Evaluation of passive samplers as a cost-effective method to predict the impact of wildfire smoke in grapes and wines.

Wildfire smoke exposure alters grape composition, potentially resulting in "smoke tainted" wines. This has been correlated with elevated levels of smoke-derived volatile phenols (VPs) in grapes and wines. This work sought to create a predictive tool that could correlate levels of VPs in smoke with concentrations in grapes and wines. Therefore, passive samplers and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes were intentionally exposed to various smoke intensities, and wines were made thereafter. As expected, concentrations of VPs in grapes and wines were positively associated with the intensity of smoke exposure. Interestingly, levels of guaiacol in the passive samplers had a strong positive correlation with concentrations in grapes (R2 = 0.9999) and wines (R2 = 0.9998). The passive samplers were able to accurately predict guaiacol levels in smoke exposed grapes and wines with percent errors ranging from 0.08 to 11.3 %. These results suggest the capability of passive samplers to act as a monitoring system in vineyards during smoke events.

Fast, automated, real-time 3D passive balloon catheter tracking during MRI-guided cardiac catheterization using orthogonal projection imaging and real-time image-based catheter detection.

PURPOSE: MRI-guidance of cardiac catheterization is currently performed using one or multiple 2D imaging planes, which may be suboptimal for catheter navigation, especially in patients with complex anatomies. The purpose of the work was to develop a robust real-time 3D catheter tracking method and 3D visualization strategy for improved MRI-guidance of cardiac catheterization procedures. METHODS: A fast 3D tracking technique was developed using continuous acquisition of two orthogonal 2D-projection images. Each projection corresponds to a gradient echo stack of slices with only the central k-space lines being collected for each slice. To enhance catheter contrast, a saturation pulse is added ahead of the projection pair. An offline image processing algorithm was developed to identify the 2D coordinates of the balloon in each projection image and to estimate its corresponding 3D coordinates. Post-processing includes background signal suppression using an atlas of background 2D-projection images. 3D visualization of the catheter and anatomy is proposed using three live sagittal, coronal, and axial (MPR) views and 3D rendering. The technique was tested in a subset of a catheterization step in three patients undergoing MRI-guided cardiac catheterization using a passive balloon catheter. RESULTS: The extraction of the catheter balloon 3D coordinates was successful in all patients and for the majority of time-points (accuracy >96%). This tracking method enabled a novel 3D visualization strategy for passive balloon catheter, providing enhanced anatomical context during catheter navigation. CONCLUSION: The proposed tracking strategy shows promise for robust tracking of passive balloon catheter and may enable enhanced visualization during MRI-guided cardiac catheterization.

Nationwide monitoring of freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using high speed rotation-type passive sampling device in Korean coastal waters.

Measuring the concentration of PAHs in the freely dissolved phase is crucial for assessing ecological impacts in the marine environment. However, various environmental conditions make short-term monitoring challenging. This study used an optimized High Speed Rotation-Type Passive Sampling Device (HSR-PSD) equipped with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) to conduct the first nationwide monitoring of freely dissolved PAHs in Korean coastal waters. The HSR-PSD enabled faster short-term monitoring by measuring Cfree of PAHs within 12 h and was less affected by environmental conditions compared to conventional PSDs. Σ15PAH concentrations ranged from 2.8 to 9.4 ng/L, with significantly higher levels on the western coast. Anthropogenic activities and oceanic conditions affected Cfree distribution in coastal areas. Based on Cfree, the estimated PAH levels in bivalves and fish were aligned with reported tissue concentrations, exhibiting low ecological risk to aquatic organisms. Therefore, the HSR-PSD with LLDPE is a suitable tool for nationwide short-term monitoring.

Biopsy vitrification: New tool for endometrial tissue cryopreservation for research applications.

