Ground penetrating radar at work: A realistic perspective on utility surveying in the Netherlands through a comprehensive ground-truth dataset.

This dataset provides a comprehensive compilation of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) surveys across 125 utility surveying activities in the Netherlands. The dataset details the specific use of GPR in each authentic real-life utility surveying activity, whether employed independently or as a complementary tool alongside existing surveying methods, with or without post-processing. The dataset includes 959 radargrams, ground-truth information obtained from trial trenches, and an inventory of construction, geophysical, infrastructural, and technical features. The GPR utilised in all activities is an air-coupled radar with a 500 MHz frequency antenna, a GNSS RTK positioning system, and a measuring wheel encoder. This ground-truth dataset provides researchers with a valuable resource to further assess the practical efficacy of GPR as a utility surveying method, refine radargram processing algorithms and techniques, and explore the possibilities of predictive modelling.

Scope and financial impact of unpublished data and unused samples among U.S. academic and government researchers.

Unpublished data and unused samples are common byproducts of research activity, but little is known about the scope and economic impact of their disuse. To fill this knowledge gap, we collected self-reported anonymous survey responses from 301 academic and government scientists from randomly selected institutions. Respondents estimated that they published ∼60% of their data and 95% had unpublished data. Of those collecting specimens, 60% stored unused samples. Systemic and logistical issues were identified as major contributory factors. The median cumulative self-reported estimated value of unused resources per researcher was $28,857, with life science ($36k) and government ($109k) researchers reporting the costliest assets. Using NSF headcounts, we estimated that the current cumulative value of unused resources at universities is approximately $6.2 billion, about 7% of the current annual R&D budget. These findings provide actionable information that can be used by decision makers to reduce obstacles that undermine scientific progress and productivity.

Configuration of the Geometric State of Railway Tracks in the Sustainability Development of Electrified Traction Systems.

The state-space interface of the railway track (track) geometry system with an electrified traction system (ETS) constitutes the geometric configuration that is utilised in this study. Importantly, driving comfort, smooth operation (smooth running), and compliance with the ETS are the desired aims. Direct measurement methods were used in the interaction with the system, especially in regard to the fixed-point, visual, and expert methods. In particular, track-recording trolleys were used. The subjects belonging to the insulated instruments also included the integration of certain methods, such as in the brainstorming, mind mapping, system approach, heuristic, failure mode and effect analysis, and system failure mode effects analysis methods. These were based on a case study and are representative of three real objects, i.e., electrified railway lines, direct current (DC), and scientific research objects (which specifically cover five research objects). The aim of the scientific research work is to increase the interoperability of the railway track geometric state configurations in regard to the sustainability development of the ETS. The results of this work confirmed their validity. By ensuring that the six-parameter defectiveness D6 was defined and implemented, the D6 parameter of the railway track condition was first estimated. The new approach reinforces the improvement in preventive maintenance and reductions in corrective maintenance; moreover, it is an innovative supplement to the existing direct measurement method in the configuration of the geometric condition of railway tracks and in the sustainability development of the ETS via interacting with the indirect measurement method.

Low-Cost Dual-Frequency GNSS Receivers and Antennas for Surveying in Urban Areas.

Low-cost dual-frequency global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers have recently been tested in various positioning applications. Considering that these sensors can now provide high positioning accuracy at a lower cost, they can be considered an alternative to high-quality geodetic GNSS devices. The main objectives of this work were to analyze the differences between geodetic and low-cost calibrated antennas on the quality of observations from low-cost GNSS receivers and to evaluate the performance of low-cost GNSS devices in urban areas. In this study, a simple RTK2B V1 board u-blox ZED-F9P (Thalwil, Switzerland) was tested in combination with a low-cost calibrated and geodetic antenna in open-sky and adverse conditions in urban areas, while a high-quality geodetic GNSS device was used as a reference for comparison. The results of the observation quality check show that low-cost GNSS instruments have a lower carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0) than geodetic instruments, especially in the urban areas where the difference is larger and in favor of the geodetic GNSS instruments. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the multipath error in the open sky is twice as high for low-cost as for geodetic instruments, while this difference is up to four times greater in urban areas. The use of a geodetic GNSS antenna does not show a significant improvement in the C/N0 and multipath of low-cost GNSS receivers. However, the ambiguity fix ratio is larger when geodetic antennas are used, with a difference of 1.5% and 18.4% for the open-sky and urban conditions, respectively. It should be noted that float solutions may become more evident when low-cost equipment is used, especially for short sessions and in urban areas with more multipath. In relative positioning mode, low-cost GNSS devices were able to provide horizontal accuracy lower than 10 mm in urban areas in 85% of sessions, while the vertical and spatial accuracy was lower than 15 mm in 82.5% and 77.5% of the sessions, respectively. In the open sky, low-cost GNSS receivers achieve a horizontal, vertical, and spatial accuracy of 5 mm for all sessions considered. In RTK mode, positioning accuracy varies between 10-30 mm in the open-sky and urban areas, while better performance is demonstrated for the former.

