The role of energy, political stability, and real income on achieving carbon neutrality: asymmetric evidence.

Apart from business considerations stemming from the marketplace, businesses, individuals, and the economy at large, political decisions also play a role on environmental quality. Governments make a series of policies that impact private businesses, sectors, the environment, and the economy at large. In this paper, we test the asymmetric role of political risk on CO2 emissions, while controlling for renewable energy, non-renewable energy, and real income: policy toward environmental sustainability objectives in the context of Turkey. To realize the motive of this study, we capture the asymmetric effect of the regressors by adopting the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag method (NARDL). This research adds to the environmental literature in terms of methodological and empirical. Methodologically, the study shows that a nonlinear relationship exists among the variables, and it has a significant impact on environmental sustainability targets. The outcome of the NARDL indicates that the increasing political risk, non-renewable energy, and economic growth follow a trajectory trend on carbon emissions, which is unsustainable in Turkey, but renewable energy is sustainable. Moreover, decreasing real income and non-renewable energy decreases carbon emissions. This research also deployed the frequency domain test to capture the causal association of the concerned variables and the outcome indicates political risk, renewable energy, non-renewable energy use, and real income are predictors of CO2 in Turkey. From this result, policies geared toward promoting a sustainable environment were formulated.

Influence of access to clean fuels and technology, food production index, consumer price index, and income on greenhouse gas emissions from food system: evidence from developed countries.

Sustainable development objectives heavily promote the advancement of cleaner production technologies to reduce emissions and conserve the average world temperature. For the years 1990-2020, the USA, China, Japan, Russia, Germany, and Australia are studied by using the panel fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS). The results show that clean fuels and technologies and a consumer price index are helpful to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from food system which reduce environmental degradation. Contrarily, increased income and food production contribute to environmental deterioration. There are bidirectional Dumitrescu-Hurlin causal relationships between access to clean fuels and technology and greenhouse gas emissions from food system; real income and greenhouse gas emissions from food system; income and access to clean fuels and technology; income and consumer price index; and income and food production index. This research also revealed a unidirectional causation between the consumer price index and greenhouse gas emissions from food system; food production index and greenhouse gas emissions from food system; access to clean fuels and technology and the consumer price index; and access to clean fuels and technology and the food production index. These findings provide policymakers with relevant content: to promote the goal of green growth, the government should implement consistent measures to subsidize the food industry. Incorporating carbon pricing into food system emissions models would serve to lower production of polluting foods, which would enhance air quality indicators. Finally, a consumer price index should be controlled by controlling prices of green technologies in environmental modeling to improve sustainable development globally and reduce environmental pollution.

Natural gas consumption-economic output and environmental sustainability target in China: an N-shaped hypothesis inference.

On one divide, energy types have been linked with the varying degree of environmental damage. Another perspective argued on the severity of the damaged base on per capita and/or population consumption pattern. As such, this study investigates the nexus of per capita natural gas consumption-carbon dioxide emissions and per capita income-carbon dioxide emissions in the case of the People of the Republic of China. This study objectively expanded to illustrate whether the N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis holds in the case of China or not. The employed autoregressive distributed lag bound testing approach incorporated additional explanatory variables (urbanization) within the N-shaped EKC hypothesis over the period 1971-2018. Importantly, the results show an evidence of inverted N-shaped EKC relationship. In addition, the study posits a positive relationship between natural gas consumption and carbon dioxide emissions and between urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions. Thus, the study proposes renewable energy development and decongestion of the urban centers as a means of controlling global warming.

Pollutant emission effect of tourism, real income, energy utilization, and urbanization in OECD countries: a panel quantile approach.