Patient-derived endometrial biopsies serve as a crucial source for molecular studies, highlighting the necessity for tissue cryopreservation methods that preserve cell viability and tissue morphology with minimal to no impact. The passive slow freezing (PSF) protocol has demonstrated efficacy for cryopreserving endometrial biopsies, allowing for the subsequent isolation of viable epithelial and stromal cells. Vitrification (VT) enables the avoidance of ice crystal formation and could therefore potentially prevent mechanical injury to tissues. In this study, PSF and VT techniques were applied to endometrial biopsies, and the effects of cryopreservation on tissue samples were evaluated using traditional histology. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), gene expression profiling analyses, the viability of endometrial cells, and the ability to form epithelial organoids were compared between PSF and VT endometrial biopsies in a subset of samples. The histology and TEM studies demonstrated relatively mild cellular and sub-cellular damage in both cryopreservation protocols which did not affect tissue functionality and the formation of the organoids. Additionally, the cryopreservation methodology did not affect the gene expression profile of the 68 endometrial-receptivity associated genes studied. In conclusion, our findings indicate that although current cryopreservation methodologies need further improvements, they still allow us to achieve acceptable cell viability and functionality, showing promising potential for facilitating the utilization of cryopreserved endometrial tissue samples for research purposes.

Development of protective egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) targeting CfaB, LTB, and EtpA recombinant proteins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) for inhibiting toxin activity and bacterial adherence.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) stands as a prevalent bacterial cause of global diarrheal incidents. ETEC's primary virulence factors encompass the B subunit of the Heat Labile Enterotoxin, along with the adhesion factors CfaB and EtpA. In this study, we isolated IgY antibodies against the three virulence factors individually, in pairs, and as triple cocktails. The in vitro efficacy of these IgY antibodies was examined, focusing on inhibiting heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) toxin cytotoxicity and impeding ETEC adherence to HT29 cells. Assessing the impact of IgY-treated bacteria on intestinal epithelial cells utilized the standard ileal loop method. Results demonstrated that the anti-LTB IgY antibody at 125 µg/ml and IgY antibodies from double and tertiary cocktails at 200 µg/ml effectively inhibited LT toxin attachment to the Y1 cell line. Pre-incubation of HT29 intestinal cells with specific IgYs reduced bacterial attachment by 59.7%. In the ileal loop test, toxin neutralization with specific IgYs curtailed the toxin's function in the intestine, leading to a 74.8% reduction in fluid accumulation compared to control loops. These findings suggest that egg yolk immunoglobulins against recombinant proteins LTB, CfaB, and EtpA, either individually or in combination, hold promise as prophylactic antibodies to impede the functioning of ETEC bacteria.

Chatting behind the reef: Fish bioacoustic diversity of tropical back-reefs in Fiji, South Pacific.

Back-reef habitats are important and fragile transition zones acting as nurseries for many coral reef fishes. In this framework, Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) can be an important tool to evaluate the diversity and dynamics of sonic fish community. Here, we investigated the diversity, spatial and diel dynamics of fish sounds in back-reef habitats at Makogai Island in Fiji, South Pacific. Synchronized underwater recorders were deployed in 4 bays collecting data for about 4 days. The abundance of 12 different sub-categories of fish sounds were quantified. Signals were acoustically characterized and the level of discrimination between the sub-categories was evaluated by Discrimination Function Analysis. Generalized Additive Models showed that the abundance of signals was related to the bay and the hour. Moreover, the Shannon Diversity and Equitability Indices were calculated using acoustic and visual census data to describe fish biodiversity of each bay. The two bays with greater biodiversity based on visual census also showed a greater acoustic diversity at dawn and night. Our results highlight the importance of PAM to reveal the diversity of fish community in back-reef habitats, providing a baseline to understand future changes in these crucial environments.

Influence of Temporal and Frequency Selective Patterns Combined with CSP Layers on Performance in Exoskeleton-Assisted Motor Imagery Tasks.

Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) has been recognized as a standard and powerful method for the identification of Electroencephalography (EEG)-based Motor Imagery (MI) tasks when implementing brain-computer interface (BCI) systems towards the motor rehabilitation of lost movements. The combination of BCI systems with robotic systems, such as upper limb exoskeletons, has proven to be a reliable tool for neuromotor rehabilitation. Therefore, in this study, the effects of temporal and frequency segmentation combined with layer increase for spatial filtering were evaluated, using three variations of the CSP method for the identification of passive movement vs. MI+passive movement. The passive movements were generated using a left upper-limb exoskeleton to assist flexion/extension tasks at two speeds (high-85 rpm and low-30 rpm). Ten healthy subjects were evaluated in two recording sessions using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as a classifier, and accuracy (ACC) and False Positive Rate (FPR) as metrics. The results allow concluding that the use of temporal, frequency or spatial selective information does not significantly ( p < 0.05) improve task identification performance. Furthermore, dynamic temporal segmentation strategies may perform better than static segmentation tasks. The findings of this study are a starting point for the exploration of complex MI tasks and their application to neurorehabilitation, as well as the study of brain effects during exoskeleton-assisted MI tasks.

