Evaluation of End-User Participation in Artificial Intelligence Nursing Projects.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) projects in healthcare, particularly in nursing, currently gain relevance but encounter challenges in user acceptance. Active participation of end-users in the development and implementation of AI can enhance acceptance. This study proposes a scale to measure the degree of end-user participation in AI development and implementation for nursing on the project level, rated by project managers. It employs the qualitative-analytical COARSE method for scale development and evaluation. The instrument includes 11 items across two sub-scales: activities for active participation of end-users and empowerment activities. It highlights the importance of the measurement's purpose and consequences for interpreting the results of the evaluated degree of end-user participation. The study points to future research opportunities, underscored by the need for psychometric validation, such as reliability and validity.

Development and validation of a virtual learning management system usability questionnaire: A case study.

BACKGROUND: The post-pandemic era has seen a surge in the popularity of Virtual Learning Management Systems (VLMS). However, there is a noticeable lack of tools to measure the usability of these systems. As technology evolves, user needs change, necessitating updated tools for system evaluation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop and validate a VLMS usability questionnaire, specifically designed to assess the usability of a university learning management system. METHODS: The VLMS usability tool was systematically developed based on relevant domains identified in existing literature and expert opinions. It was then tested for face validity, content validity, and reliability. In a case study, the tool was distributed among 200 students from a Medical Sciences university who had used the Navid VLMS system. RESULTS: Semi-structured interviews with experts were analyzed using directed content analysis, resulting in 21 items categorized into four domains: effectiveness, reliability, learnability, and security. The content validity index and ratio were 0.939 and 0.976, respectively. The Intra Class Correlation (ICC) estimates for each section of the questionnaire ranged from 0.8-0.9, indicating high reliability. Cronbach's alpha was 0.97, suggesting excellent internal consistency. The case study results showed that the Navid platform achieved an average usability score of 70.36, with a standard deviation of 10.6, indicating moderate to high usability. CONCLUSIONS: The VLMS usability tool is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the usability of the Navid learning management system. It can be used to improve the usability of the Navid system and serve as a benchmark for assessing the usability of other similar VLMSs.

Development and Psychometric Analysis of the Physician and Nurse Brain Drain Attitude Scale.

Background and Purpose: The Physician and Nurse Brain Drain Attitude Scale measures healthcare professionals' attitudes toward brain drain, which affects healthcare systems in developing countries. Methods: The scale was developed using the methodologies proposed by Timothy R. Hinkin and Robert F. DeVellis, including qualitative research, expert evaluations, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, with a sample of physicians and nurses from Izmir, Türkiye. Results: The scale comprises two factors: push and pull factors, demonstrating high reliability and confirmed validity through statistical tests indicating good fit and discriminant validity. Negative attitudes toward brain drain were linked to lower job satisfaction. Conclusions: This validated scale provides a crucial tool for understanding healthcare professionals' perspectives on migration and its contributing factors.

Development and validation of the head and neck cancer psychosocial distress scale (HNCPDS) to identify patients at high risk for psychological problems : a multicenter study.

To develop the Head and Neck Cancer Psychosocial Distress Scale (HNCPDS) with the aim of identifying high-risk individuals for psychosocial distress among patients, and to assess its reliability, validity and applicability. Using the classical test theory, a total of 435 head and neck cancer patients from six tertiary hospitals in China were recruited for developing the HNCPDS. Delphi expert consultation and item analysis were used to improve the content validity of the preliminary HNCPDS. Factor analysis (FA) and Structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to test the structural validity of HNCPDS. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Spearman-Brown coefficient and Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to test the internal consistency and retest reliability of HNCPDS. Multiple stepped-linear regression was used to analyze the risk factors of psychological disorder, and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between psychosocial distress and quality of life (QOL). The HNCPDS consisted of 14 items, which were divided into 3 subscales: 3 items for cancer discrimination, 5 items for anxiety and depression, and 6 items for social phobia. The HNCPDS had good validity [KMO coefficient was 0.947, Bartlett's test was 5027.496 (P < 0.001), Cumulative variance contribution rate was 75.416%, and all factor loadings were greater than 0.55], reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.954, Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.955, test-retest reliability was 0.845) and acceptability [average completion time (14.31 ± 2.354 min) and effective completion rate of 90.63%]. Financial burden, sex, age and personality were found to be independent risk factors for HNCPDS (P < 0.05), and patients with higher HNCPDS scores reported a lower QOL (P < 0.01). The HNCPDS is effective and reliable in early identification and assessment of the level of psychosocial distress in patients with head and neck cancer, which can provide an effective basis for health education, psychological counseling, and social support in the future.

