[Maintenance of chest compressions skill in cardiopulmonary resuscitation in primary health care professionals: Quasi-experimental study]. / Mantenimiento de la habilidad de las compresiones torácicas en reanimación cardiopulmonar en profesionales de la atención primaria de salud: estudio cuasiexperimental.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the efficacy of brief CPR training with dual feedback to maintain the ability to perform quality chest compressions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental study with two groups to evaluate a brief theoretical training followed by a practice with manikin with feedback; Participants: 155 health and non-health professionals from 5 primary care health centers of urban area (43 losses); Main measurements: Characteristics of compressions that were measured before and after the brief training and their maintenance at 3 and 6 months according to the study group. The effect of training and maintenance of skills were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: 155 participants were included, mean age 39.7 years (SD=12.0) with 82.7% female. The training effect had an improvement in mean compression depth (pre-post difference: 3.5, P<.001), total compressions with adequate depth (pre-post difference: 0.2, P<.001) and Total Compressions with Adequate Rhythm (pre-post difference: 0.4, P<.001). The second phase was completed by 112 participants (72.2%). Compression skills declined at 3 months and were lower at 6 months, although the loss of skills was not statistically significant between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: An individualized, brief training action with feedback immediately improves the quality of compressions. The progressive loss of skills from 3 to 6 months is not relevant.

Balón de resucitación aórtico endovascular (REBOA) para el control de la hemorragia no compresible de torso. Revisión de la evidencia

La hemorragia no compresible de torso continúa siendo unas de las principales causas de mortalidad del paciente víctima de trauma. El control de este tipo de sangrado requiere de procedimientos invasivos como la toracotomía de reanimación, la cual se realiza en el paciente in extremis. La utilización de REBOA se re-introduce desde el 2011, como una forma de oclusión endovascular de la aorta y con el tiempo ya forma parte de los implementos con que cuenta un centro de trauma nivel I. Actualmente REBOA se utiliza dentro del proceso de reanimación, mientras se realiza el control definitivo de un sangrado en el torso, con el fin de aumentar la perfusión de órganos como cerebro y corazón, existiendo dos zonas principales de oclusión a nivel aórtico. Múltiples investigaciones se han realizado para encontrar las indicaciones y beneficios de REBOA dentro de la atención integral de un paciente con trauma grave, estando aun estas en desarrollo. La utilización en un paciente con trauma grave se encuentra protocolizada en diferentes pasos que van desde el acceso arterial hasta el seguimiento de la extremidad post retiro del introductor. Por este último punto, REBOA se encuentra dentro de los implementos importantes de la reanimación, sin embargo, no reemplaza conceptos básicos como atención integral del paciente politraumatizado, control precoz del sangrado y el control de daños resucitativo. Su implementación requiere de un centro altamente protocolizado y con equipos de trauma establecidos con el objetivo de disminuir las complicaciones y optimizar la supervivencia.

Non compressible torso hemorrhage continues to be one of the main causes of mortality in trauma victims. The control of this type of bleeding requires invasive procedures such as resuscitation thoracotomy, that is performed on the patient "in extremis". The use of REBOA has been reintroduced since 2011, as a form of endovascular occlusion of the aorta and over time it is has already part of the implements that a level I trauma center. REBOA is used within the resuscitation process, while definitive control of bleeding in the torso is carried out, in order to increase the perfusion of organs such as the brain and heart, with two main areas of occlusion at the aortic level. Multiple investigations have been carried out to find the indications and benefits of REBOA within the comprehensive care of a patient with severe trauma, and these are still under development. Its use in a patient with severe trauma is protocolized in different steps that go from arterial access to follow-up of the extremity after removal of the sheath. For this last point, REBOA is among the important implements of resuscitation, however, it does not replace basic concepts such as comprehensive care of the polytraumatized patient, early control of bleeding and resuscitative damage control. Its implementation requires a highly protocolized center with established trauma teams with the aim of reducing complications and optimizing survival.

[Differences between Spain's autonomous communities in the availability of semi-automatic external defibrillators outside the healthcare setting]. / Diferencias entre comunidades autónomas de España en la dotación de desfibriladores externos semiautomáticos fuera del ámbito sanitario.

BACKGROUND: Early defibrillation is one of the interventions that can most influence the prognosis of cardiac arrest. The objectives of this study were to determine the number of automatic external defibrillators outside the healthcare setting in each autonomous community in Spain and to compare the legislation of each autonomous community on the mandatory installation of defibrillators outside the healthcare setting. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out between December 2021 and January 2022 by consulting official data in the 17 Spanish autonomous communities. RESULTS: Complete data on the number of registered defibrillators were obtained from 15 autonomous communities. The number of defibrillators ranged from 35 to 126 per 100,000 inhabitants. At the global level, differences were observed between communities with mandatory defibrillator installation and those without (92.1 vs. 57.8 defibrillators/100,000 inhabitants). CONCLUSIONS: There is heterogeneity in the provision of defibrillators outside the health care setting, which seems to be related to the diversity of legislation on the mandatory installation of defibrillators.