Research on Maternal Vaccination for HIV Prevention.

Despite increased uptake of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among pregnant people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), vertical transmission remains the most important route of pediatric HIV acquisition. The numbers of HIV acquisitions in infancy have remained alarmingly stagnant in recent years. It is evident that additional strategies that can synergize with ART will be required to end the pediatric HIV epidemic. In this review, we discuss the potential for immune-based interventions that can be administered in conjunction with current ART-based strategies to the birthing parent for prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1, and the potential challenges associated with each approach.

Enhancement of Water Productivity and Energy Efficiency in Sorption-based Atmospheric Water Harvesting Systems: From Material, Component to System Level.

To address the increasingly serious water scarcity across the world, sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) continues to attract attention among various water production methods, due to it being less dependent on climatic and geographical conditions. Water productivity and energy efficiency are the two most important evaluation indicators. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively and systematically summarize and discuss the water productivity and energy efficiency enhancement methods for SAWH systems based on three levels, from material to component to system. First, the material level covers the characteristics, categories, and mechanisms of different sorbents. Second, the component level focuses on the sorbent bed, regeneration energy, and condenser. Third, the system level encompasses the system design, operation, and synergetic effect generation with other mechanisms. Specifically, the key and promising improvement methods are: synthesizing composite sorbents with high water uptake, fast sorption kinetics, and low regeneration energy (material level); improving thermal insulation between the sorbent bed and condenser, utilizing renewable energy or electrical heating for desorption and multistage design (component level); achieving continuous system operation with a desired number of sorbent beds or rotational structure, and integrating with Peltier cooling or passive radiative cooling technologies (system level). In addition, applications and challenges of SAWH systems are explored, followed by potential outlooks and future perspectives. Overall, it is expected that this review article can provide promising directions and guidelines for the design and operation of SAWH systems with the aim of achieving high water productivity and energy efficiency.

The Impact of Maternal Passive Tobacco Smoke on Neonatal Myocardiopathy in Mice.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoke has a global impact, particularly on pregnant women and their newborns. An emerging body of research suggests that passive tobacco smoking is a significant contributor to congenital cardiovascular disorders (CVDs). AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to mimic the effects of passive tobacco smoke (PTS) on neonates exposed throughout the gestational period. METHODS: Female mice (DPC = 0) were exposed to PTS; 24 cigarettes/day with an interval of 10 min between each cigarette in a specialized smoke chamber from conception to birth. Histopathological analysis was employed to evaluate PTS-induced cardiac damage in neonates. RESULTS: The results revealed significant alterations in cell structure, namely, widened interstitial spaces, hemorrhage, pyknotic nuclei, inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen deposition, and fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Maternal exposure to PTS during pregnancy may lead to neonatal myocardiopathy.

Urban tree drought stress: Sap flow measurements, model validation, and water management simulations.

Urban street trees face increasing drought stress due to climate change and continuous urban development, making effective water management strategies essential. This study monitored the transpiration and soil moisture dynamics of five urban Tilia cordata trees in Berlin over two consecutive years to understand their transpiration responses under varying urban conditions. The collected data were used to validate the URbanTRee model, which was then applied to simulate different passive irrigation scenarios (system-to-catchment ratios ≤ 1:3) and assess their effectiveness in mitigating drought stress. The URbanTRee model successfully captured seasonal variations in transpiration and soil moisture, identifying all major drought stress periods in 2022, although underestimations were observed towards the end of the season. At the hourly scale, the model reasonably depicted reductions in transpiration during shaded hours on clear-sky days (measured by 55-66 %; modelled by 35-60 %), but overestimations of modelled ETa during hours with partial shading or air temperatures above 30 °C suggest room for improvement. The scenario analysis further demonstrated that, depending on catchment type and tree water demand, system-to-catchment ratios of 1:1-1:2 can substantially decrease, but not fully eliminate drought stress for young urban trees in dry years. These findings highlight the importance of considering site-specific conditions and the limitations of passive irrigation when planning sustainable water management strategies for young urban trees.

