Impact of Internal Charge Transfer on the Photophysical Properties of Pyridine-Fused Phosphorus-Nitrogen Heterocycles.

The phosphaquinolinone scaffold has been previously studied as a modular core for a variety of fluorescent species where use of substituent effects has focused on increasing or decreasing electron density in the core rings. We now report the synthesis and analysis of several pyridine-containing phosphaquinolinone species exhibiting notable linear conjugation from the aryl-substituent to electron-withdrawing pyridyl nitrogen. Varying the nature of the aryl substituent from electron-withdrawing to electron-donating leads to the generation of an internal charge-transfer (ICT) band in the absorbance spectrum, which becomes the dominant absorbance in terms of intensity in the most electron-rich -NMe2 example. This heterocycle exhibits improved photophysical properties compared to others in the set including high quantum yield and considerably red-shifted emission. The enhanced ICT can be observed in the X-ray data where a rare example of molecule co-planarity is observed. Computational data show increased localization of negative charge on the pyridyl nitrogen as the electron-donating character of the aryl-substituent increases.

Controlling Tautomerization in Pyridine-Fused Phosphorus-Nitrogen Heterocycles.

Inclusion of a second nitrogen atom in the aromatic core of phosphorus-nitrogen (PN) heterocycles results in unexpected tautomerization to a nonaromatic form. This tautomerization, initially observed in the solid state through X-ray crystallography, is also explained by computational analysis. We prepared an electron deficient analogue (2 e) with a fluorine on the pyridine ring and showed that the weakly basic pyridine resisted tautomerization, providing key insights to why the transformation occurs. To study the difference in solution vs. solid-state heterocycles, alkylated analogues that lock in the quinoidal tautomer were synthesized and their different 1 H NMR and UV/Vis spectra studied. Ultimately, we determined that all heterocycles are the aromatic tautomer in solution and all but 2 e switch to the quinoidal tautomer in the solid state. Better understanding of this transformation and under what circumstances it occurs suggest future use in a switchable on/off hydrogen-bond-directed receptor that can be tuned for complementary hydrogen bonding.