Sensitivity to rewards and punishments in karate athletes: an examination of the temperamental characteristics and profile of karate competitors according to the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory.

BACKGROUND: The revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (rRST) assumes the existence of three systems controlling motivation and behavior: the behavioral activation system (BAS), the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), and the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS). This study aims to examine for the first time the features of BAS, BIS, and FFFS among karate players in comparison with athletes representing other sports disciplines (physical education students) and physically inactive people. The specific configuration of temperament traits and profiles characterizing karate players will also be found. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was performed among male karate athletes and control groups (physically active and inactive men). The study used the modified Reinforcement Sensitivity Questionnaire (rRSQ) to measure BAS, BIS, and FFFS. RESULTS: The ANOVA showed that both karate competitors KS and KK scored significantly higher in BAS than the sample of PI participants. In addition, KK athletes scored significantly lower in Freeze than in PI and KS groups. Research also suggests that KK athletes presented significantly lower overall scores in FFFS than PI individuals. Furthermore, the results of K-means cluster analysis indicated the existence of two distinct patterns of temperamental traits: (1) Cluster 1 suggests avoidance tendencies (high Flight and Freeze, and low BAS, BIS, and Fight levels); while (2) the Cluster 2 describes approach tendencies (high BIS, BAS and Fight scores, and low levels of Flight and Freeze). Significantly more KK athletes were included in Cluster 2 than in Cluster 1, compared to PI, PA, and KS samples. CONCLUSIONS: The research indicates that individuals engaged in karate, particularly those practicing Kyokushin karate, tend to exhibit a heightened sensitivity to rewards (high BAS). This finding holds significance for coaches and sports instructors, suggesting that motivating karate athletes through incentives is more effective, while the use of punishment should be minimized during training. Additionally, the study proposes that the practice of Kyokushin karate has the potential to significantly diminish the freezing response in threatening situations and enhance overall fear management by reducing levels of the Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS). Consequently, the Kyokushin karate style may be considered more advantageous than the Karate Shotokan (KS) style in these aspects, despite both styles contributing to the improvement of BAS. Given that a higher BAS is linked to positive emotions, optimism, and happiness, karate training emerges as a form of health intervention, acting as a preventive measure against mental disorders and promoting overall well-being.

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire-revised and its psychometric evaluation among Chinese person with substance use disorder.

The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) is a self-report tool widely used to assess individuals' level of reinforcement sensitivity. Drug addiction is strongly associated with reinforcement sensitivity, but there is a lack of measurement tools to assess reinforcement sensitivity in drug users, necessitating the revision and application of the SPSRQ among drug users. This study recruited 819 drug users (mean age = 34.74; 56.41% female) from five compulsory rehabilitation centers in Hunan Province, China. The applicability of the SPSRQ among person with substance use disorder was assessed by conducting reliability analyses and validity analyses, with retesting performed by 127 individuals after 6 weeks. Exploratory factor analysis for the SPSRQ showed a stable two-factor structure in person with substance use disorder. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable goodness of fit indexes for the two-factor structure. The SPSRQ also demonstrated good reliability and convergent and discriminant validity evidence. The two-factor structure of the SPSRQ also demonstrated measurement invariance across gender. Further comparative analysis found that the degree of reward sensitivity was higher for males than for females. Generally, the SPSRQ has shown evidence of good reliability and validity in Chinese drug-dependent populations, and it is suitable for research and application with Chinese person with substance use disorder. These findings about the personality traits of people with substance use disorder provide a solid basis for further research.

The neural correlates of reinforcement sensitivity theory: A systematic review of the frontal asymmetry and spectral power literature.

The original Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (oRST) proposes two systems of approach (BAS) and avoidance (BIS) motivation to underpin personality and behavior. The revised-RST (rRST) model separates avoidance motivation into passive (BIS; anxiety) and active (FFFS; fear) systems. Prior research has attempted to map RST onto lateralized frontal asymmetry to provide a neurophysiological marker of RST. The main aim is to examine the relationships of the o/rRST scales with trait (baseline) and state (manipulated through experimental paradigms) frontal asymmetry. A systematic review was conducted, resulting in 158 studies designated to neuroimaging research. In total, 54 studies were included in this review using either frontal asymmetry or spectral power. The results were split into three main categories: resting frontal alpha asymmetry (N = 23), emotional induction and state-related frontal alpha asymmetry (N = 20), and spectral analysis (N = 16). Findings indicated that BAS was associated with enhanced left frontal asymmetry at baseline and during state-related paradigms. Findings for BIS were more inconsistent, especially at rest, suggesting that BIS, in particular, may require active engagement with the environment. Only 9 of the 54 papers included used the revised RST model, highlighting the need for more rRST research.