Puesta al día sobre transfusión masiva / Massive transfusion update / Atualização sobre transfusão maciça

La transfusión masiva plantea desafíos clínicos, organizacionales y logísticos para el personal de la salud en general y los servicios de Medicina Transfusional en particular. No existe una definición universalmente aceptada de transfusión masiva, las definiciones más comúnmente utilizadas se basan en el número de unidades de sangre administradas dentro de un cierto período de tiempo. La mayoría de los eventos de transfusión masiva ocurren en el contexto de hemorragias graves en pacientes quirúrgicos, politraumatizados, con hemorragia gastrointestinal u obstétrica. La reanimación de control de daños y los protocolos de transfusión masiva son las estrategias más utilizadas actualmente para el tratamiento inicial, seguidas de un tratamiento personalizado, dirigido por objetivos, mediante la monitorización de la coagulación en tiempo real mediante estudios viscoelásticos. Existen una serie de controversias alrededor del tratamiento óptimo, incluyendo el uso de sangre total, la relación de hemocomponentes a utilizar, el uso de concentrados de factores de la coagulación, y la indicación óptima del ácido tranexámico. El estudio de los productos ideales para el tratamiento de los pacientes con sangrado masivo se ha convertido en un área de gran interés de la investigación científica. El contexto clínico en el que ocurrió el evento hemorrágico, el número de hemocomponentes transfundidos, la edad del paciente y las comorbilidades son los predictores más importantes de la sobrevida a corto y largo plazo. Esta revisión narrativa explora el estado actual del conocimiento sobre la transfusión masiva, así como los avances que podemos esperar en el futuro cercano.

Massive transfusion poses clinical, organizational and logistic challenges for the health staff in general, and the Transfusion Medicine Services in particular. There is no universally accepted definition for massive transfusion, the most widely used being based on the number of blood units administered in a certain period of time. Most massive transfusion events occur in the context of severe hemorrhage on surgical or multiple-trauma patients or patients with gastrointestinal or obstetric bleeding. Today, damage control resuscitation and massive transfusion protocols are the most common strategies for initial treatment, followed by personalized therapy, goal-directed, my means of monitoring coagulation in real time with viscoelastic studies. There are disputes as to the best surgical treatment, including using whole blood, the relation of blood components to be used, the use of coagulation factor concentrates and the optimal indication of tranexamic acid. The study of ideal products to treat patients with massive hemorrhage has become an area of great interest for scientific research. The clinical context of the hemorrhagic event, the number of blood components transfused, patient's age and comorbilities are the most important predictors for survival in the short and long term. This narrative review explores the current state of affairs on knowledge about massive transfusion, as well as progress to be expected in the near future.

A transfusão maciça apresenta desafios clínicos, organizacionais e logísticos para o pessoal de saúde em geral e para os serviços de Medicina Transfusional em particular. Não existe uma definição universalmente aceita de transfusão maciça; as definições mais comumente usadas são baseadas no número de unidades de sangue administradas em um determinado período de tempo. A maioria dos eventos de transfusão maciça ocorre no contexto de sangramento maior em pacientes cirúrgicos, politraumatizados, com sangramento gastrointestinal ou obstétrico. Atualmente, a ressuscitação para controle de danos e os protocolos de transfusão maciça são as estratégias mais usadas para o tratamento inicial, seguidos por tratamento personalizado e orientado por objetivos usando monitoramento de coagulação em tempo real usando testes viscoelásticos. Há uma série de controvérsias em torno do tratamento ideal, incluindo o uso de sangue total, a proporção de componentes sanguíneos a serem usados, o uso de concentrados de fator de coagulação e a indicação ideal de ácido tranexâmico. O estudo dos produtos ideais para o tratamento de pacientes com sangramento maciço tornou-se uma área de grande interesse na pesquisa científica. O contexto clínico em que ocorreu o evento hemorrágico, o número de hemocomponentes transfundidos, a idade do paciente e as comorbidades são os preditores mais importantes de sobrevida a curto e longo prazo. Esta revisão narrativa explora o estado atual do conhecimento sobre transfusão maciça, bem como os avanços que podemos esperar no futuro próximo.

Reanimación cardiopulmocerebral en la carrera Medicina: diferencias entre los planes de estudios D y E / Cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation in the Medicine career: differences between study plans D and E

Fundamento: la reanimación cardiopulmocerebral básica está presente como curso propio en los planes de estudios "D" y "E" de la carrera de Medicina; aunque en ambos la organización del proceso tiene sus particularidades. Objetivo: precisar las diferencias en cuanto a estructura, proceso docente y resultados académicos en la enseñanza de la reanimación cardiopulmocerebral básica, entre los planes de estudios "D" y "E" de la carrera de Medicina. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, transversal, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos en los años 2017 y 2019. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos. Para comparar resultados se utilizó el universo estudiantil en ambos años, para evaluar satisfacción y calidad una muestra aleatoria simple. Se utilizaron técnicas de estadística descriptiva. Para ambos cursos se utilizó similar escenario y claustro de profesores. Resultados: las diferencias entre ambos planes derivan de los componentes no personales del proceso docente; el plan "D" tiene 20 horas y el "E" 40, con lo cual se amplían sus contenidos. Todos los temas y objetivos del plan "D" estuvieron incluidos en el "E". Hubo similitud en las promociones general (80.4 % y 75.2 %) y de calidad (50.6 % y 53.1 %) en ambos años. El cumplimiento de las expectativas, satisfacción y calidad del proceso fue valorado de muy alto y alto (más 98 %) por los estudiantes en ambos cursos. Conclusiones: aunque existieron diferencias en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje entre ambos planes, no hubo repercusión en la satisfacción de los estudiantes, calidad del proceso docente, ni los resultados académicos. La variante del plan "E" es más integral para la formación básica del apoyo vital.

