RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of rubella antibodies and factors associated with antibody seropositivity after vaccination among healthy children aged 14 and below. A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was employed to recruit participants for the rubella serological test. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used to detect human IgG antibodies with avidity for rubella virus in the sera of participants. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze associations between variables. A total of 778 subjects were included in the subsequent analysis. The overall positive rate of rubella antibody was 83.0% (95%CI: 80.2-85.5%), and the overall geometric mean concentration (GMC) was 58.05 IU/ml. In multivariate analysis, gender, residence, birth year group, and time since the last rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) vaccination were significantly associated with the seroprevalence of rubella antibodies. Our study showed a decreasing trend in rubella antibody positivity and GMC in the population aged five to 14 years. Therefore, we recommend a catch-up dose of RCV for adolescents and young people aged over 14 years not yet vaccinated.
Assuntos
Sarampo , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão) , Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Sarampo/prevenção & controle , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/prevenção & controle , Vacina contra Rubéola , Vacinação , Anticorpos Antivirais , China/epidemiologia , Programas de Imunização , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-RubéolaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rubella, caused by the Rubella virus (RV), is considered a mild self-limited illness. However, RV has teratogenic potential. Laboratory investigation plays an important role in both diagnosis and surveillance of the disease. The main methods for diagnosing Rubella are serological assays for the detection of specific IgM and molecular assays for detecting viral RNA. However, some laboratories perform IgG avidity testing, virus isolation and analysis of genetic sequence as tools to help Rubella eradication. The importance of the diagnosis of Rubella involves the appropriate treatment of the disease, because the Rubella clinical symptoms may be similar to those of other diseases, and the population monitoring to avoid new emergent cases. This study addresses different methods of diagnosing Rubella and contributes as a source of knowledge to assist health systems in controlling the disease. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to review the available patents regarding Rubella diagnosis published in intellectual property databases, and provides an overview of the technologies available for the diagnosis of Rubella. METHOD: The search strategy was based on the keywords searched separately or together using a Boolean operator either in the patent title or abstract the time interval was restricted to patents filed or granted from January 2009 until February 2022. The database used was Google Patents. RESULTS: This study analyzed 24 patent documents regarding strategies for the diagnosis of Rubella. Of these, 15 patents disclose strategies for detecting Rubella antibodies, 7 patents the detection of Rubella virus nucleic acid, and 2 patents the production of antibodies applied in Rubella diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Rubella is still a public health problem in some countries, mainly those in development, especially due to congenital Rubella syndrome, which can cause malformation or fetal death. However, its diagnosis is challenging, due to similarity of symptoms with other diseases, and for this reason, laboratory diagnosis is essential. Studies like this encourage researchers and governments to invest in research to continue the development of new products, using different areas of biotechnology, to solve society's problems, especially diseases that have an impact on global health, such as Rubella.
Assuntos
Patentes como Assunto , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão) , Humanos , Biotecnologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/diagnóstico , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Vírus da Rubéola/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Both CMV and Rubella virus infections are associated with the risk of vertical transmission, fetal death or congenital malformations. In Angola, there are no reports of CMV and Rubella studies. Therefore, our objectives were to study the seroprevalence of anti-CMV and anti-Rubella antibodies in pregnant women of Luanda (Angola), identify the risk of primary infection during pregnancy and evaluate the socio-demographic risk factors associated with both infections. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2016 to May 2017. Specific anti-CMV and anti-Rubella antibodies were quantified by electrochemiluminescence and demographic and clinical data were collected using standardized questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to quantify the effect of clinical and obstetric risk factors on virus seroprevalence. RESULTS: We recruited 396 pregnant women aged from 15 to 47. Among them, 335 (84.6%) were immune to both CMV and Rubella virus infections, while 8 (2.0%) had active CMV infection and 4 (1.0%) active RV infection but none had an active dual infection. Five women (1.2%) were susceptible to only CMV infection, 43 (10.9%) to only RV infection, and 1 (0.3) to both infections. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between Rubella virus infection and number of previous births and suffering spontaneous abortion. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study showed that there is a high prevalence of anti-CMV and anti-Rubella antibodies in pregnant women in Luanda. It also showed that a small but important proportion of pregnant women, about 11%, are at risk of primary infection with rubella during pregnancy. This emphasizes the need for vaccination.
Assuntos
Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão) , Idoso , Angola/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Antivirais , Estudos Transversais , Citomegalovirus , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Gestantes , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
Objective: Rubella is a very diffusive but relatively benign infectious disease unless contracted during pregnancy, when it causes congenital rubella syndrome. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and titer of antirubella antibodies in a population of future healthcare workers (students at the school of medicine). Methods: The cohort consisted of 11,022 students who underwent antibody analysis after the presentation of a vaccine certificate. Results: Vaccination compliance was very high, particularly in younger students (born after 1995), reaching almost 100% (at least one dose). Unvaccinated students born before 1990 had high seropositivity (>95%), but this percentage dropped to zero among the youngest students. Variables affecting antibody titer included year of birth and sex. Considering only vaccinated students, a greater antibody response was observed if the vaccine was administered between 8 and 10 years of age. Female sex was associated with more significant (p < 0.0001) positivity and higher antibody titer after one and two doses. However, this difference appeared less consistent in relation to year of birth. Conclusions: The studied population exhibited excellent vaccination compliance, high seropositivity, and high antibody titer. Vaccine and immune coverage were higher than what is deemed necessary to achieve herd immunity.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Rubéola Congênita , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão) , Feminino , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Vacina contra Sarampo-Caxumba-Rubéola , Gravidez , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Vírus da RubéolaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The worldwide prevalence of congenital rubella syndrome has drastically decreased after the uptake of vaccine to prevent the infection. However, outbreaks have occurred in some countries due to their own vaccination policies, and this phenomenon has not yet been investigated in Taiwan. Our study aims to fill this gap. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed an analytical database containing 10,824 pregnant women at the Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from January 2004 to July 2012. They were categorized into five birth cohorts according to the different vaccination programs in Taiwan: those born before 1971; those born between September 1971 and August 1976; between September 1976 and August 1979; between September 1979 and August 1985; and between September 1985 and August 1990. Differences of the seronegative rate and titers were compared using the Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests among the five cohorts. RESULTS: The seronegative rates for the five cohorts were 15.00%, 4.07%, 2.88%, 4.21%, and 10.98%, respectively, and were statistically significant different (p < 0.001). The first and fifth cohorts were higher than the average of seronegativity (5%). The mean of log transformed titers were 3.69 IU/mL, 4.22 IU/mL, 4.22 IU/mL, 4.05 IU/mL, and 3.44 IU/mL, which were statistically significant different (p<0.001). Our study also found that the equivocal rates (7.58%) were the highest in the cohort born between September 1985 and August 1990, among those who had been vaccinated. Our study showed that women younger than 27 years had a lower geometric mean titer of antibody titer than the average (60.60 IU/mL). CONCLUSION: The previous vaccination policy in Taiwan has created a susceptibility window for rubella and congenital rubella syndrome over the past decades. We recommend having the antibody test before pregnancy for women born between September 1985 and August 1990, and implement a catch-up vaccine for those who were either seronegative or equivocal to prevent reinfection during their childbearing period.