Neural correlates of the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory: A cross-sectional structural neuroimaging study in middle-aged adults.

The revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) proposes that neurobiological systems control behavior: the fight-flight-freeze (FFFS) for avoidance of threat; behavioral approach/activation (BAS) for approach to rewards; and behavioral inhibition (BIS) for conflict resolution when avoidance and approach are possible. Neuroimaging studies have confirmed some theoretical associations between brain structures and the BAS and BIS; however, little representative population data are available for the FFFS. We investigated the neural correlates of the revised RST in a sample of 404 middle-aged adults (Mage = 47.18 (SD = 1.38); 54.5% female). Participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and completed health questionnaires and the BIS/BAS/FFFS scales. We used multiple regression analyses to investigate the association between scale scores and volumes of a priori theoretically linked regions of interest while controlling for sex, age, intracranial volume, and cardio-metabolic variables; and conducted exploratory analyses on cortical thickness. The BIS was negatively associated with hippocampus laterality. At standard significance levels, the fear component of the FFFS was positively associated with anterior cingulate cortex; the BAS was positively associated with bilateral caudate; and the BIS was positively associated with posterior cingulate cortex volume. Furthermore, these neurobiological systems showed distinct patterns of association with cortical thickness though future work is needed. Our results showed that the neurobiological systems of the revised RST characterized in rodents can also be identified in the human brain.

The reinforcement sensitivity theory affects questionnaire (RST-AQ). A validation study of a new scale targeting affects related to anxiety, approach motivation and fear.

This paper presents the RST-AQ, a 22-item scale to measure the affective states related to the three motivational systems postulated by Reinforcement Sensitivity theory (RST-AQ): the Behavioral approach system (BAS), Behavioral inhibition system (BIS), and the Fight-Flight-Freeze system (FFFS). The three subscales are internally consistent. Results show an overall support for construct validity of our RST-AQ measure. The correlations of the RST-AQ subscales with other measures demonstrate a good convergent and divergent validity with regard to the subscales of BAS and BIS. The RTS-AQ Scale provides researcher with the first instrument to measures the affective states of the RST theory.

Motivational processes contributing to disturbances in women's body image and eating.

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) provides a neurobiological personality framework for understanding approach and avoidance behavioural patterns. Recent research suggests an association between RST personality traits (reward interest and behavioural inhibition system [BIS]) and women's body image and eating behaviours. The current study aimed to extend this research by testing for indirect relationships between reward interest and BIS and eating disorder symptoms, as mediated through thin ideal internalisation. Adult female participants (N = 354, M = 22.06 years of age, SD = 6.78) completed self-report measures of reward interest, BIS, thin ideal internalisation, and eating disorder symptoms (i.e., restraint, eating concerns, weight and shape concerns). Indirect relationships were tested using bootstrapped mediation analyses. Results showed thin ideal internalisation mediated the pathways between the BIS and restraint, eating concern, and weight and shape concerns. Reward interest was not associated with thin ideal internalisation, or with eating disorder symptoms. Although the application of RST to women's body image is an emerging research area, these novel findings suggest BIS trait sensitivity may increase women's risk of body image concerns and restricted eating, via increased levels of thin ideal internalisation. Overall, these findings provide preliminary support for inclusion of individual differences in BIS sensitivity in risk factor models of body image and eating disturbances. Future research should aim to replicate these findings in more diverse samples, using longitudinal designs.