Background: basic cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation is present as its own course in the "D" and "E" study plans of the Medicine career; although in both the organization of the process has its particularities. Objective: to specify the differences in terms of structure, teaching process and academic results in the teaching of basic cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation, between the "D" and "E" study plans of the Medicine career. Methods: a descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study was carried out at Cienfuegos University of Medical Sciences from 2017 to 2019. Theoretical and empirical methods were used. To compare results, the student universe was used in both years, to evaluate satisfaction and quality a simple random sample. Descriptive statistical techniques were used. For both courses, a similar scenario and faculty were used. Results: the differences between both plans derive from the non-personal components of the teaching process; plan "D" has 20 hours and plan "E" 40, which expands its contents. All the topics and objectives of plan "D" were included in plan "E". There was similarity in the general (80.4% and 75.2%) and quality (50.6% and 53.1%) school grades in both years. The fulfillment of the expectations, satisfaction and quality of the process was valued as very high and high (more than 98%) by the students in both courses. Conclusions: although there were differences in the teaching-learning process between both plans, there was no impact on student satisfaction, quality of the teaching process, or academic results. The "E" plan variant is more comprehensive for basic life support training.

Avaliação da simulação em parada cardiorrespiratória durante o debriefing entre estudantes de enfermagem na pandemia / Assessment of a simulation in cardiopulmonary arrest during the debriefing among nursing students in the pandemic / Evaluación de la simulación de paro cardiorrespiratorio durante el debriefing entre los estudiantes de enfermería en la pandemia

Objetivo: avaliar a simulação em parada cardiorrespiratória durante o debriefing entre estudantes de enfermagem na pandemia da COVID-19. Método: estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa realizado entre 22 estudantes de enfermagem em duas etapas: simulação clínica em parada cardiorrespiratória e debriefing associado à simulação. O corpus textual decorrente dos diálogos foi submetido à análise lexicográfica, com auxílio do software "IRAMUTEQ". Resultados: a maioria dos estudantes nunca havia participado de cenários de simulação clínica no decorrer da graduação. Mediante o debriefing, identificaram-se aspectos facilitadores como a voz do manequim e o realismo da simulação. Como dificultadores, os estudantes atribuíram o nervosismo e a falta de conhecimento no atendimento em parada cardiorrespiratória. Conclusão: na avaliação da simulação durante o debriefing verificou-se a importância desta estratégia de ensino prático para formação acadêmica, impactando positivamente no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do estudante de enfermagem, sobretudo na pandemia da COVID-19.

Objective: to evaluate the simulation in cardiopulmonary arrest during the debriefing among nursing students in the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: a descriptive study with a qualitative approach carried out among 22 nursing students in two stages: clinical simulation in cardiopulmonary arrest and debriefing associated with the simulation. The textual corpus resulting from the dialogues was submitted to lexicographical analysis, with the aid of the "IRAMUTEQ" software. Results: most students had never participated in clinical simulation scenarios during graduation. Through the debriefing, facilitating aspects such as the manikin's voice and the realism of the simulation were identified. As difficulties, the students attributed nervousness and lack of knowledge in cardiopulmonary arrest care. Conclusion: in the evaluation of the simulation during the debriefing, the importance of this practical teaching strategy for academic training was verified, positively impacting the teaching-learning process of the nursing student, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objetivo: evaluar la simulación en paro cardiorrespiratorio durante el debriefing entre los estudiantes de enfermería en la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo realizado entre 22 estudiantes de enfermería en dos etapas: simulación clínica en paro cardiorrespiratorio y debriefing asociado a la simulación. El corpus textual resultante de los diálogos fue sometido a un análisis lexicográfico, con la ayuda del programa "IRAMUTEQ". Resultados: la mayoría de los estudiantes nunca han participado en escenarios de simulación clínica en el transcurso del pregrado. Mediante el debriefing, se identificaron aspectos facilitadores como la voz del maniquí y el realismo de la simulación. Como dificultadores, los estudiantes atribuyeron el nerviosismo y la falta de conocimiento a la atención en paro cardiorrespiratorio. Conclusión: en la evaluación de la simulación durante el debriefing, se notó la importancia de esta estrategia de enseñanza práctica para la formación académica, impactando positivamente en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del estudiante de enfermería, sobre todo en la pandemia de COVID-19.

Sangre total leucorreducida y filtro ahorrador de plaquetas preserva su función hemostática por 21 días: ¿La resucitación hemostática podría ser una realidad en Colombia? / Leukoreduced whole blood and platelet-sparing filter preserves its hemostatic function for 21 days: Could hemostatic resuscitation become a reality in Colombia?

Introducción. La resucitación hemostática es una estrategia para compensar la pérdida sanguínea y disminuir el impacto de la coagulación inducida por trauma. Debido a que la disponibilidad de transfundir una razón equilibrada de hemocomponentes es difícil de lograr en el entorno clínico, la sangre total ha reaparecido como una estrategia fisiológica, con ventajas logísticas, que le permiten ser accesible para iniciar tempranamente la resucitación hemostática. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades celulares, coagulantes y viscoelásticas de la sangre total almacenada por 21 días. Métodos. Las unidades de sangre total fueron obtenidas de 20 donantes voluntarios sanos. Se procesaron mediante un sistema de leucorreducción ahorrador de plaquetas y fueron almacenadas en refrigeración (1-6°C) sin agitación. Se analizaron los días 0, 6, 11 y 21. Las bolsas fueron analizadas para evaluar las líneas celulares, niveles de factores de coagulación y propiedades viscoelásticas mediante tromboelastografía. Resultados. El conteo eritrocitario y la hemoglobina se mantuvieron estables. El conteo de plaquetas tuvo una reducción del 50 % al sexto día, pero se mantuvo estable el resto del seguimiento. Los factores de coagulación II-V-VII-X, fibrinógeno y proteína C se mantuvieron dentro del rango normal. La tromboelastografía mostró una prolongación en el tiempo del inicio de la formación del coágulo, pero sin alterar la formación final de un coágulo estable. Conclusiones. La sangre total leucorreducida y con filtro ahorrador de plaquetas conserva sus propiedades hemostáticas por 21 días. Este es el primer paso en Colombia para la evaluación clínica de esta opción, que permita hacer una realidad universal la resucitación hemostática del paciente con trauma severo.