Pictures versus words: can we use a pictorial scale to measure child health-related quality of life?

Measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is important because it can serve as an indicator or a predictor of subsequent mortality or morbidity. HRQoL has been shown to be directly related to child growth and development and indirectly related to the healthcare costs of young children. Existing measures of HRQoL in children have heavily relied on traditional questionnaires that use age-suited versions or parent proxy questionnaires. However, both of these methods may present with different types of biases and may misrepresent underlying HRQoL. The current mini reivew will first illustrate these methodological limitations and highlight the potential use of pictorial scales in addition to discussing their suitability for specifically measuring HRQoL as an alternative. We will also synthesize existing recommendations on the development of pictorial scales to provide a protocol as a recommendation to researchers who are aiming to develop an overall HRQoL pictorial scale that is suited for children.

[Development and psychometric properties of the Japanese version of Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised (CYRM-R) among Japanese youth].

Objectives　Resilience is the ability to navigate adversity and recover from challenging situations. Developing resilience at a young age promotes mental health and provides benefits throughout one's lifespan. Validated measures for assessing resilience at a young age are required in both clinical practice and epidemiological studies. The Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised (CYRM-R) is a tool used worldwide to assess resilience in children and young people. The objective of this study was to develop a Japanese version of the CYRM-R and investigate its psychometric properties.Methods　Children in grades 5-9 were recruited via a two-stage cluster random sampling taken from the Japan Adolescent and Youth (JAY) Longitudinal Cohort Study. The participants completed the Japanese version of the CYRM-R . The CYRM-R consists of two subscales, personal resilience and caregiver resilience, with a total of 17 items. The linguistic validity of the Japanese version of the CYRM-R was ensured through translation and back-translation.Cronbach's alpha coefficients were examined for the total score and the two subscales to assess the internal consistency of the Japanese version of the CYRM-R scale. In addition, correlation coefficients of the subscales were calculated. For factorial validity, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the same two-factor structure as in the original version to assess the model's goodness of fit. Results　A total of 2,266 children (50.0% male) were included in the study. The overall Cronbach's alpha of the Japanese version of the CYRM-R obtained from this sample was 0.956; For the personal resilience subscale, Cronbach's alpha was 0.932; for the caregiver resilience subscale, it was 0.919. Significant positive correlations were also found between subscales (r = 0.827, p < 0.001). A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using a two-factor structure for validity. The model fit was good (RMSEA = 0.085, SRMR = 0.041, CFI = 0.934).Conclusion　The Japanese version of the CYRM-R maintained the same two-factor structure as the original version. The study findings showed that the Japanese version of the CYRM-R had adequate internal consistency and factorial validity for assessing resilience in children and youth. Therefore, this scale is a valuable tool for identifying individuals or groups at risk in terms of children's resilience and for evaluating the effectiveness of support and interventions.

The Gaming Disorder Identification Test (GADIT) - A screening tool for Gaming Disorder based on ICD-11.

Background: Gaming Disorder was included as an addictive disorder in the latest version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), published in 2022. The present study aimed to develop a screening tool for Gaming Disorder, the Gaming Disorder Identification Test (GADIT), based on the four ICD-11 diagnostic criteria: impaired control, increasing priority, continued gaming despite harm, and functional impairment. Method: We reviewed 297 questionnaire items from 48 existing gaming addiction scales and selected 68 items based on content validity. Two datasets were collected: 1) an online panel (N = 803) from Australia, United States, United Kingdom and Canada, split into a development set (N = 589) and a validation dataset (N = 214); and 2) a university sample (N = 408) from Australia. Item response theory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to select eight items to form the GADIT. Validity was established by regressing the GADIT against known correlates of Gaming Disorder. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses of the GADIT showed good model fit (RMSEA=<0.001-0.108; CFI = 0.98-1.00), and internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alphas = 0.77-0.92). GADIT scores were strongly associated with the Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10), and significantly associated with gaming intensity, eye fatigue, hand pain, wrist pain, back or neck pain, and excessive in-game purchases, in both the validation and the university sample datasets. Conclusion: The GADIT has strong psychometric properties in two independent samples from four English-speaking countries collected through different channels, and shown validity against existing scales and variables that are associated with Gaming Disorder. A cut-off of 5 is tentatively recommended for screening for Gaming Disorder.