Implementation of Non-Contact Temperature Distribution Monitoring Solutions for Railway Vehicles in a Sustainability Development System Transport.

The implementation of temperature sensors represented by thermal imaging cameras is becoming increasingly rational. It is playing an important role in the socio-economic environment, in industry, scientific-research work. The main objective of the work is to assess the quality of the railway vehicles in exploitation and their thermal insulation, localise thermal bridges, and the tightness of the body using the FLIR-E6390 thermal inspection camera. An integration of test methods (research methods) was used including a diagnostic method based on a thermographic study integrated with the system approach method and system failure mode effects analysis (SFMEA). The scientific-research work included studies of seven types of railway vehicles in exploitation. A number of conclusions were reached. Specifically providing implementation of innovative and non-contact temperature distribution monitoring solutions for railway vehicles in a sustainability development system transport. Demonstrated the disparities between the different types of vehicles. Next, the identification of critical elements of their thermal insulation, the location of thermal bridges, and the tightness of the body of the rail vehicles, particularly the doors and inter-unit connections. The study covered the state of consumption of stationary electricity (for non-traction needs), implementing innovative indicators for stationary electricity consumption of railway vehicles as a new approach.

Self-efficacy and knowledge in pediatrics among family medicine physicians in Armenia: A survey study.

Background: Armenia has trained physicians to practice family medicine (FM) for over 20 years. The pediatric population comprises a significant proportion of patients seen by FM practices, yet to date, there have been no studies assessing the knowledge and self-efficacy of FM physicians regarding pediatric care. As the first step is needs assessment to improve the quality of care, this study aims to assess the self-efficacy and knowledge of FM physicians regarding the care of pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: We distributed a survey to attendees at an FM conference in Lori Province, Armenia. The survey instrument assessed demographics and experience, self-efficacy in providing pediatric care, and pediatric knowledge via questions adapted from the American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM). Results: Eighty-seven percent of participants were female. Roughly half (45%) had trained through an FM residency program, while the remainder had retrained to become FM physicians following a residency in another field. Almost all (97%) practiced outside of the capital city, Yerevan. About half believed that their didactic (51%) and clinical education (48%) prepared them either "extremely" or "very" well. Overall, there was no clear relationship between participants' reported self-efficacy in a given area of pediatrics and their score in that area on the knowledge portion of the survey. Conclusions: Our findings reveal opportunities for improvement in knowledge related to pediatric care in FM physicians in Armenia, as well as a lack of relationship between reported self-efficacy and knowledge. Thus, future programs should not rely solely on self-reported gaps to identify or prioritize areas of focus. Further study is recommended in other specialties in Armenia and internationally to improve future programs.

Assessing tele-manipulation systems using task performance for glovebox operations.

Tele-manipulation is indispensable for the nuclear industry since teleoperated robots cancel the radiation hazard problem for the operator. The majority of the teleoperated solutions used in the nuclear industry rely on bilateral teleoperation, utilizing a variation of the 4-channel architecture, where the motion and force signals of the local and remote robots are exchanged in the communication channel. However, the performance limitation of teleoperated robots for nuclear decommissioning tasks is not clearly answered in the literature. In this study, we assess the task performance in bilateral tele-manipulation for radiation surveying in gloveboxes and compare it to radiation surveying of a glovebox operator. To analyze the performance, an experimental setup suitable for human operation (manual operation) and tele-manipulation is designed. Our results showed that a current commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) teleoperated robotic manipulation solution is flexible, yet insufficient, as its task performance is significantly lower when compared to manual operation and potentially hazardous for the equipment inside the glovebox. Finally, we propose a set of potential solutions, derived from both our observations and expert interviews, that could improve the performance of teleoperation systems in glovebox environments in future work.