Background. Hemostatic resuscitation is a strategy to compensate blood loss and reduce the impact of trauma-induced coagulopathy. However, balanced resuscitation presents challenges in its application in the clinical setting. Whole blood has re-emerged as a physiologic strategy with logistical advantages that offer the opportunity for early initiation of hemostatic resuscitation. The study aims to evaluate the cellular, coagulation, and viscoelastic properties of whole blood preserved for 21 days. Methods. Whole blood units were donated by 20 healthy volunteers. These units were processed using a platelet-sparing leukoreduction filtration system. Units were stored under refrigeration (1-6°C) without agitation and were sampled on days 0, 6, 11, 16, and 21. The units were tested to assess its cellular properties and coagulation factors levels. In addition, viscoelastic features were tested using tromboelastography.Results. Red blood cells count and hemoglobin levels remained stables. Platelet count had a 50% reduction on day 6, and then remained stable for 21 days. Factors II-V-VII-X, fibrinogen, and protein C remained within normal range. Tromboelastrography test showed that the reaction time of clot formation is prolonged, but the final clot formation is not altered. Conclusion. Whole blood retains its hemostatic properties for 21 days. This is the first step to evaluate the use of whole blood in the resuscitation protocols for Colombia allowing hemostatic resuscitation become a universal reality.

[Corticosteroids and metabolic resuscitation (hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid and thiamine) in sepsis and septic shock]. / Corticoides y resucitación metabólica (hidrocortisona, ácido ascórbico y tiamina) en la sepsis y el shock séptico.

In accordance with the recommendations of, among others, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, adjunctive therapies may play a role in the treatment and the prognosis in sepsis patients. Corticosteroids, ascorbic acid, and thiamine has been identified as a potential therapy for septic shock alone or in combination. Since many years, low-dosis corticosteroids has been proposed as adjuvant therapies for these patients. However, there are still many controversies regarding the role of systemic low-dose corticosteroids as a part of the treatment of septic shock. In recent clinical and experimental investigations, mitochondrion-target therapy bic acid and thiamine) for sepsis has been suggested to reduce MODS severity and mortality although their clinical results are not yet convincing for their use. In the present article, we have performed a narrative review of the current literature including pathophysiologic rationale and the current evidence for such therapies in septic patients.

[Haemodynamic monitoring in sepsis and septic shock]. / Monitorización hemodinámica en la sepsis y el shock séptico.

Cardiovascular disturbances associated with sepsis cause hypoperfusion situations, which will negatively impact these patients' prognosis. The aim of haemodynamic monitoring is to guide the detection and correction of this hypoperfusion, and assist in decision making in optimising oxygen transport to tissues, primarily by manipulating cardiac output. This review seeks to summarise the different parameters of haemodynamic monitoring, the objectives of resuscitation, the physiological parameters, and the tools available to us for appropriate cardiac output manipulation.

Hemodynamic resuscitation with fluids bolus and norepinephrine increases severity of lung damage in an experimental model of septic shock.

OBJECTIVE: Hemodynamic resuscitation is considered a cornerstone of the initial treatment of septic shock. However, there is growing concern about its side effects. Our objective was to assess the relationship between fluid administration and norepinephrine infusion and the development of lung injury. DESIGN: Randomized in vivo study in rabbits. SETTING: University animal research laboratory. PATIENTS: Eighteen New Zealand rabbits. Control group (SHAM, n=6), Sepsis group with or without hemodynamic resuscitation (ETX-R, n=6; ETX-NR, n=6). INTERVENTIONS: Sepsis was induced by intravenous lipopolysaccharide administration and animals were followed-up for 4h. Hemodynamic resuscitation with Ringer lactate (20mL·kg-1) was administered and later norepinephrine was initiated 3h after sepsis induction. At the end, the left lung was excised. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: An indwelling arterial catheter and an esophageal Doppler were placed. Lung mechanics were monitored with side stream spirometry. Lung damage was analyzed by histopathological examination. RESULTS: The SHAM group did not show hemodynamic or respiratory changes. Lipopolysaccharide administration aimed an increase in cardiac output and arterial hypotension. In the ETX-NR group, animals remained hypotensive until the end of the experiment. Resuscitation with fluids and norepinephrine reversed arterial hypotension. Compared to the ETX-NR group, the remaining lung of the ETX-R group showed greater accumulation of neutrophils and reactive type-II pneumocytes, thicker alveolar wall, alveolar hemorrhage and non-aerated pulmonary areas. Lung injury score was larger in the ETX-R group. CONCLUSIONS: In our experimental study, following a strategy with bolus fluids and late norepinephrine used in the early phase of endotoxic septic shock has a negative influence on the development of lung injury.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: The disease COVID-19 produces serious complications that can lead to cardiorespiratory arrest. Quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can improve patient prognosis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the specialty of Anesthesiology in the management of CPR during the pandemic. METHODS: A survey was carried out with Google Forms consisting of 19 questions. The access link to the questionnaire was sent by email by the Spanish Society of Anesthesia (SEDAR) to all its members. RESULTS: 225 responses were obtained. The regions with the highest participation were: Madrid, Catalonia, Valencia and Andalusia. 68.6%% of the participants work in public hospitals. 32% of the participants habitually work in intensive care units (ICU), however, 62.1% have attended critical COVID-19 in the ICU and 72.6% have anesthetized them in the operating room. 26,3% have attended some cardiac arrest, 16,8% of the participants admitted to lead the manoeuvres, 16,8% detailed that it had been another department, and 66,2% was part of the team, but did not lead the assistance. Most of the CPR was performed in supine, only 5% was done in prone position. 54.6% of participants had not taken any course of Advance Life Support (ALS) in the last 2 years. 97.7% of respondents think that Anesthesia should lead the in-hospital CPR. CONCLUSION: The specialty of Anesthesiology has actively participated in the care of the critically ill patient and in the management of CPR during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, training and/or updating in ALS is required.

