltophilia, isolated from hospital environments could be potentially more dangerous than other more known waterborne pathogens, if not subjected to surveillance to direct the decontamination procedures.