Biomimetic Cooling: Functionalizing Biodegradable Chitosan Films with Saharan Silver Ant Microstructures.

The increasing occurrence of hot summer days causes stress to both humans and animals, particularly in urban areas where temperatures can remain high, even at night. Living nature offers potential solutions that require minimal energy and material costs. For instance, the Saharan silver ant (Cataglyphis bombycina) can endure the desert heat by means of passive radiative cooling induced by its triangular hairs. The objective of this study is to transfer the passive radiative cooling properties of the micro- and nanostructured chitin hairs of the silver ant body to technically usable, biodegradable and bio-based materials. The potential large-scale transfer of radiative cooling properties, for example, onto building exteriors such as house facades, could decrease the need for conventional cooling and, therefore, lower the energy demand. Chitosan, a chemically altered form of chitin, has a range of medical uses but can also be processed into a paper-like film. The procedure consists of dissolving chitosan in diluted acetic acid and uniformly distributing it on a flat surface. A functional structure can then be imprinted onto this film while it is drying. This study reports the successful transfer of the microstructure-based structural colors of a compact disc (CD) onto the film. Similarly, a polyvinyl siloxane imprint of the silver ant body shall make it possible to transfer cooling functionality to technically relevant surfaces. FTIR spectroscopy measurements of the reflectance of flat and structured chitosan films allow for a qualitative assessment of the infrared emissivity. A minor decrease in reflectance in a relevant wavelength range gives an indication that it is feasible to increase the emissivity and, therefore, decrease the surface temperature purely through surface-induced functionalities.

A Monoclonal Antibody with a High Affinity for Ricin Isoforms D and E Provides Strong Protection against Ricin Poisoning.

Ricin is a highly potent toxin that has been used in various attempts at bioterrorism worldwide. Although a vaccine for preventing ricin poisoning (RiVax™) is in clinical development, there are currently no commercially available prophylaxis or treatments for ricin intoxication. Numerous studies have highlighted the potential of passive immunotherapy using anti-ricin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and have shown promising results in preclinical models. In this article, we describe the neutralizing and protective efficacy of a new generation of high-affinity anti-ricin mAbs, which bind and neutralize very efficiently both ricin isoforms D and E in vitro through cytotoxicity cell assays. In vivo, protection assay revealed that one of these mAbs (RicE5) conferred over 90% survival in a murine model challenged intranasally with a 5 LD50 of ricin and treated by intravenous administration of the mAbs 6 h post-intoxication. Notably, a 35% survival rate was observed even when treatment was administered 24 h post-exposure. Moreover, all surviving mice exhibited long-term immunity to high ricin doses. These findings offer promising results for the clinical development of a therapeutic candidate against ricin intoxication and may also pave the way for novel vaccination strategies against ricin or other toxins.

Active and passive sampling techniques in headwater streams to characterize acesulfame-K, pharmaceutical and phosphorus contamination from on-site wastewater disposal systems in Canadian rural hamlets.

On-site wastewater disposal systems have been identified as a source of contamination for nutrients and emerging contaminants (ECs), such as artificial sweeteners and pharmaceutical compounds. The passive sampling technique Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) and phosphorus sampler (P-Trap) have been widely used for tracking polar organic contaminants and total dissolved phosphorus in environmental waters such as surface water and wastewater. However, limited studies have been conducted on application of passive sampling techniques to track contamination in headwater streams impacted by on-site wastewater disposal systems. In this study, active sampling (discrete samples) and passive sampling (P-Trap and POCIS) techniques were applied in upstream and downstream locations at three rural hamlets to compare and track the contamination of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and seven ECs, including six pharmaceuticals and one artificial sweetener acesulfame-K (ACEK), in the shallow headwater streams of rural hamlets in southern Ontario, Canada that exclusively rely on septic systems for wastewater disposal. Results show that POCIS and P-Trap yielded comparable time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of target ECs and TDP, respectively, to mean concentrations of discrete samples during the seasonal (spring, summer, and fall) and two-week intensive study periods. Field-derived sampling rates (Rs-field) of target contaminants compared well to literature-reported values indicating POCIS and P-Trap were applicable in determining the concentrations of target contaminants in the investigated streams, even though some environmental factors, such as dry stream conditions and fouling, occurred during the sampling period. The low but stable Rs-field of ACE-K (~0.001 L d-1) from this study indicates consistency in application of POCIS for capturing ACEK. The results of this study provide insight into the confidence and limitations for using POCIS and P-traps to track ECs and TDP in shallow headwater streams impacted by septic systems.