Implementación de balón de resucitación aórtico endovascular (REBOA) para el control de hemorragia no compresible de torso / Implementation of the resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) for the control of non-compressible torso hemorrhage

Resumen Introducción: La hemorragia no compresible de torso, actualmente tiene una alta morbimortalidad aún en los centros de referencia más especializados. El REBOA es una herramienta emergente que se utiliza como control hemostático precoz en este tipo de pacientes. Caso Clínico: Presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 25 años que sufre un trauma pélvico grave tras caer de altura. Ingresa hemodinámicamente inestable por lo cual se activa protocolo de transfusión masiva y realiza acceso arterial femoral común derecho. Al presentar una respuesta transitoria a la reanimación, se instala balón de REBOA en zona 3, logrando aumentar presión sistólica hasta 130 mmHg, trasladando posteriormente a quirófano. Se realiza packing pélvico preperitoneal y fijación externa, desinflando el balón después de 29 min en zona 3. La paciente sale a unidad de cuidados intensivos sin drogas vasoactivas, para completar cirugía a las 48 h y fijación definitiva 6 días después. La paciente evoluciona en buenas condiciones generales.

Introduction: Non-compressible torso hemorrhage currently has a high morbidity and mortality even in the most specialized referral centers. REBOA is an emerging tool that is used as early hemostatic control in this type of patient. Clinical Case: We present the case of a 25-year-old female patient who suffers severe pelvic trauma after falling from a height. He was admitted hemodynamically unstable, for which a massive transfusion protocol was activated and a right common femoral arterial access was performed. After presenting a transient response to resuscitation, a REBOA balloon was installed in zone 3, increasing systolic pressure up to 130 mmHg, later transferring to the operating room. Preperitoneal pelvic packing and external fixation were performed, deflating the balloon after 29 minutes in zone 3. The patient left the intensive care unit without vasoactive drugs, to complete surgery 48 hours later and definitive fixation 6 days later. The patient evolves in good general condition.

Paro cardiorrespiratorio en la embarazada y cesárea perimortem / Maternal cardiac arrest and perimortem cesarean delivery

Resumen El paro cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) en la mujer embarazada es una situación infrecuente, grave y de manejo multidisciplinario. La reanimación cardiopulmonar requiere consideraciones y particularidades propias de la embarazada, centradas en la fisiología y la anatomía, teniendo especial consideración la compresión aortocava, la intubación-ventilación difícil, la presencia de estómago lleno y el hecho que hay dos vidas involucradas. Las principales causas de PCR son las hemorrágicas, seguidas de las embólicas, cardiovasculares, anestésicas e infecciosas. Las principales acciones incluyen activación del código azul obstétrico con respuesta rápida para una eventual realización de histerotomía de emergencia oportuna en el mismo sitio evitando el traslado al quirófano, compresiones torácicas de buena calidad, desviación manual uterina a la izquierda, intubación endotraqueal y manejo avanzado de la vía aérea, todo esto con el fin de mejorar la sobrevida materno-fetal. La cesárea perimortem es un pilar en el manejo, favoreciendo el desenlace materno y eventualmente el fetal. Se debe realizar a los 4 minutos de una reanimación cardiopulmonar no exitosa. Sin embargo, aún hay retardo a la hora de indicarla, por lo que se debe incentivar el entrenamiento, la simulación en resucitación cardiopulmonar materna y las guías clínicas para todo el personal involucrado en la atención de pacientes obstétricas.

Abstract Cardiopulmonary arrest is a rare event during pregnancy and labor. It involves many subspecialties and allied health providers. Besides it requires knowledge of maternal physiology as it relates to resuscitation, particularly aortocaval compression, difficult airway, full stomach and the fact that there are two lives involved. The most frequent causes of cardiac arrest during pregnancy include bleeding, followed by embolism, infection, anesthesia complications and heart failure. The main steps required are: obstetric code activation with appropriate response for performing timely emergent hysterotomy in the same place avoiding the transfer to operating room; good-quality chest compressions; manual uterine displacement to the left, advanced pharmacological and airway management; and optimal care after resuscitation to improve maternal and fetal outcomes. Although current recommendations for maternal resuscitation include the performance of perimortem cesarean section after four minutes of unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, deficits in knowledge about this procedure are common. Therefore, training and available evidence-based guidelines should be put in place for all obstetric caregivers.