Exploring behavioral systems of the reinforcement sensitivity theory in people with epilepsy: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Although epilepsy has previously been associated with behavioral changes, no previous study has utilized the behavioral models of the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) to investigate the impact of epilepsy on behavior. Therefore, the objective of this cross-sectional study is to examine the potential relationship between epilepsy and the neurobehavioral systems of the RST. METHODS: Using the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory-Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ), this cross-sectional study assessed the behavioral systems of the RST in a sample of 27 epilepsy patients and 27 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. The RST-PQ was designed to assess the different behavioral systems of the RST. The behavioral approach system (BAS) is responsible of the approach behavior, in high values related to risk seeking and addictive behavior and in low values well related to depression. The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is well related to anxiety in high levels, and the fight flight freeze system (FFFS) is responsible for the avoidance behavior. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, no significant differences were found in demographic information (gender and marital status) between the general population and epilepsy patients. Gender distribution was similar, with 55.6% females in both groups. Marital status also showed no significant difference, with 74% single in the control group and 63% in the epilepsy group. Significant differences were observed in the behavioral systems of the RST. The epilepsy group had higher scores compared with the control group in several areas. BAS reward activity had a median score of 23 in the epilepsy group and 21 in the control group (p = 0.001). BAS goal drive persistence (p = 0.04), BAS impulsivity (p = 0.014), FFFS (p = 0.002), and BIS (median score of 77 in the epilepsy group and 66 in the control group) also showed significant differences, with p = 0.001. These significant differences remained consistent before and after matching the control group, indicating their robustness. The only exception was BAS reward activity, which did not show a significant difference after matching, with p = 0.106 and p = 0.051 before and after matching, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests a potential positive association between epilepsy and the BIS, potentially mediated by the hippocampus. The relationship between epilepsy and the BAS, as well as the FFFS, may also be influenced by the BIS. These findings have clinical implications, but further research is needed to confirm these relationships.

The influence of the behavioural inhibition system on the development of PTSD-like symptoms after presentation of a traumatic film in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: The Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) as a neural system controlling motivation and behaviour, has previously been linked to multiple mental disorders, including Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). BIS-sensitivity could increase the likelihood of PTSD development after trauma. However, previous studies have largely measured BIS-sensitivity retrospectively (i.e. after trauma, or even after onset of PTSD). OBJECTIVE: The study aims to confirm the relationship between BIS-sensitivity prior to trauma and PTSD symptoms. METHOD: After assessment of BIS-sensitivity, N = 119 healthy participants watched a film with visually disturbing material. After 72 h, participants completed a questionnaire on PTSD-related symptoms (PCL-5). RESULTS: In a multiple linear regression model, BIS-sensitivity significantly predicted PTSD symptoms, even after controlling for the decrease in mood, as well as for participants' age and sex, two factors that had previously been shown to influence BIS-sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to measure BIS-sensitivity before the occurrence of the (experimental) trauma and strengthens its role as a potential pre-traumatic risk factor.

Main research question: What factors predict the development of posttraumatic symptoms after exposure to a traumatic event?The candidate investigated here is the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), a neural system controlling motivation and behavior. Our study provides evidence that the BIS is a potential risk factor, prediciting the development of posttraumatic symptoms after exposure to an experimental trauma in healthy participants.

A comprehensive review on the role of testosterone on the neurobehavioral systems implicated in the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality.

OBJECTIVES: The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) is a neuropsychological theory of personality emphasizing approach and avoidance as the two core behavioral aspects. Approach is represented by the behavioral approach system (BAS). Avoidance is represented by the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS). Although the influence of testosterone on human behavior has been demonstrated, few studies have investigated the relation between testosterone and the RST. The aim of this narrative review was to decipher the possible role of testosterone on the biological systems involved in the RST in humans. METHODS: Google scholar, PubMed, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Scopus and Cochrane library databases were interrogated using keywords such as testosterone, BIS, BAS, FFFS, personality, reinforcement sensitivity theory. RESULTS: Seven original articles, published between 2009 and 2022, assessing the relation between testosterone and the systems implicated in the RST, were included. The results of these studies suggested the presence of a possible positive relation between testosterone and the BAS. However, the impact of testosterone on the BIS and/or FFFS seems to be less clear. DISCUSSION: The consistency in the results supporting the presence of a positive relation between testosterone and the BAS might lead to the consideration of testosterone as a potential correlate in the clinical assessment of several psychopathologies. The inconsistency in the conclusions regarding the impact of testosterone on the BIS and/or the FFFS might be attributed to the different questionnaires used as measurement tools. Additional research remains needed.

Reinforcement sensitivity theory may predict COVID-19 infection outcome and vulnerability.

Research suggests that specific behavior patterns may be related with the outcome and vulnerability of a COVID-19 infection; nevertheless, much of this information has been obtained by means of psychological paradigms that are not based on research conducted using experimental designs. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to identify behavior patterns associated with COVID-19 outcome and vulnerability from the point of view of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. A total of 464 college students from Mexico-City participated in the study. Participants answered the Behavior Inhibition, Behavior Activation scales (Carver & White, 1994), the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire (Corr & Cooper, 2016) and a COVID-19 symptom checklist. Data showed that those individuals who respond in an enthusiastic way to rewards develop less symptoms of COVID-19. Additionally, individuals who are keen in the exploration and identification of new rewarding opportunities are less likely to develop a COVID-19 infection. Both findings suggest that a potent Behavior Activation System could protect individuals during the present pandemic. These results are in general agreement with others produced within the same framework.