Hospital-borne hazardous air pollutants and air cleaning strategies amid the surge of SARS-CoV-2 new variants.

Indoor air pollutants and airborne contamination removal have been challenging in healthcare facilities. The airborne transmission control and HVAC system may collapse in hospitals due to the highly infectious respiratory disease-associated patient surge, like COVID-19. Common air filtration systems and HVAC systems enhance the patients' comfort and support indoor hygiene, hitherto insufficient to control highly infectious airborne pathogens and hospital-borne pollutants such as radon, PM2.5, patient droplets, VOC, high CO2, and anesthetic gases. This review summarized important air cleaning interventions to enhance HVAC efficiency and indoor safety. We discussed efficient air cleaning and ventilation strategies including air filtration, air ionization, passive removal materials (PRM), and UVGI to minimize cross-contamination in hospital wards.

Bioaccumulation in fish (Cyprinodon variegatus) during rejuvenations of a thin active cap over field-aged PCB contaminated sediment: The effect of clean versus contaminated ongoing influx.

Repeated addition of activated carbon (AC) via the water column was applied to rejuvenate sorption capacity of thin AC-amended sand caps placed over polychlorinated biphenyl- (PCB) contaminated marine bed sediment receiving ongoing input of sediment (contaminated or clean) in mesocosms. Bioaccumulation of PCBs in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) from bed sediment was reduced by repeated application of rejuvenating AC when the ongoing input was contaminated. However, when the input sediment was clean, the novel AC addition increased fish uptake of bedded PCBs in the first 60-days of the 90-day experiments. The 79 % increase of bedded PCB bioaccumulation in fish, for clean versus contaminated inputs, was statistically significant (p < 0.05) in experiments where the rejuvenating AC was applied. Equilibrium concentrations in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers did not fully explain bioaccumulation. Field implications of this research include setting appropriate temporal expectations of this novel remediation strategy regarding the primary desired effect (i.e., PCB bioavailability reductions).

Influence of perceived harm due to substance use on the relationships between positive psychotic experiences and suicidal experiences in people with non-affective psychosis.

BACKGROUND: The ways in which perceived harm due to substance use affects relationships between psychotic and suicidal experiences are poorly understood. The goal of the current study was to redress this gap by investigating the moderating effects of harm due to substance use on pathways involving positive psychotic symptoms, the perceived cognitive-emotional sequelae of those symptoms, and suicidal ideation. METHOD: The design was cross-sectional. Mediation and moderated mediation pathways were tested. The predictor was severity of positive psychotic symptoms. Cognitive interpretative and emotional characteristics of both auditory hallucinations and delusions were mediators. Suicidal ideation was the outcome variable. General symptoms associated with severe mental health problems were statistically controlled for. RESULTS: There was evidence of an indirect pathway between positive psychotic symptom severity and suicidal ideation via cognitive interpretation and emotional characteristics of both auditory hallucinations and delusions. Harm due to drug use, but not alcohol use, moderated the indirect pathway involving delusions such that it was most prominent when harm due to drug use was at medium-to-high levels. The components of suicidal ideation that were most strongly affected by this moderated indirect pathway were active intent, passive desire, and lack of deterrents. CONCLUSIONS: From both scientific and therapy development perspectives, it is important to understand the complex interplay between, not only the presence of auditory hallucinations and delusions, but the ensuing cognitive and emotional consequences of those experiences which, when combined with harm associated with substance use, in particular drug use, can escalate suicidal thoughts and acts.