Cuidados paliativos: conhecimento de pacientes oncológicos e seus cuidadores / Palliative care: knowledge of cancer patients and their caregivers / Cuidados paliativos: conocimiento de los pacientes oncológicos y de sus cuidadores

Resumo O objetivo do estudo é verificar a percepção sobre cuidados paliativos, diretivas antecipadas de vontade e ordem de não reanimar de pacientes oncológicos e seus cuidadores, bem como a relação destes com os profissionais de saúde. Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva quantitativa, realizada entre 2018 e 2019 no Centro de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia de um hospital universitário brasileiro. A amostra contou com 200 participantes (100 pacientes oncológicos e 100 cuidadores informais). Os dados coletados foram armazenados no Microsoft Excel e processados pelo software SPSS. Foi possível observar o desconhecimento dos participantes sobre questões ligadas à terminalidade da vida, bem como o paradoxo entre discordância em relação à distanásia e concordância com a reanimação obstinada. Os resultados também atestam a importância dos profissionais de saúde na percepção dos cuidadores sobre a própria capacidade de exercer essa função.

Abstract The objective of this study is to verify the perception of palliative care, advance directives of will and do-not-resuscitate order of patients and their caregivers, as well as their relationship with health professionals. This is a quantitative descriptive research, carried out between 2018 and 2019 at the Center for High Complexity in Oncology of a Brazilian university hospital. The sample included 200 participants (100 cancer patients and 100 informal caregivers). The collected data were stored in Microsoft Excel and processed in the SPSS software. It was possible to observe the participants' lack of knowledge about issues related to the end of life, as well as the paradox of disagreeing with dysthanasia and agreeing with obstinate resuscitation. The results also attest to the importance of health professionals in the perception of caregivers about their own capacity to exercise this function.

Resumen Este estudio pretende comprobar la percepción sobre los cuidados paliativos, las directivas anticipadas de voluntad y el orden de no reanimar de los pacientes oncológicos y de sus cuidadores, así como su relación con los profesionales de la salud. Se trata de una investigación descriptiva cuantitativa, realizada entre el 2018 y el 2019 en el Centro de Alta Complejidad en Oncología de un hospital universitario brasileño. La muestra incluyó a 200 participantes (100 pacientes oncológicos y 100 cuidadores informales). Los datos recopilados se almacenaron en Microsoft Excel y se procesaron con el software SPSS. Se pudo observar la falta de conocimiento de los participantes sobre temas relacionados con la terminalidad de la vida, así como la incoherencia entre la desaprobación de la distanasia y la admisión de la reanimación obstinada. Los resultados también confirman la importancia de los profesionales de la salud en la percepción de los cuidadores sobre su propia capacidad para ejercer esta función.

Damage control in the emergency department, a bridge to life / Control de daños en la sala de emergencias: un puente hacia la vida

Abstract Patients with hemodynamic instability have a sustained systolic blood pressure less or equal to 90 mmHg, a heart rate greater or equal to 120 beats per minute and an acute compromise of the ventilation/oxygenation ratio and/or an altered state of consciousness upon admission. These patients have higher mortality rates due to massive hemorrhage, airway injury and/or impaired ventilation. Damage control resuscitation is a systematic approach that aims to limit physiologic deterioration through strategies that address the physiologic debt of trauma. This article aims to describe the experience earned by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia in the management of the severely injured trauma patient in the emergency department following the basic principles of damage control surgery. Since bleeding is the main cause of death, the management of the severely injured trauma patient in the emergency department requires a multidisciplinary team that performs damage control maneuvers aimed at rapidly controlling bleeding, hemostatic resuscitation, and/or prompt transfer to the operating room, if required.

Resumen Un paciente politraumatizado hemodinámicamente inestable es aquel que ingresa al servicio de urgencias con una presión arterial sistólica menor o igual de 90 mmHg, una frecuencia cardiaca mayor o igual a 120 latidos por minuto y un compromiso agudo de la relación ventilación/oxigenación y/o del estado de conciencia. Por esta razón, existe una alta mortalidad dentro de las primeras horas de un trauma severo ya sea por una hemorragia masiva, una lesión de la vía aérea y/o una alteración de la ventilación. Siendo el objetivo de este artículo describir el manejo en urgencias del paciente politraumatizado hemodinámicamente inestable de acuerdo con los principios de control de daños. El manejo del paciente politraumatizado es una estrategia dinámica de alto impacto que requiere de un equipo multidisciplinario de experiencia. El cual debe de evolucionar conjunto a las nuevas herramientas de diagnóstico y tratamiento endovascular que buscan ser un puente para lograr una menor repercusión hemodinámica en el paciente y una más rápida y efectiva estabilización con mayores tasas de sobrevida.

Damage control in the intensive care unit: what should the intensive care physician know and do? / Control de daños en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: ¿qué debe conocer y hacer el médico intensivista?

Abstract Damage control surgery has transformed the management of severely injured trauma patients. It was initially described as a three-step process that included bleeding control, abdominal cavity contamination, and resuscitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) before definitive repair of the injuries. When the patient is admitted into the ICU, the physician should identify all the physiological alterations to establish resuscitation management goals. These strategies allow an early correction of trauma-induced coagulopathy and hypoperfusion increasing the likelihood of survival. The objective of this article is to describe the physiological alterations in a severely injured trauma patient who undergo damage control surgery and to establish an adequate management approach. The physician should always be aware and correct the hypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy and hypocalcemia presented in the severely injured trauma patients.