The interplay between parental care and OPRM1 in reward responsiveness.

The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) explains a variety of reward-motivated behaviors as the result of the activation of biologically-based systems. Inspired by the influences of parental bonding and opioid peptide on reward system, we investigated the contributions of parental bonding and mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) towards motivation systems (i.e., the BAS, BIS-anxiety, and FFFS-fear). Results indicated that (1) parental care was negatively related to FFFS-fear, but parental overprotection was positively related to both FFFS-fear and BIS-anxiety; (2) parental care significantly interacted with OPRM1 rs1799971 in reward responsiveness with diathesis-stress model. Poor parental care reduced reward responsiveness among individuals with the G allele, but not those with the AA genotype. These findings from this study demonstrate a new gene-environment interactive mechanism of the RST.

A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Violent Extremist Propaganda: The Motivational Pathways Underlying Movement Toward and Away From Violent Extremist Action.

Anecdotal evidence supports than engaging with violent extremist content online facilitates the radicalization process. However, there is a consistent lack of empirically grounded research to provide insight into the psychological process through which this influence occurs (if at all). As such, most theories often fail to accommodate both the multifinality (the concept that many people are exposed to violent extremist material, yet never engage in violent extremism), and equifinality (the concept that people can view a range violent extremist content, yet all end up engaging in violent extremism) that naturally is observed in those who engage with violent extremist content online and those who engage in violent extremist behavior. This paper presents Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) as a theoretical framework to inform understanding of the process that governs the interaction between violent extremist material online and engaging with violent extremism. RST is a motivational theory which has been applied to a range of benevolent and deviant behaviors. Specifically, we argue that RST is suitable to explain the effect of violent extremist content online because (1) it outlines multiple differentiated motivational pathways that can account for multifinality and equifinality observed in those who engage in violent extremist behavior and (2) the extant neurological and psychophysiological research using RST provides a empirically supported framework for developing both research methods and verifiable hypotheses to advance our understanding of how, if at all, violent extremist content online contributes to the process of radicalization.

Reward sensitivity, eating behavior, and obesity-related outcomes: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research has identified reward sensitivity as an important factor that may contribute to the engagement in eating behavior (e.g., binge eating, emotional eating, etc.) and increase obesity risk. In the current study, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine the relationships between reward sensitivity, eating behavior, and obesity-related outcomes. The study focused on two commonly used measures of reward sensitivity in the literature: the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) and the Behavioral Inhibition Scale/Behavioral Activation Scale (BIS/BAS Scale). METHOD: We conducted a systematic search to identify studies that analyzed reward sensitivity as a predictor of eating behavior or obesity-related outcomes, and measured reward sensitivity using the SPSRQ or BIS/BAS Scale. The search yielded N=19 total publications included in the review. RESULTS: Findings indicated that reward sensitivity, primarily measured by summary scores on the SPSRQ or BIS/BAS Scale, were positively associated with a variety of eating behaviors and obesity-related outcomes with small to moderate effect sizes. Findings were most consistent across studies that examined the association between reward sensitivity and eating behavior outcomes (e.g., binge eating, emotional eating) (r values= .08 to .41; p values < .001 to p < .05) and food consumption outcomes (e.g., palatable food intake) (r values = .21 to .40; p < .001 to p values < .05). Findings were less consistent for food craving and BMI outcomes, and revealed these relationships may depend on individual-level factors and/or environment-related factors, (e.g., food cues). A quality evaluation using the Critical Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS tool) indicated that most studies were rated as moderate to strong quality (84%). CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that elevated reward sensitivity may be a risk factor for engagement in eating behaviors that may increase obesity risk.

The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship between Approach Motivational System and Sports Success among Elite Speed Skating Athletes and Physical Education Students.