Assessment of functional performance in self-rectifying passive crossbar arrays utilizing sneak path current.

Self-rectifying memristive devices have emerged as promising contenders for low-power in-memory computing, presenting numerous advantages. However, characterizing the functional behavior of passive crossbar arrays incorporating these devices remains challenging due to sophisticated parasitic currents stemming from rich memristive dynamic behavior. Conventional methods using read margin assessments to evaluate functional behavior in passive crossbars are hindered by the voltage divider effect from the pull-up resistor. In this study, we propose a novel performance metric, Δ SC, harnessing sneak path currents to assess functional behavior. Through the application of a pair of negative rectification factors, RF n, L and RF n, H , we comprehensively delineate dynamic rectification behavior in both positive and negative bias regimes, as well as in low-resistance state and high-resistance state, deviating from conventional metrics such as on/off ratios, nonlinearity, and rectifying factors. Notably, Δ SC provides a quantitative evaluation of the interaction between sneak path currents and read margin, demonstrating its efficacy and addressing a pivotal research gap in the field. For instance, employing self-rectifying BiFeO 3 memristive cells featuring RF n, L = 1.22E3 and RF n, H = 9.27, we showcase the successful functional performance of a passive crossbar array, achieving Δ SC < 2.19E-2, while ensuring a read margin > 0.

Effectiveness and impact factors of passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier (PC-PRB): Insights from tracer simulation study.

Passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier (PC-PRB) represents a green and sustainable technology for in-situ remediation of contaminated groundwater. A laboratory-scale PC-PRB tracer simulation system was established to quantify its contaminant plume capture performance using image analysis method. Results indicate that PC-PRB captures the plume 65% wider than C-PRB, which means that fewer PRB sizes and materials volume would be necessary to treat an equivalent contaminated plume. This improvement is due to a significant drawdown within the PC-PRB's passive well, known as the passive hydraulic decompression-convergent flow effect. We further evaluated the effects of water pipe length, hydraulic gradient, and media particle size on PC-PRB's plume capture performance. Results indicate that an increased water pipe length enhances the PC-PRB's plume capture capacity due to greater well drawdown. PC-PRB not only captures the plume but also acts as a hydraulic barrier. The retardation effect of PC-PRB on plume migration increases with water pipe length. Conversely, both hydraulic gradient and media particle size impact the plume capture capacity of PC-PRB by modifying groundwater flow velocity and pollutant dispersion. An increase in either hydraulic gradient or media particle size decreases the plume capture performance of PC-PRB. Therefore, PC-PRB technology may be more effective in contaminated sites characterized by low hydraulic gradients and permeability. Overall, PC-PRB demonstrates significant effectiveness in enhancing plume capture performance, which can notably reduce remediation costs and environmental footprint, broadening its application scope.

Automatic detection for bioacoustic research: a practical guide from and for biologists and computer scientists.

Recent years have seen a dramatic rise in the use of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) for biological and ecological applications, and a corresponding increase in the volume of data generated. However, data sets are often becoming so sizable that analysing them manually is increasingly burdensome and unrealistic. Fortunately, we have also seen a corresponding rise in computing power and the capability of machine learning algorithms, which offer the possibility of performing some of the analysis required for PAM automatically. Nonetheless, the field of automatic detection of acoustic events is still in its infancy in biology and ecology. In this review, we examine the trends in bioacoustic PAM applications, and their implications for the burgeoning amount of data that needs to be analysed. We explore the different methods of machine learning and other tools for scanning, analysing, and extracting acoustic events automatically from large volumes of recordings. We then provide a step-by-step practical guide for using automatic detection in bioacoustics. One of the biggest challenges for the greater use of automatic detection in bioacoustics is that there is often a gulf in expertise between the biological sciences and the field of machine learning and computer science. Therefore, this review first presents an overview of the requirements for automatic detection in bioacoustics, intended to familiarise those from a computer science background with the needs of the bioacoustics community, followed by an introduction to the key elements of machine learning and artificial intelligence that a biologist needs to understand to incorporate automatic detection into their research. We then provide a practical guide to building an automatic detection pipeline for bioacoustic data, and conclude with a discussion of possible future directions in this field.