Resumen Cuando el paciente de trauma ingresa a la unidad de cuidado intensivo después de una cirugía de control de daños, generalmente aún presenta algún grado de hemorragia, hipoperfusión y lesiones que requieren reparo definitivo. La evaluación por parte del intensivista del grado de severidad de tales alteraciones, y las repercusiones sistémicas, permitirán establecer las necesidades de reanimación, prever potenciales complicaciones y hacer los ajustes al tratamiento con el fin de minimizar la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada al trauma. El objetivo de este artículo es describir las alteraciones que presentan los pacientes con trauma severo manejados con cirugía de control de daños y las consideraciones a tener en cuenta para su abordaje terapéutico. Se presentan los aspectos más relevantes del manejo del paciente con trauma severo y cirugía de control de daños a su ingreso a la UCI. El intensivista debe conocer las alteraciones fisiológicas que puede presentar el paciente de trauma sometido a cirugía de control de daños, especialmente las causadas por la hemorragia masiva. La evaluación de estas alteraciones, de la severidad del sangrado y del estado de choque, y estimar en qué punto de la reanimación se encuentra el paciente a su ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos son fundamentales para definir la estrategia de monitoria y soporte a seguir. La corrección de la hipotermia, la acidosis y la coagulopatía es la prioridad en el tratamiento del paciente con trauma severo.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill maintenance for primary care staff: brief training sessions with feedback. / Sesiones breves con retroalimentación: una oportunidad para mantener las habilidades en reanimación cardiopulmonar en profesionales de atención primaria

OBJECTIVES: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) feedback applications can facilitate learning in brief training sessions, but they have never been tested in primary care settings. We aimed to see if brief CPR training sessions that include feedback improve the skills of primary care staff. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized trial with a control group and 2 intervention groups (G) using the feedback app and a control group: in G1, the instructor gave spoken feedback to the trainee and both could see the app; in G2, only the instructor giving feedback could see the app; and in G3, the control group, neither the instructor nor the trainee could see the app. All trainees received 10 minutes of instruction on theory followed by 6 minutes of practical instruction according to group assignment. The trainees used a high-quality CPR manikin connected to the Skillreporter feedback app (Laerdal Medical). CPR results were measured immediately before and after training and 6 months later. The main outcome measure was the overall CPR quality score. Secondary outcomes were 6 measures related to compressions and 5 related to ventilation. RESULTS: The main outcome improved with statistical significance in the two intervention groups (G1 and G2) respect to controls (G3). Most secondary outcome measures also improved after training. Trainees in the intervention groups scored better than trainees in G3 on the compression score (G1, P = .012), mean compression depth (G1, P = .001; G2, P = .022), number of compressions with adequate depth (G1, P = .026; G2, P = .019), and number of ventilations at adequate volume (G1, P = .033). The 2 intervention groups achieved statistically similar results. At 6 months, all outcome measures remained slightly improved over baseline levels, there were no between-group differences. CONCLUSION: Brief retraining sessions with feedback are useful for maintaining CPR skills in primary care, but skill improvement is not long lasting.

OBJETIVO: Los dispositivos de retroalimentación en sesiones breves facilitan el aprendizaje en reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP), pero nunca se han probado para formación en atención primaria (AP). El objetivo fue determinar si estas sesiones mejoran las habilidades de RCP en formación continuada en profesionales de AP. METODO: Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado con 2 grupos de intervención (G1 y G2) y 1 grupo control (G3) en función de las personas que recibían la retroalimentación: G1: instructor y alumno, G2: solamente instructor, G3: ni instructor ni alumno. Todos recibieron 10 minutos de formación teórica común y 6 minutos de formación práctica según grupo, utilizando maniquí Annie QCPR® (Laerdal) conectado al programa de retroalimentación Skillreporter® (Laerdal). Se midieron los resultados, antes y después de la instrucción y a los 6 meses. La variable de resultado principal fue la puntuación total RCP y las variables secundarias fueron 6 relacionadas con compresión y 5 con ventilación. RESULTADOS: La variable de resultado principal mejoró en ambos grupos (G1 y G2) respecto al control (G3). La mayoría de las variables secundarias mejoraron después de la formación. Los grupos de intervención fueron superiores al de control en la puntuación en compresión (G1: p = 0,012), la profundidad media compresiones (G1: p = 0,001, y G2: p = 0,022), el número compresiones con profundidad adecuada (G1: p = 0,026 y G2: p = 0,019) y el número ventilaciones con volumen adecuado (G1: p = 0,033). No hubo diferencias entre grupos intervención en ninguna variable. A los 6 meses, los valores de todas las variables fueron ligeramente superiores a los basales, sin diferencias entre grupos. CONCLUSIONES: Las sesiones breves con retroalimentación son útiles para formación en RCP en AP, pero su validez no es duradera.

Conhecimento teórico de graduandos sobre parada cardiorrespiratória no suporte básico de vida / Conocimientos teóricos de los estudiantes universitarios sobre la parada cardiorrespiratoria en soporte vital básico / Theoretical knowledge of undergraduates on cardiorespiratory arrest in basic life support

Objective identificar o conhecimento teórico de graduandos de cursos que não são da saúde sobre parada cardiorrespiratória no suporte básico de vida Method pesquisa descritiva e exploratória de natureza quantitativa realizada com graduandos de universidade pública localizada no Noroeste do Paraná, em 2019. Para coleta dos dados, utilizou-se questionário, contendo caracterização do sujeito e dez questões referentes ao reconhecimento e atendimento de situações de parada cardiorrespiratória e reanimação cardiopulmonar. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados. Results não se consideraram aptos para atendimento de evento de parada cardiorrespiratória 94,0% dos participantes; 92,6% não sabiam detectar essa condição; e 95,5% não souberam qual conduta adotar. Conclusion o conhecimento teórico de graduandos de cursos que não são da saúde sobre parada cardiorrespiratória foi insuficiente e é necessário treinamento para leigos em situações de emergência, para que o atendimento seja iniciado correta e imediatamente, sem postergar acionamento de serviço médico de emergência.