Differentiating and Mitigating Methane Emissions from Fugitive Leaks from Natural Gas Distribution, Historic Landfills, and Manholes in Montréal, Canada.

Rapidly reducing urban methane (CH4) emissions is a critical component of strategies aimed at limiting climate change. Individual source measurements provide the details necessary to develop actionable mitigation strategies and are highly complementary to mobile surveys and other top-down methods. Here, we perform 615 individual source measurements in Montréal, Canada, to quantify CH4 emissions from historic landfills, manholes, and fugitive emissions from natural gas (NG) distribution systems. We find that in 2020, historic landfills produced 901 (452 to 1541, 95% c.i.) tons of CH4, manholes emitted 786 (32 to 2602, 95% c.i.) tons of CH4, and NG distribution systems emitted 451 (176-843, 95% c.i.) tons of CH4, placing them all within the top four CH4 sources in Montréal. Methane emissions from both historic landfills and manholes are not accounted for in any greenhouse gas inventory. We find that geochemistry alone cannot positively identify source subcategories (e.g., type of manhole or NG infrastructure) in almost all cases, although C2/C1 ratios can distinguish NG distribution sources from biogenic sources (historic landfills and manholes). Using our individual source measurement data, we show that historic landfills have the greatest potential for CH4 reductions but the highest mitigation costs, unless we target the highest emitting landfills. In contrast, CH4 emissions from manholes can be reduced at low costs, but reduction methods are commercially unavailable. For NG distribution, methods such as increasing repair rates for high-emitting industrial meters can greatly reduce mitigation costs and emissions. Overall, our results highlight the role of individual source measurements in developing actionable CH4 mitigation strategies to meet municipal, regional, and national climate action plans.

A low-cost open-source handheld LiDAR-based automated understory timber stand surveying device.

Timber stand inventories are critical for making management decisions in both commercial and conservation related forestry applications. When taking these inventories, the most critical characteristics to record are diameter at breast height (DBH), stand density, tree height and tree species. As discovered in prior research, a relatively inexpensive device, which hereby will be referred to as AutoTSI (short for Automatic Timber Stand Inventory), can be assembled and deployed in the field to take accurate measurements of diameter at breast height (DBH) for timber stand sample plots in a short amount of time compared to the traditional method of manually measuring these trees. The specified range and angle of resolution of the sensor allows for estimation of stand density and basal area. Each element of both the hardware and software is modular by design allowing the user to customize according to whatever sensors may be readily available to the user. In silviculture research, methodical collection, and analysis of geometric measurements of trees is essential for developing land management plans that optimize biomass production, biodiversity, and other desired characteristics in a forest environment making this device useful to both tree farmers and researchers.

Behavior of Low-Cost Receivers in Base-Rover Configuration with Geodetic-Grade Antennas.

The main goal of this research was to evaluate the performances of the ZED-F9P-Ublox low-cost GNSS receiver in a base-rover real configuration. We realized a base configuration with two permanent stations based on the ZED-F9P and two geodetic antennas and the rover configuration based on another ZED-F9P and an ANN-MB-00-00 Multi-band (L1, L2/E5b/B2I) active GNSS u-blox antenna. In the calculation of the reference stations, we compared the solutions with the ZED-F9P receiver and a professional receiver. Comparison showed greater variability in the solutions, but the coordinate values were in very good agreement. Standard deviations were in the order of a few millimeters. On the rover side, two car tests were performed in two different environments, one in an extra-urban environment with a long baseline of approximately 30 km in an open sky area with varying visibility and shielded locations, the other one in an urban area around a circle approximately 10 km in diameter with the presence of buildings and open sectors. The results of the measurements were very good, with more than 95% of fixed solutions in real-time and a time to fix on reacquisition of 1 or 2 s. Moreover, real-time kinematic solutions were in good agreement with the post-processed ones, showing that less than 5% of differences were above 30 mm in the horizontal component and 100 mm in the vertical component.

Underwater Drone Architecture for Marine Digital Twin: Lessons Learned from SUSHI DROP Project.