Measuring Community Urbanicity and Its Influence on Household Food Security Across Nepal's Agroecological Zones.

Background: Urbanization influences food systems and food security, but research on these associations in low- and middle-income countries remain limited, partly because of the binary and unstandardized "urban compared with rural" classifications. Objectives: To develop a community urbanicity scale, to assess its associations with household food security, and to explore whether agricultural occupation modifies this relationship across the 3 agroecological zones (mountain, hill, Tarai) of Nepal. Methods: Data came from a nationally and agroecologically representative, multistaged 2013 agri-food system survey of 4285 households with children <5 y in 63 communities (wards) in Nepal. A novel community-level urbanicity scale was constructed using factor analysis that included 8 domains. Multilevel mixed effects logistic regression was used to assess associations between urbanicity and household food security (measured using the validated Household Food Insecurity Access Scale), and to investigate modifying effects of agricultural occupation. Results: Urbanicity scores ranged between 13 and 69, of a possible 80 points. Most agricultural households in the mountains (67%) and hills (54%) were categorized food insecure. Increases in urbanicity were negatively associated with food insecurity, controlling for other factors (odds ratio [OR] per 10-unit urbanicity difference OR: 0.82; confidence interval [CI]: 0.71, 0.94; P ≤ 0.05). Agricultural occupation may have positively influenced this association though was not a statistically significant effect measure modifier (P = 0.07). Conclusions: The novel scale shows more nuance within Nepal's agroecological zones, which had similar urbanicity-to-food security relationships as well as overlapping urbanicity score distributions. Research and policy efforts should consider using scales providing more precise urbanicity measurement, and thus informative assessments on its role in predicting food insecurity, especially in agriculturally reliant populations.

Development and Validation of a Measure for Seeking Health Information in the Diabetes Online Community: Mixed Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with chronic diseases often search for health information online. The Diabetes Online Community (DOC) is an active community with members who exchange health information; however, few studies have examined health information brokering in the DOC. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Attitudes Toward Seeking Health Information Online (ATSHIO) scale in a sample of adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: People with T1D were recruited through the DOC, specifically Facebook and Twitter. They were provided with a Qualtrics link to complete the survey. This was a mixed methods study that used thematic analysis along with existing theory and formative research to design the quantitative ATSHIO scale. RESULTS: A total of 166 people with T1D participated in this study. Confirmatory factor analyses determined a 2-factor scale (Trusting and Evaluating Online Health Information in the DOC and Engaging With Online Health Information in the DOC) with good convergent validity and discriminant validity. Correlations were found between social support, online health information-seeking, diabetes distress, and disease management. CONCLUSIONS: The ATSHIO scale can be used to investigate how people with diabetes are using the internet for obtaining health information, which is especially relevant in the age of telehealth and Health 2.0.

Nurses' attitudes towards telehealth: The development and validation of the nurses' attitudes towards the use of telehealth scale.

AIM: To develop the nurses' attitudes towards use of a telehealth scale (NATUTS) and evaluate its psychometric properties. DESIGN: This methodological study involved two stages: the development of the NATUTS and the testing of the psychometric properties of NATUTS. We followed STROBE guidelines when reporting the study (File S1). METHODS: Items for NATUTS were created using evidence from the literature and presented to eight experts. The scale was tested in a methodological study conducted through a face-to-face survey with nurses working in outpatient and inpatient units of a tertiary hospital in Türkiye. Psychometric properties of the scale, such as structural validity, content validity and internal consistency reliability, were tested. The sample, consisting of 630 nurses, was divided into two separate random groups. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted with the data of the first 330 people, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with the data of the remaining 300 people. RESULTS: A 19-item, three-factor structure (Satisfaction, Rejection, Development) was obtained in the newly developed scale. In NATUTS, Factor 1 (α = .93), Factor 2 (α = .86) and Factor 3 (α = .87) measured 64.4% of the total variance. The entire 19-item acceptability survey showed good internal consistency. NATUTS is a brief survey based on research evidence validated in a large Turkish sample. CONCLUSION: Findings show that NATUTS has acceptable content and structural validity and is reliable in measuring nurses' attitudes towards the use of telehealth. Further research can be conducted to develop the scale and strengthen its validity. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No Patient or Public Contribution.