Objetivo identificar los conocimientos teóricos de los estudiantes universitarios de cursos no sanitarios sobre la parada cardiorrespiratoria en soporte vital básico. Método investigación descriptiva y exploratoria de carácter cuantitativo realizada con egresados de universidad pública ubicada en el Noroeste de Paraná, en 2019. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario, que contenía caracterización del sujeto y diez preguntas relacionadas con el reconocimiento y asistencia de situaciones de paro cardiorrespiratorio y reanimación cardiopulmonar. Los datos fueron tabulados y analizados. Resultados el 94,0% de los participantes no se consideraron aptos para el evento de paro cardiorrespiratorio; El 92,6% no sabía cómo detectar esta afección; y el 95,5% no sabía qué conducta adoptar. Conclusión los conocimientos teóricos de los estudiantes universitarios de cursos no sanitarios sobre parada cardiorrespiratoria fueron insuficientes y se requiere capacitación para los laicos en situaciones de emergencia, de modo que la atención se inicie de manera correcta e inmediata, sin posponer la activación del servicio médico de emergencia.

Objective to identify the theoretical knowledge of undergraduates of non-health courses about cardiorespiratory arrest on basic life support. Method descriptive and exploratory research of quantitative nature carried out with graduates of public university located in the Northwest of Paraná, in 2019. For data collection, a questionnaire was used, containing characterization of the subject and ten questions related to the recognition and attendance of situations of cardiorespiratory arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The data were tabulated and analyzed. Results 94.0% of the participants were not considered fit for cardiorespiratory arrest event; 92.6% did not know how to detect this condition; and 95.5% did not know which conduct to adopt. Conclusion the theoretical knowledge of undergraduates of non-health courses about cardiorespiratory arrest was insufficient and training is required for lay people in emergency situations, so that care is started correctly and immediately, without postponing emergency medical service activation.

Reanimación cardiopulmonar en prono a propósito de un caso / Case report cardiopulmonary resuscitation in prone position

Prone position is necessary for some neurosurgical and othopedic procedures. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in prone position was first described by McNeil in 1989, since then several successful cases have been published. We report the case of a 72-year-old patient with history of stage IV breast cancer who presented acute spinal cord compression due to a vertebral fracture at T10 level. Surgical spinal cord decompression and posterior arthrodesis was performed. After three hours of surgery, cardiorespiratory arrest occur while patient was in prone position. Unestable spine and fixed head made turning the patient into supine position very difficult, consequently prone CPR manoeuvres were started with recovery of spontaneous circulation. In case of cardiorespiratory arrest in prone position, the intense fixation and the extent of the surgical incision make the change to supine a time-consuming and technically complex procedure. If cardiorespiratory arrest occurs in the prone position, CPR in the prone position might be reasonable.

La posición de decúbito prono es necesaria para la realización de algunos procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos y traumatológicos. La reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) en prono fue descrita por primera vez por McNeil en 1989, desde entonces se han publicado varios casos de RCP en prono con buen resultado. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 72 años con antecedentes de carcinoma de mama estadio IV que presenta síndrome de compresión medular por fractura patológica a nivel de T10. Se decide realizar descompresión medular y artrodesis por vía posterior. A las 3 horas de la cirugía se produjo parada cardiorrespiratoria en prono. Dada la inestabilidad espinal y la fijación de la paciente, el cambio a supino era complejo por lo que se iniciaron maniobras de RCP en prono con posterior recuperación de circulación espontánea. En caso de parda cardiorrespiratoria en prono, la intensa fijación y la extensión de la incisión quirúrgica hace que el cambio a supino consuma tiempo y sea técnicamente complejo. Si la PCR ocurre en prono, está justificado iniciar las maniobras de RCP en esta posición.

Damage control resuscitation: REBOA as the new fourth pillar / Resucitación en control de daños: REBOA, el cuarto pilar

Abstract Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR) seeks to combat metabolic decompensation of the severely injured trauma patient by battling on three major fronts: Permissive Hypotension, Hemostatic Resuscitation, and Damage Control Surgery (DCS). The aim of this article is to perform a review of the history of DCR/DCS and to propose a new paradigm that has emerged from the recent advancements in endovascular technology: The Resuscitative Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA). Thanks to the advances in technology, a bridge has been created between Pre-hospital Management and the Control of Bleeding described in Stage I of DCS which is the inclusion and placement of a REBOA. We have been able to show that REBOA is not only a tool that aids in the control of hemorrhage, it is also a vital tool in the hemodynamic resuscitation of a severely injured blunt and/or penetrating trauma patient. That is why we propose a new paradigm "The Fourth Pillar": Permissive Hypotension, Hemostatic Resuscitation, Damage Control Surgery and REBOA.

Resumen La resucitación en control de daños busca combatir la descompensación metabólica del paciente severamente traumatizado mediante tres ejes: la hipotensión permisiva, la resucitación hemostática y la cirugía de control de daños. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una revisión de la historia de la resucitación en control de daños y la cirugía de control de daños proponiendo un nuevo paradigma basado en los recientes avances de la tecnología endovascular. Un puente ha sido creado entre el manejo prehospitalario y el control del sangrado, descrito antes de la etapa I de la cirugía de control de daños, que es la inclusión y colocación de un REBOA. Esta es una herramienta adicional en el control de la hemorragia y de soporte en la resucitación hemodinámica de los pacientes con trauma severo de tipo cerrado y/o penetrante. Por lo que se propone un nuevo paradigma "El cuarto pilar": Hipotensión permisiva, resucitación hemostática, cirugía de control de daños y REBOA.