The ability to observe the world has seen significant developments in the last few decades, alongside the techniques and methodologies to derive accurate digital replicas of observed environments. Underwater ecosystems present greater challenges and remain largely unexplored, but the need for reliable and up-to-date information motivated the birth of the Interreg Italy-Croatia SUSHI DROP Project (SUstainable fiSHeries wIth DROnes data Processing). The aim of the project is to map ecosystems for sustainable fishing and to achieve this goal a prototype of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), named Blucy, has been designed and developed. Blucy was deployed during project missions for surveying the benthic zone in deep waters of the Adriatic Sea with non-invasive techniques compared to the use of trawl nets. This article describes the strategies followed, the instruments applied and the challenges to be overcome to obtain an accurately georeferenced underwater survey with the goal of creating a marine digital twin.

Flood characterization based on forensic analysis of bridge collapse using UAV reconnaissance and CFD simulations.

Flash floods are common manifestations of extreme weather events and one of the most severe natural hazards. In Europe, they have been responsible for 359 fatalities and an economic loss totalling 67 million USD in the past decade (EM-DAT), while their increasing severity is linked to climate change. Nevertheless, flash floods remain a poorly documented natural phenomenon due to the lack of flow intensity data in many of the affected watersheds. Based on a thorough field investigation, including UAV-based 3D mapping and material characterization with on-site testing, we carry out a numerical study of a notable flood that caused the collapse of bridges and buildings in Central Greece, following a recent Mediterranean hurricane. Focusing on a carefully selected case study, we combine 3D modelling of flow-structure interaction with detailed mechanical modelling of the nonlinear structural response to reproduce the flood-induced fracture of a bridge abutment. Back-analysis of this failure responds to the fundamental problem of estimating the undocumented magnitude of this extreme event. The paper estimates a lower bound value of the flow velocity at the studied location. This can be valuable input for the interpretation of the extensive damage that took place downstream and for the re-assessment of flood risk in a region where similar events are expected to become more frequent because of climate change. The approach, where disaster forensics and engineering analysis are used to fill the gap of missing real-time measurements, can be implemented for the a posteriori estimation of flood intensity in similar events. The well-documented case study of a bridge failure due to extreme flooding can also be used for validation of future numerical and experimental methods and motivate investigations of the mechanisms governing flow-soil-structure interaction in river crossings.

Performance Evaluation of GPS Auto-Surveying Techniques.

With the increase in the widespread use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), increasing numbers of applications require precise position data. Of all the GNSS positioning methods, the most precise are those that are based in differential systems, such as Differential GNSS (DGNSS) and Real-Time Kinematics (RTK). However, for absolute positioning, the precision of these methods is tied to their reference position estimates. With the goal of quickly auto-surveying the position of a base station receiver, four positioning methods are analyzed and compared, namely Least Squares (LS), Weighted Least Squares (WLS), Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), using only pseudorange measurements, as well as the Hatch Filter and position thresholding. The research results show that the EKF and UKF present much better mean errors than LS and WLS, with an attained precision below 1 m after about 4 h of auto-surveying. The methods that presented the best results are then tested against existing implementations, showing them to be very competitive, especially considering the differences between the used receivers. Finally, these results are used in a DGNSS test, which verifies a significant improvement in the position estimate as the base station position estimate improves.

The macro-debris pollution in the shorelines of Lake Tana: First report on abundance, assessment, constituents, and potential sources.

Macro-debris monitoring in the shores of freshwater systems is critical to estimate the macro-and micro-plastic pollution levels for the subsequent investigation of ecological pollution. The study aims to report the composition of macro debris and their distribution on the shore of Lake Tana, Ethiopia, as a first baseline document. The distribution of litter surveys was conducted at seven different town/village shorelines of Lake Tana. The debris was categorized, and its constituent, abundance, and accumulation rates were computed. The findings showed that the mean accumulation rates of Lake Tana debris ranged between 4.9 ± 3.9 and 30.5 ± 20.2 items m-1 day-1 in counts and between 0.32 ± 0.21 and 0.04 ± 0.09 ± 0.03 g m-1 day-1 in mean weight. Also, the plastic polymers were identified as PET, PE, and HDPE. The litter categories abundance is different in different sampling locations. Plastics as packaging materials were extensively distributed in surveyed areas. A significant quantity of litter are local products and a locally feasible solid waste management system can be used to eradicate outflow into Lake Tana and can reduce pollution.