Although the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries are largely regarded as a high human development index and high-income economies, evidence has continued to reveal the existential gap among the member countries drive toward achieving environmental sustainability. Giving this motivation, this research employed a panel quantile approach to examine the role of square of per capita income (the environmental Kuznets curve-EKC hypothesis) and per capita income, tourist arrivals, energy consumption, and urbanization on environmental quality in the panel of (31) selected OECD countries over the period 1995-2016. A handful of vital results were presented in the study. First, the evidence of EKC (inverted U-shaped) proposition is establish just for the lower quantiles while a no EKC (U-shaped) hypothesis is found from the 0.25th to 0.90th quantile. In specific, environmental quality starts to improve when the per capita real income peaked at 11, 271.13 USD (0.05th quantile) and 8, 604.15 USD (0.10th quantile) while the environment becomes damaged after income per capita becomes 89, 321.72 USD (0.25th quantile) and 36, 315.50 USD (0.50th quantile). Moreover, the effect of international tourism arrivals, urbanization, and energy consumption are all significant and damaging to environmental quality across the quantile but with a slightly minimized impact toward the upper quantile. Furthermore, there is statistical significant evidence of Granger causality at least from tourism development, energy consumption, urbanization, and per capita income to carbon emissions. Considering the aforementioned results, the study outlined relevant policy mechanism that is poised to guide the OECD member countries on the sustainable development path.

The interplay among ecological footprint, real income, energy consumption, and trade openness in 13 Asian countries.

This article investigates the effects of real income, trade openness, and energy consumption on the ecological footprint using a panel data of 13 Asian countries over the 1973-2014 period. The empirical findings suggest that the panel variance-ratio test confirms the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among ecological footprint real income, trade openness, and energy consumption. Results from panel pooled mean group estimates confirm that the long-run elasticity of real income, trade openness, and energy consumption is 0.16, -0.07, and 0.51, respectively. The real income and energy consumption have a positive impact on the ecological footprint. There are three bidirectional causal relationships that were found between ecological footprint and real income; between energy consumption and ecological footprint; and between trade openness and ecological footprint. In addition, three unidirectional causalities can be found: a unidirectional causality running from real income to trade openness; from real income to energy consumption; and from trade openness to energy consumption. Those causal relationships show that economic indicators are highly related to ecological footprint. The findings recommend that various governments should fund more in renewable energy and efficiency upgrade and continue sustaining their growth without hurting the environment.

The role of partisan conflict in environmental sustainability targets of the United States.

The prevailing political atmosphere and partisanship in the United States depict the degree of polarization between the two major political parties of the country. Evidently, the polarization between the Democratic Party (DP) and the Republican Party will expectedly drive the partisan conflict to the higher levels. Considering this motivation, this paper examined the role of partisan conflict in the pollutant emissions in the case of the United States. For sound empirical analysis, the impacts of other environmental quality determinants are being examined over the period 1960-2015. In order to present a decent argument that is viable for policy implementation, the study adopts the combined methodologies of Johansen cointegration; the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) of Pesaran et al. J Am Stat Assoc 94(446):621-634 (1999); and the Toda and Yamamoto J Econ 66(1-2):225-250 (1995) Granger causality. Empirical outcomes show (i) the kg oil equivalent per capita energy consumed exercise positive and significant impacts on metric tons of per capita CO2 emissions, and it is the principal determinant of environmental degradation in both the short-run and the long-run (ii) renewable energy consumption and economic growth also exercise negative and significant impacts on metric tons of per capita CO2 emissions. Based on our empirical findings, we conclude that partisan conflict indirectly plays a significant role in environmental sustainability targets of the United States. Thus, we are of the opinion that the government should avoid heightened partisan conflict among the political parties in order to promote sustainable environmental policies that would enhance sound and clean environment for both the immediate and the future generation.

The role of globalization, real income, tourism in environmental sustainability target. Evidence from Turkey.

In this study, we examine the role of real income, globalization and tourism on environmental sustainability target by applying Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach that controls for structural breaks and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger causality approach that produces robust, efficient and reliable short-run and long-run estimates in the case of Turkey over the periods 1970-2014. To achieve our research objective, we examine stationarity properties of the series via unit root test after which we applied Bayer-Hanck combined cointegration technique to evaluate the presence of a long-run cointegration relationship among the series. The empirical results show that a 1% increase in real income level and international tourists' arrivals led to 0.625% and 0.129% increase in metric ton per capita CO2 emissions in the short-run and 0.345% and 0.071% increase in metric tons per capita CO2 emissions in the long-run, while globalization has non-significant negative impacts on CO2 emissions. The causality analysis suggest that tourism Granger causes CO2 emissions both in the short- and long-run, while real income and globalization only Granger cause CO2 emissions in the long-run. Findings also show that a one standard deviation shock to CO2 emissions has a noticeable positive and persistent impact on tourism, globalization and economic growth in the long-run.