BACKGROUND: While the association between self-efficacy and sports success has been well established in previous studies, little is known regarding whether the basic approach motivation system contributes to this relationship in athletes. The study examines associations between self-reported temperamental approach disposition, self-efficacy, and predispositions to sports success in athletes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed between August 3 and 30 November 2020. The participants were 156 athletes, aged 16-34 years (M = 21.57, SD = 3.58, 41.67% women), in two groups: 54 elite athletes in speed skating (EASS) and 102 physical education students (PES). The online survey consisted of the Reinforced Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Sports Success Scale (SSS). RESULTS: There were no differences in self-efficacy and sports success in terms of gender, sports discipline, and level of competitions. The Behavioral Activation System (BAS) results were lower in the EASS sample compared with in the PES group. Self-efficacy plays a mediating role in the relationships between BAS and sports success among athletes, with sport discipline as a moderator between BAS and self-efficacy. Sports success in speed skating relies strongly on BAS, while a weak link has been found in other sports disciplines. CONCLUSIONS: BAS is directly correlated to sports success and indirectly related through self-efficacy. Mental training should be focused on maintaining self-efficacy and reward motivation in athletes to increase their sports success.

The effect of risk perception and other psychological factors on mobile phone use while crossing the street among pedestrians.

Pedestrians may be the most vulnerable group among road users, and mobile phone use while crossing the street is ubiquitous worldwide in this information era. However, previous studies have found that such distracting behaviors may increase the risk of injury and death. The present study primarily aimed to explore the effect of reinforcement sensitivity theory components (i.e., Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), Behavioral Approach System (BAS)), risk perception, attitudes towards red light running, and fear of missing out (FoMO) on mobile phone use while crossing the street among pedestrians. Risk perception was measured in three ways (i.e., assessing the probability of a negative outcome (RP-Pro), judging the severity of the consequence (RP-Se), and evaluating the general riskiness of the behavior (RP-Ri)). An online questionnaire survey was conducted, and only valid responses (N = 425) were used for subsequent data analyses. The results indicated significant differences in the responses across the risk perception questions with different focuses. Participants who reported engaging in more distracted street-crossing (i.e., high-risk takers) perceived a significantly lower risk, and this difference did not depend on the focus of risk perception. Three path analysis models with differential risk perception constructs (RP-Pro, RP-Se, and RP-Ri) were developed to examine the relationship between risk perception and distracted street-crossing. The results suggest that the relationship between these two variables does not depend on the focus of the risk perception questions. Moreover, FoMO was a predictor of mobile phone use while crossing the street, while attitudes had both direct and indirect effects on behavior. BIS and BAS had the lowest total effect on mobile phone use among pedestrians. In particular, a direct association between BAS and distracted street-crossing was found only in the model in which risk perception was measured by judging the severity of crashes caused by mobile phone use distraction. This study may be meaningful for understanding the associations between psychological factors and mobile phone use among pedestrians. The implications of the findings for the development of safety interventions are discussed in this study.

Dialectical Thinking Is Linked With Smaller Left Nucleus Accumbens and Right Amygdala.

Our current work examined the interface between thinking style and emotional experience at both the behavioral and neuropsychological levels. Thirty-nine Chinese participants completed the triad task, and we calculated the rate of individually selected relationship pairings to overall selections to represent their holistic thinking tendencies. In addition, participants in the top one-third of the ratio score were classified into the high holistic thinking group, while those in the bottom one-third of the ratio score were classified into the low holistic thinking group. We used the sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire (SPSRQ) to examine how people elicit positive and negative affective behaviors. Additionally, we examined the volume of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens and their functional connectivity in the resting-state. We found that high holistic thinkers were much less sensitive to rewards than low holistic thinkers. In other words, individuals with high holistic thinking are less likely to pursue behaviors that have positive emotional outcomes. Furthermore, their bilateral nucleus accumbens and right amygdala volumes were smaller than those of low holistic thinkers. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that holistic thinking tendency can negatively predict the volume of the left nucleus accumbens and right amygdala. Finally, resting-state functional connectivity results showed increased functional connectivity FC between left nucleus accumbens and bilateral amygdala in high holistic thinkers. These findings provide emotion-related manifestations of thinking styles at the behavioral and neural levels.

The Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory - Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) and its Relationship with Everyday Behaviors.