Development of a scale examining post-disaster coping motivations in Turkey after the 6 February earthquake.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop the Motivations for Coping After Disaster Scale. To test the construct validity of the scale, a total of 676 data were collected from three different sampling groups (N1: 388; N2: 194; N3: 94). METHODS: Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Criterion validity analysis were conducted to test the construct validity of the scale. RESULTS: As a result of CFA, it was seen that the post-disaster scale had a five-dimensional structure (spiritual values, hope, friend support, solidarity, family support). The loadings of the items of the scale are at a good level. As a result of CFA, the scale was found to have acceptable and good fit indices (χ2/sd = 2.690; RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) = 0.066; SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual) = 0.047; CFI (Comparative Fit Index) = 0.948; GFI (Goodness of Fit Index) = 0.917). The results of the criterion validity analysis show that the scale has criterion validity. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient shows that the scale is highly reliable (Total = 0.923). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that the Post-Disaster Coping Motivations Scale is a valid and reliable instrument. It is thought that the scale can make an important contribution to understanding psychological recovery processes after disaster and providing appropriate support to individuals.

Development and validation of the climate change health protection behaviors scale for adolescents: a methodological study.

This study aimed to develop and validate the Climate Change Health Protection Behaviors Scale for adolescents. A total of 1036 adolescents were recruited from middle and high schools. The development of the assessment scale was carried out in three steps: item generation, content validity evaluation, and psychometric evaluation. Psychometric testing was conducted to determine the relationship between the resulting factors and the Healthy Lifestyle Belief Scale and Climate Change Awareness Scale. A 28-item scale was developed, consisting of four factors that account for 65.0% of the variance. The Cronbach's alpha value was 0.874. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between the Climate Change Health Protection Behaviors Scale and both the Climate Change Awareness Scale and the Healthy Lifestyle Belief Scale for adolescents. These results suggest that the Climate Change Health Protection Behaviors Scale is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating health protection behaviors related to climate change in adolescents.

Validation of the food inflation impact on consumer behavior scale: a comparative measurement instrument with focus on food security.

This study aimed to compare the change in consumer behaviour in the face of high inflation with respect to food security in the Turkish population by developing a 3-factor The Impact of Food Inflation on Consumer Behaviour (IFI-ConB) scale. Item generation and expert evaluation, item purification by preliminary application, and final administration were conducted. The moderate to severe food insecure individuals exhibited a higher inflation impact score on food consumption patterns, food shopping behaviours, and food purchasing motives factors compared to secure to mild insecure individuals. A positive correlation was found between the inflation impact score by IFI-ConB and the price motive for food choice. The primary food choice motive was health among the secure to mild insecure individuals, while for the moderate to severe food insecure individuals, it was price. The findings indicate that food insecure individuals are more affected by high food inflation compared to food secure individuals.

An adaptation and exploratory factor analysis of the smoking-related weight and eating episodes test (SWEET) for electronic cigarette users.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking for weight control is a well-documented behavior. There is emerging evidence to suggest electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may be used for similar motivations yet measure development for the use of e-cigarettes for weight control has received less attention. The objective of the current study was to adapt and explore the psychometric properties of The Smoking-Related Weight and Eating Episodes Test (SWEET) for e-cigarette users. METHODS: Young adult (N=1875) current cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual users completed the original SWEET (SWEET-C) and/or adapted SWEET for e-cigarette use (SWEET-EC) based on current tobacco product use. Demographics, associated e-cigarette characteristics, nicotine dependence, outcome expectancies, and eating disorder behaviors were also assessed. Participants were recruited online and measures were completed via self-report. RESULTS: Four exploratory factor analyses using principal components extraction and direct oblimin rotation methods were run to explore the SWEET-C and SWEET-EC. A one-factor solution explaining 66 % of the variance was retained for the SWEET-C, and a one-factor solution explaining 73 % of the variance was retained for the SWEET-EC. Both measures exhibited excellent internal consistency. Higher SWEET-EC scores were observed among dual users, and were associated with daily e-cigarette use, JUUL use, self-reported vaping for weight control, older age, higher body mass index, and problematic eating behaviors. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the adaptation of the SWEET-EC to measure e-cigarette use for weight control. The SWEET-EC will help to better understand how individuals use e-cigarettes to curb eating behavior and for weight control.

