Nephroprotective effect of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves ethanol extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Kidney damage is commonly attributed to using certain drugs, such as gentamicin, which causes elevated kidney parameters in blood and damage to renal tissue. This damage is often a result of oxidative stress, but it can be mitigated by using antioxidants. Several studies proved the potential of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves as an antioxidant. Therefore, this experiment aimed to examine the nephroprotective action of sugarcane leaves. Twenty-five Wistar rats were separated into the normal, negative, and sugarcane leaf extract (SLE) (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg BW) groups. The animals were handled for 8 days, and then, the blood and tissue were collected 24 h later. The results revealed that SLE prevents increased creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and malondialdehyde levels. The histology analysis indicated that the extract improved kidney morphology and histopathology. Sugarcane leaves have the potential to be a nephroprotective agent.

Allelopathic Effects of Sugarcane Leaves: Optimal Extraction Solvent, Partial Separation of Allelopathic Active Fractions, and Herbicidal Activities.

The inhibitory potential of allelopathic plants is the subject of increasing research attention for their application in weed management. The sugarcane leaf is an agricultural waste product that has been reported to have allelopathic potential. Therefore, the present study determined the optimal organic solvent system and fractionation procedure to enhance the quantity of this extract and its allelopathic efficiency. Sugarcane leaves were extracted using five ethanol/water solvent ratios (v/v): 00:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:00. Their allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth were assayed in two major weeds, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and Amaranthus viridis L. The results showed that the extract concentration, solvent ratio, and their interaction significantly inhibited the growth parameters in A. viridis. Consequently, a crude ethanol/water ratio of 00:100 was used to separate the active fraction via acid-base solvent partitioning. The acidic fraction (AE) exerted the greatest inhibitory effect and completely (100%) inhibited A. viridis at all concentrations, followed by the original crude fraction, neutral fraction, and aqueous fraction. Moreover, all of the fractions had selective effects, inhibiting A. viridis much more than E. crus-galli in the laboratory tests. The chemical analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry indicated that the AE fraction contained 20 different compounds. The five major compounds included alkaloids, organic acids, and phenols. Therefore, the AE fraction was selected for formulation in a concentrated suspension and tested for its herbicidal characteristics. The formulation exhibited early post-emergence activities and had a stronger effect on A. viridis compared to E. crus-galli. The physiological mechanism of the formulation was tested against A. viridis. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and H2O2 occurred in the A. viridis leaf, which suggests lipid peroxidation and cell disruption.

Alternative crop residue management practices to mitigate the environmental and economic impacts of open burning of agricultural residues.

Deliberate open burning of crop residues emits greenhouse gases and toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. This study investigates the environmental impacts (global warming potential, GWP) and economic impacts (net cash flow) of nine agricultural residue management schemes, including open burning, fertilizer production, and biochar production for corn residue, rice straw, and sugarcane leaves. The environmental assessment shows that, except the open burning schemes, fossil fuel consumption is the main contributor of the GWP impact. The fertilizer and biochar schemes reduce the GWP impact including black carbon by 1.88-1.96 and 2.46-3.22 times compared to open burning. The biochar schemes have the lowest GWP (- 1833.19 to - 1473.21 kg CO2-eq/ton). The economic assessment outcomes reveal that the biochar schemes have the highest net cash flow (222.72-889.31 US$2022/ton or 1258.15-13409.16 US$2022/ha). The expenditures of open burning are practically zero, while the biochar schemes are the most costly to operate. The most preferable agricultural residue management type is the biochar production, given the lowest GWP impact and the highest net cash flow. To discourage open burning, the government should tailor the government assistance programs to the needs of the farmers and make the financial assistance more accessible.

Pickering emulsions prepared using zein-sugarcane leaves polyphenol covalent crosslinking nanoparticles via ultrasonication: Capacities in storage stability, lipid oxidation, in vitro digestion and safety evaluation.

This study firstly used sugarcane leaf polyphenols (SGLp) to modify zein to form covalent nanoparticles (SGLpZ) and used SGLpZ as an emulsifier to stabilize pickering emulsions (SZP) via ultrasonic method. The results showed that the addition of SGLp could alter the physicochemical properties of zein, including improving increasing the hydrophilicity of zein and the antioxidant properties of zein (three basic antioxidant activities test in vitro). SGLpZ could be able to form a dense film on the surface of the pickering emulsions which inhibited lipid oxidation as the concentration of SGLp increased at 4 ℃ for 20 days, thus stabilizing pickering emulsions (SZP). Further assessment of storage stability of pickering emulsions stabilized by SGLp was evaluated via measuring the free fatty acids (FFA) release in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The results showed that the FFA release of SZP decreased from 20.61 ± 0.10% to 16.14 ± 0.69%. In addition, SGLp gave SZP a yellow color, which inspired that SZP could be used in the food industry to make yellow-colored functional foods. Finally, the safety of SZP initially assessed by in-vitro hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity (MTT) assays. In conclusion, our fingdings were beneficial for the further design and development of SGLp in food fields and enabled the development a new type in functional protein-plant polyphenols food pickering emulsions.