This study aimed to adapt and validate the Spanish version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory-Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ; Corr & Cooper, 2016) and to demonstrate how RST constructs are associated with a variety of everyday behaviors. To achieve this goal, three studies have been conducted. In Study 1, a direct translation of the items from English to Spanish was pilot-tested in a sample of 139 students and a descriptive analysis of items was conducted. Moreover, a reverse translation and comparison between the two English versions were carried out by the lead author of the original questionnaire and the items were refined accordingly. In Study 2, the questionnaire's internal structure was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and the predictive validity was assessed using the Criterion Set of Act Clusters in a sample of 1,281 participants. Finally, a study of convergent validity with other measures of personality was performed in Study 3 with 190 participants. The obtained results suggested that the RST-PQ has adequate psychometric properties and the convergent validity results with other personality measures replicate findings from previous research. Having a Spanish language version of the RST-PQ is important, not only to advance RST research but also to demonstrate that this theoretical approach contributes to the prediction and explanation of different behaviors whether they are healthy or pathological ones.

Behavioral Activation System and Early Life Parental Abuse Are Associated with Antisocial Behaviors in Mexican Adolescents.

Antisocial behavior (AB) is a complex phenomenon, predicted by a wide range of biological, environmental, and personality factors. These have high human and economic costs especially in adolescents, highlighting the importance of investigating factors that may be associated with these behaviors. Among the most potent predictors of AB are early life experiences and personality. To this end, the present study sought to investigate the association between early life parental abuse and behavioral activation system (BAS) personality traits assessed within the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) framework and antisocial behaviors in Mexican adolescents. Our sample consisted of 342 adolescents (Mage = 17, SD = 2.47) from northwestern Mexico. Participants, after parental consent and participant consent/assent (if minors), self-reported early life parental abuse, current BAS personality traits, and antisocial behaviors. Through structural equation models, our results suggest there is a positive association between early life parental abuse and antisocial behaviors, as well as a negative association with BAS personality traits (R2 = 37%). These results contribute to the current literature by suggesting that personality and environmental variables can predict adolescent antisocial behaviors. Future studies should explore the interplay between these variables longitudinally and investigate both risk and protective factors, as well as negative and positive outcomes.

Parsing the link between reinforcement sensitivity theory and eating behavior: A systematic review.

The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) is a widely studied psychobiological model of personality. RST factors seem to influence eating behavior, but how these personality traits are associated with distinct features of eating behavior is still unclear. In the present systematic review, we analyzed the relationship between RST personality factors and eating behavior using a parsing approach in which BMI-related results, self-reported results, and behavioral results were distinguished. Our analysis revealed that reward and punishment sensitivity seem to correlate and influence distinct features of eating behavior. The association between BMI and RST factors was uncertain, but nonlinear associations between reward sensitivity and weight need further testing. Reward sensitivity was linked to most eating behavior phenotypes (e.g., emotional eating and restrained eating), but only punishment sensitivity was primarily correlated with eating pathology. Reward sensitivity was the main factor linked with reactivity to food stimuli on many behavioral measures. The neurobiological personality factors of RST offer parsimonious concepts to understand eating behavior outcomes and the differential relationships observed are useful to translational research.

Reinforcement sensitivity and bulimia symptoms: the role of emotion regulation.

OBJECTIVE: Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) provides a theoretical foundation associated with various approach and avoidance behaviors and individual personality differences. Sensitivity to reward and punishment, two neural systems within the RST have been significantly associated with bingeing and purging behaviors. However, inconsistent findings are observed and specific factors mediating these relationships are not well understood. Deficits in emotion regulation may account for these relationships, as both negative urgency and distress tolerance have been independently associated with bulimia behaviors. Thus, this is an area that requires further investigation. METHOD: The current study utilized various self-report inventories, including the Eating Disorder Inventory-3rd Edition to measure bulimia symptoms, as well as measures of negative affect, sensitivity to reward and punishment, distress tolerance, and negative urgency. These measures were used to assess whether distress tolerance and negative urgency mediated associations between sensitivity to reward and punishment and bulimia symptoms in a community sample of 394 young adults ranging from the ages of 18 to 25. RESULTS: As expected, sensitivity to reward and punishment were significantly associated with decreased distress tolerance. Distress tolerance was also directly associated with greater negative urgency, which was significantly associated with increased bulimia symptoms. Consistent with hypotheses, indirect associations between sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment to bulimia symptoms via distress tolerance and negative urgency were observed, controlling for gender and negative affect. DISCUSSION: Results contribute to understanding specific contributions of risk factors within the relationship of sensitivity to reward and punishment and bulimia symptoms, measured by the EDI-3. Novel to existing literature, results indicate that reinforcement sensitivity significantly contributes to emotion regulation deficits. Thus, these findings may have important implications for understanding the development and treatment of bulimia symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, based on descriptive, cross-sectional data.