Advancing patient care: novel scales for assessing adherence and attitudes toward medication among adolescents with psychiatric disorders and their parents.

Adolescents with psychiatric disorders may struggle with medication adherence and this can lead to ineffective treatment. Subjective factors, such as attitudes, beliefs, experiences, have a greater impact on adherence in adolescents than objective factors. To better understand these subjective attitudes, self-evaluation rating scales should be developed. The study aimed to develop two scales - Pediatric Medication Adherence Scale (PMAS) and Pediatric Attitudes toward Medication Scale (PAMS) - to assess adherence and attitudes toward medication for pediatric patients and their parents. Total of 288 pediatric patients (67% female) between the ages of 12-18 (mean [standard deviation] age of 15.25 [1.59] years) with psychiatric disorders and 255 parents (83.53% mothers) were administered the scales. The validity of the scales was evaluated through the content validity index and explanatory factor analyses. To evaluate reliability, Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest methods were utilized. The validity and reliability of the PMAS (9 questions for patients, 6 questions for parents) and PAMS (18 questions for patients, 20 questions for parents), Cronbach's alpha values and intraclass correlation coefficients were found above 0.7 for each scale and showed well establishment for this particular population. Analysis revealed that anxiety scores had a greater impact on total attitude scores than necessity scores (p < 0.05). Parent and patient adherence scores were similar, and negative parental attitudes toward medication were associated with lower patient adherence. The present study represents a novel attempt to design a medication adherence and attitude questionnaire for adolescents with psychiatric disorders, along with a parental version.

Development of a Screening Tool for Oral Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a Screening for Oral Frailty Tool (SOFT) and evaluate its reliability and validity among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study was conducted as part of an ongoing community-based prospective study in Shanghai. A total of 307 older adults, aged between 60 and 96 years, participated in the study. METHODS: This study was conducted in 3 stages: item development, scale development, and scale evaluation. This study was based on a visual model depicting the deterioration of oral function, and a draft scale was generated based on a literature review, existing scales, expert consultations, and cognitive interviews. Between December 2023 and February 2024, the validity and reliability of the SOFT were evaluated using a questionnaire administered to 307 community-dwelling older adults. Data including demographics, frailty, and sarcopenia were collected. RESULTS: The oral frailty scale comprises 6 items, including number of teeth, difficulty in swallowing, difficulty in chewing, difficulty in articulatory oral motor, dry mouth, and oral pain, and is assessed using a yes or no question. The correlations ranged from 0.40 to 0.66 when correlating each item with the total score of the scale. Using frailty and sarcopenia as criteria, the area under the curve for the SOFT was 0.71. The optimal cutoff for the SOFT was 2, using frailty as a criterion, with a higher Youden index and a high negative predictive value (94.9%), but a low positive predictive value (19.3%). The SOFT showed low internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson formula 20 coefficients 0.50) and good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients 0.86). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The SOFT does not require specialized equipment and is not affected by cultural differences. It can be used for oral frailty screening in Chinese community-dwelling older adults and is simple and rapid.

Music performance anxiety: development and validation of the Portuguese music performance anxiety scale.

Several studies have developed and validated specific scales to understand, identify and confirm research hypotheses associated with music performance anxiety (MPA). These scales mostly assess behavioral, cognitive, and physiological factors. There is currently no original MPA assessment tool for higher music education in Continental Portuguese, which suggests a research gap. The aim of this study was to determine if the Portuguese Music Performance Anxiety Scale (PoMPAS), developed for this research, is a valid and reliable measure of MPA for the context of higher education in Portugal. The total sample was N = 414 (166 male, 245 female, and three without gender identification). The development of this scale was based on a three-dimensional model (behavioral, cognitive, and physiological), following the theoretical models of Salmon (1990) and Osborne and Kenny (2005). Confirmatory factor analysis of the PoMPAS suggested a good fit in a three-dimensional model with 27 items. The internal consistency values proved appropriate, showing good Cronbach's alphas (between α = 0.81 and α = 0.90). The McDonald's Omega also demonstrated good consistency (between ω = 0.81 and ω = 0.90). The PoMPAS is a reliable tool to measure the impact of MPA, with good psychometric qualities, specifically for the Portuguese higher music education context.