Identification and molecular docking study of sugarcane leaf-derived compounds as potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), α-glucosidase, and α-amylase play a prominent role in regulating postprandial blood sugar levels, which are regarded as key targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study aimed to characterize bioactive compounds as potent crucial sugar metabolism enzyme inhibitors from sugarcane leaves by virtual screening. In total, 41 sugarcane leaf-derived compounds were used for the screening of multiple targets. Subsequently, the molecular mechanism and activity validation in vitro of the interaction between enzymes and compound were carried out. RESULTS: Flavonoid compound schaftoside was identified by molecular simulation and showed significant DPP-IV (0.1050 ± 1.22 mmol L-1 ), α-glucosidase (0.078 ± 0.06 mmol L-1 ), and α-amylase (0.3067 ± 0.35 mmol L-1 ) inhibitory effects. The residues ARG125 and TYR662 of DPP-IV may play crucial roles in inhibiting the activity of DPP-IV. Multiple hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions were exhibited between schaftoside and α-glucosidase. Molecular modeling revealed that schaftoside displays strong binding with the catalytic triad (ASP197, ASP300, and GLU233) of α-amylase. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that schaftoside from sugarcane leaves might be an edible for T2DM treatment." © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

High Levels of Policosanols and Phytosterols from Sugar Mill Waste by Subcritical Liquefied Dimethyl Ether.

Extracting nutraceuticals with high value from bagasse, filter mud, and sugarcane leaves discarded as sugar mill by-products, is crucial for the development of a sustainable bio-economy. These by-products are important sources of policosanols and phytosterols, which have a cholesterol-lowering effect. This research focused on using a promising green technology, subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction, with a low pressure of 0.8 MPa, to extract policosanols and phytosterols and on application of pretreatments to increase their contents. For direct extraction by subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether without sample pretreatment, the highest extraction yield (7.4%) and policosanol content were found in sugarcane leaves at 2888 mg/100 g, while the highest and lowest phytosterol contents were found in filter mud at 20,878.75 mg/100 g and sugarcane leaves at 10,147.75 mg/100 g, respectively. Pretreatment of filter mud by ultrasonication in hexane solution together with transesterification before the second subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction successfully increased the policosanol content, with an extract purity of 60%, but failed to increase the phytosterol content.

Fe3O4-Filled Cellulose Paper for Triboelectric Nanogenerator Application.

Cellulose-based materials have recently drawn much interest due to their sustainability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low cost. In this present work, cellulose fiber paper (CFP) was fabricated from sugarcane leaves and used as a friction material for a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Fe3O4 was incorporated to CFP triboelectric material to increase the dielectric constant of CFP for boosting power generation of TENG. The Fe3O4 filled CFP was synthesized using a facile one-pot co-precipitation technique. The effect of Fe3O4 content in CFP on dielectric property and TENG performance was investigated and optimized. The CFP filled with Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibited the improved dielectric constant and possessed a superior TENG performance than pristine CF. The highest power density of 1.9 W/m2 was achieved, which was able to charge commercial capacitors serving as a power source for small electronic devices.

Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) leaves.

OBJECTIVES: The sugarcane leaf is rich inphytochemical content. It is rarely used because it is a waste although it has potential activity as antimutation, anti inflammation, and antioxidation. There is no study about its hepatoprotective activity yet. This study was conducted to determine the hepatoprotection of sugarcane leaves in tested animals with liver acute injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar strain rats were divided into three groups of experimental animals (dose 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg) and three control groups (normal, positive, and negative). The ethanol extract of sugarcane leaves obtained from Panti, Jember, was made using the maceration method. The animals were treated for 14 days by giving the extract to the treatment group. One hour after treatment on the last day, the test animals were given CCl4 intraperitoneally except for the normal group. On the 15th day, the blood of the test animal was taken to be tested for the biochemical value of the liver (aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alanine phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin) and examined for its liver to be made histological preparations. RESULTS: The results showed that the treatment with a dose of 500 mg/kg was able to decrease AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin parameters compared to the negative control. The extract also provided improvements in liver tissue histology compared to the negative control. CONCLUSIONS: Sugarcane leaf ethanol extract (SCLE) has a potential hepatoprotective effect.

Thermal degradation kinetics of sugarcane leaves (Saccharum officinarum L) using thermo-gravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric studies.

Pyrolysis of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) leaves (SCL) has been investigated using DTA/TGA and DSC techniques. Proximate and ultimate analyses and calorific value measurement have been carried out using standard protocols. The sugar cane leaves contain 44% cellulose, 22% hemicellulose and 17% lignin. The pyrolysis have been carried out at six heating rates varying from 5 to 40 °C/min. Analysis of the pyrolysis results has been carried using iso-conversional model free methods as well as multiple linear regression method. For the fractional conversion range of 0.05-0.95, the average apparent activation energy values evaluated from iso-conversional methods have ranged from 214.9 to 239.6 kJ/mol where as in the case of multiple linear regression analysis it has ranged from 25.06 to 57.23 kJ/mol. The multi-step reaction mechanism has been investigated using the Criado method. The results of this study are useful for the design of large scale biomass thermal conversion process.

Microwave-assisted inorganic salt pretreatment of sugarcane leaf waste: Effect on physiochemical structure and enzymatic saccharification.

This paper presents a method to pretreat sugarcane leaf waste using microwave-assisted (MA) inorganic salt to enhance enzymatic saccharification. The effects of process parameters of salt concentration, microwave power intensity and pretreatment time on reducing sugar yield from sugarcane leaf waste were investigated. Pretreatment models based on MA-NaCl, MA-ZnCl2 and MA-FeCl3 were developed with high coefficients of determination (R2 >0.8) and optimized. Maximum reducing sugar yield of 0.406g/g was obtained with 2M FeCl3 at 700W for 3.5min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed major changes in lignocellulosic structure after MA-FeCl3 pretreatment with 71.5% hemicellulose solubilization. This regime was further assessed on sorghum leaves and Napier grass under optimal MA-FeCl3 conditions. A 2-fold and 3.1-fold increase in sugar yield respectively were observed compared to previous reports. This pretreatment was highly effective for enhancing enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass.