Buckling surgery on a goat's eye: A simple technique to enhance residents' surgical skill.

Buckling surgery is one of the common procedures performed by the retinal surgeons for visual rehabilitation at the earliest in cases of retinal detachment. The optimal surgical skill in this section can only be achieved with repeated practices and clinical experiences. Here, we describe an easy and inexpensive way to perform, practice, and refine surgical skills by demonstrating this complicated surgery in a simple manner on goat's eyes. The advantages of this technique are real-tissue handling experiences and repeatability of the procedure with almost similar practical implications. Thus, whenever feasible, every attempt should be made to refine the residents or budding ophthalmologists surgical skills by undertaking this technique in their routine curriculum.

Flapless closure of oro-antral communication with PRF membrane and composite of PRF and collagen - a technical note.

The incidence of oro-antral communication during removal of maxillary posterior teeth, especially the molars is quite common in general dental practice. The diagnosis and surgical management of oro-antral communication requires the surgical skills including the flap techniques. Here we present the novel technique of immediate closure of oro-antral communication using the PRF in the form of membrane and mixture of PRF and collagen, which is, sandwiched between the PRF membranes for effective management of oro-antral communications which does not require higher surgical skills.

Technical note: A simple rumen collection device for calves: An adaptation of a manual rumen drenching system.

A limited amount of research is available related to the rumen microbiota of calves, yet there has been a recent spike of interest in determining the diversity and development of calf rumen microbial populations. To study the microbial populations of a calf's rumen, a sample of the rumen fluid is needed. One way to take a rumen fluid sample from a calf is by fistulating the animal. This method requires surgery and can be very stressful on a young animal that is trying to adapt to a new environment and has a depressed immune system. Another method that can be used instead of fistulation surgery is a rumen pump. This method requires a tube to be inserted into the rumen through the calf's esophagus. Once inside the rumen, fluid can be pumped out and collected in a few minutes. This method is quick, inexpensive, and does not cause significant stress on the animal. This technical note presents the materials and methodology used to convert a drenching system into a rumen pump and its respective utilization in 2 experiments using dairy bull calves.

Recobrado de Shigella spp. conservada por la técnica de secado en perlas de vidrio / Recovery of Shigella spp. preserved on glass beads by dehydration technique

Introducción: la técnica de secado en perlas de vidrio se reporta como método de conservación microbiana desde hace varios años, pero la información existente es limitada. Con este antecedente, se decidió evaluar su utilidad para conservar bacterias, de origen clínico, en la colección de cultivos microbianos del Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología. Métodos: se estudiaron dos cultivos de Shigella spp., mantenidas en refrigeración. Los datos de viabilidad obtenidos durante cuatro años de conservación fueron procesados con el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0. El análisis estadístico incluyó el de la varianza para la comparación de las medias del recobrado de células viables para las variables tiempo de conservación, dilución y mezcla preservante, y el test de Scheffé de comparaciones múltiples post hoc para la discriminación de las medias. Fueron controladas las características fisiológicas y la respuesta a la tinción de Gram de las cepas. Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las mezclas preservantes utilizadas en este ensayo, y pudieron recobrarse ambas cepas durante los cuatro años de estudio. A partir de los seis meses se apreció una disminución del efecto protector en todas las mezclas. Se obtuvo variabilidad en algunos caracteres fisiológicos (indol, dulcitol y manitol), pero no para la respuesta a la tinción de Gram en ambas cepas, la que se mantuvo estable. Conclusiones:: el método resultó apropiado para mantener Shigella spp. por tiempo limitado, pero pudiera utilizarse como alternativa de conservación en laboratorios con limitados recursos a corto plazo, por su sencillez, bajo costo y efectividad, y debe garantizarse la disponibilidad de réplicas por otras técnicas

Introduction: glass bead dehydration technique has been reported as a microbial preservation method for some years, but the available information is limited. Based on this antecedent, it was decided to evaluate its usefulness to preserve bacteria of clinical origin in the collection of microbial cultures at the National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology. Methods: a study was conducted of two Shigella spp. cultures kept under refrigeration. The viability datas obtained during four years of preservation were processed with the statistical package SPSS, version 15.0. Statistical processing included analysis of variance for comparison of the mean recovery values of viable cells for the variables preservation time, dilution and preserving mix, and Scheffe's test of post hoc multiple comparisons for means discrimination. Physiological characteristics were controlled, as well as the response of strains to Gram stain. Results: no significant differences were found between the preserving mixes used in the trial, and both strains could be recovered during the four years of the study. The protective effect of all mixes was found to decrease after six months. Variability was obtained for some physiological characters (indol, dulcitol and mannitol), but response to Gram stain remained stable in both strains. Conclusions:: the method was found to be suitable to preserve Shigella spp. for a limited time, but it could be used as a short-term preservation alternative in laboratories with few resources, due to its simplicity, low cost and effectiveness. Availability should be ensured of replicas obtained by other techniques

Is it true that injecting palmar finger skin hurts more than dorsal skin? New level 1 evidence.

BACKGROUND: Since the first texts on local anesthesia were written in the early 1900s, it has been widely quoted and believed that dorsal finger skin is less sensitive to needlestick pain than volar finger skin. The result is that the most commonly used finger block for local anesthesia is the dorsal two injection technique. METHODS: In this study, the needlestick discomfort associated with dorsal and volar finger skin was compared in a group of 78 volunteers who had the long finger of both hands poked with a 25 G needle; one in the midline of the volar side and the other in the lateral web space of the dorsal side. Volunteers then completed a pain scale for each needlestick and ranked which technique they would prefer for future injections. RESULTS: We found that there was no significant difference in needlestick pain or preference of future needle location between the dorsal and volar aspects of the finger. CONCLUSIONS: We provide level 1 evidence that the needlestick of the SIMPLE block which has one needlestick on the volar side of the finger is not more painful than the needlestick of the dorsal finger block.