Development and psychometric testing of a scale to measure effective rural emergency transfer (RET).

BACKGROUND: The process of transferring patients from small rural primary care facilities to referral facilities impacts the quality of care and effectiveness of the referral healthcare system. The study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a scale measuring requirements for effective rural emergency transfer. METHODS: An exploratory sequential design was utilized to develop a scale designed to measure requirements for effective emergency transport. Phase one included a qualitative, interview study with 26 nursing transport providers. These transcripts were coded, and items developed for the proposed scale. Phase two included a content validity review by these 16 transport providers of the domains and items developed. Phase three included development and evaluation of psychometric properties of a scale designed to measure requirements for effective emergency transport. This scale was then tested initially with 84 items and later reduced to a final set of 58 items after completion by 302 transport nurses. The final scale demonstrated three factors (technology & tools; knowledge & skills; and organization). Each factor and the total score reported excellent scale reliability. RESULTS: The initial item pool consisted of 84 items, generated, and synthesized from an extensive literature review and the qualitative descriptive study exploring nurses' experiences in rural emergency patient transportation. A two-round modified Delphi method with experts generated a scale consisting of 58 items. A cross-sectional study design was used with 302 nurses in rural clinics and health in four rural health districts. A categorical principal components analysis identified three components explaining 63.35% of the total variance. The three factors, technology, tools, personal knowledge and skills, and organization, accounted for 27.32%, 18.15 and 17.88% of the total variance, respectively. The reliability of the three factors, as determined by the Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA)'s default calculation of the Cronbach Alpha, was 0.960, 0.946, and 0.956, respectively. The RET Cronbach alpha was 0.980. CONCLUSIONS: The study offers a three-factor scale to measure the effectiveness of emergency patient transport in rural facilities to better understand and improve care during emergency patient transport.

Influence of post-migration living difficulties on mental health among refugees and asylum seekers: A scoping-review on clinical tools.

BACKGROUND: The literature indicates an increasing interest in the mental health of refugees (R) and asylum seekers (AS) - particularly how it could be affected by previous exposure to trauma and violence - but less has been written about the issues they are forced to face during the post-migration period and how these also can affect mental health. Research shows that the mental health of R/AS is highly influenced by their post-migration conditions and may deteriorate due to post-migration social health-related determinants; in addition, a lack of language skills, discrimination, separation from family, poverty, and other stressors can contribute to social isolation. The difficulty in asking for help in case of psychological distress and, consequently, in accessing care, contributes to the worsening of their clinical condition. AIMS: The primary purpose of this study is to identify and provide a review of the clinical tools used to screen migrants (R/AS) at risk of developing psychological distress, identifying post-migration difficulties. METHODS: We searched studies in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane (Central), and Cinahl (ultimate) with the last search on 14 April 2023, using a combination of keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). RESULTS: Our systematic search identified 1,878 records. After removing duplicates, we screened 1,238 records by title and abstract, retaining 97 for full text review. Of these, 68 met full eligibility criteria (1995-2023). A total of 30 social scales have been identified, as well as structured or semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. Translated into multiple languages, the tools can be self-administered or administered by trained professionals. PMLD is known for its effectiveness in evaluating the post-migration period and predicting mental health issues. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the limited number of studies and, consequently, the limited number of tools found, it can be inferred that not enough attention is given to post-migration in the broader sense.

Development and Validation of the Ease of Imagery Questionnaire.

The present series of studies aimed to develop and provide initial validation of the Ease of Imagery Questionnaire (EIQ)-a measure assessing ease of imaging different positive and negative imagery content reflective of valence and engaging or disengaging in adverse situations. Five studies were conducted to collectively examine the questionnaire's factor structure and concurrent validity. Study 1 (N = 336) and Study 2 (N = 207) informed the development of 16 items of the EIQ, with a four-factor structure supported in Studies 3 (N = 219), 4 (N = 135), and 5 (N = 184) using confirmatory factor analysis. Study 3 also supported concurrent validity with significant bivariate correlations (p < .05) with the similar Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire subscales, while studies 4 and 5 demonstrated criterion validity in the EIQ's prediction of challenge and threat appraisal tendencies, perceived stress, stress mindset, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Overall, the EIQ demonstrates a replicable four-factor structure and appears to assess ability to image content associated with positive and negative emotions as well as demanding stress-evoking situations.