Feasibility of Using Low-Cost Dual-Frequency GNSS Receivers for Land Surveying.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have revolutionized land surveying, by determining position coordinates with centimeter-level accuracy in real-time or up to sub-millimeter accuracy in post-processing solutions. Although low-cost single-frequency receivers do not meet the accuracy requirements of many surveying applications, multi-frequency hardware is expected to overcome the major issues. Therefore, this paper is aimed at investigating the performance of a u-blox ZED-F9P receiver, connected to a u-blox ANN-MB-00-00 antenna, during multiple field experiments. Satisfactory signal acquisition was noticed but it resulted as >7 dB Hz weaker than with a geodetic-grade receiver, especially for low-elevation mask signals. In the static mode, the ambiguity fixing rate reaches 80%, and a horizontal accuracy of few centimeters was achieved during an hour-long session. Similar accuracy was achieved with the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) if a session is extended to at least 2.5 h. Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Network RTK measurements achieved a horizontal accuracy better than 5 cm and a sub-decimeter vertical accuracy. If a base station constituted by a low-cost receiver is used, the horizontal accuracy degrades by a factor of two and such a setup may lead to an inaccurate height determination under dynamic surveying conditions, e.g., rotating antenna of the mobile receiver.

Secondary Education in COVID Lockdown: More Anxious and Less Creative-Maybe Not?

Secondary education around the world has been significantly disrupted by covid-19. Students have been forced into new ways of independent learning, often using remote technologies, but without the social nuances and direct teacher interactions of a normal classroom environment. Using data from the School Attitudes Survey-which surveys students regarding the perceived level of difficulty, anxiety level, self-efficacy, enjoyability, subject relevance, and opportunities for creativity with regards to each of their school subjects-this study examines students' responses to this disruption from two very different schools with two very different experiences of the pandemic. This paper reports on the composite attitudinal profiles of students in the senior secondary levels at each school (Years 10-12, n = 834). The findings challenged our expectation that the increased difficulty and anxiety caused by the disruption would reduce perceived opportunities for creativity. Indeed, our analyses showed that the students at both schools demonstrated generally positive attitudes toward their learning and strongly associated opportunities for creativity with other attitudinal constructs including enjoyability, subject relevance, and self-efficacy. These complex associations made by the students appear to have buffered the impacts of the disruption, and they may even have supported creative resilience.

Incorporating interaction terms in multivariate linear regression for post-event flood waste estimation.

Multivariate linear regression methodology has been conceived as a viable technique in flood waste estimation. The fundamental assumption of the conventional flood waste model, independence between input variables, may not work in reality. As an alternative, we evaluated the effectiveness of including interaction terms in flood waste modeling. The secondary objectives include to suggest the strategy in flood waste mitigation and to explore a plausible explanation to the modeling results. In the scheme of model development and assessment, ninety flood cases in South Korea were statistically analyzed. Input variables for regression analysis were selected from available datasets in the national disaster information system and the selected variables were flood damage variables used to quantify the amount of flood waste. According to the results, incorporating the interaction terms improved the estimation accuracy of the model. The single-variable sensitivity analysis revealed that mitigating damage to rivers and croplands would most efficiently reduce potential flood waste generation. The interaction terms appeared to compensate for the over/underestimated waste amounts by single terms, and they explained the nonlinear response of waste generation. Observations made throughout the field survey revealed that the nonlinear and interactive pattern of flood waste generation corresponded to the results from the regression analysis. In a practical aspect, incorporating the interaction terms would be an effective method to enhance the flood waste estimation model without costly works for further variables exploration.

Combining Wearable Devices and Mobile Surveys to Study Child and Youth Development in Malawi: Implementation Study of a Multimodal Approach.

BACKGROUND: Multimodal approaches have been shown to be a promising way to collect data on child development at high frequency, combining different data inputs (from phone surveys to signals from noninvasive biomarkers) to understand children's health and development outcomes more integrally from multiple perspectives. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to describe an implementation study using a multimodal approach combining noninvasive biomarkers, social contact patterns, mobile surveying, and face-to-face interviews in order to validate technologies that help us better understand child development in poor countries at a high frequency. METHODS: We carried out a mixed study based on a transversal descriptive analysis and a longitudinal prospective analysis in Malawi. In each village, children were sampled to participate in weekly sessions in which data signals were collected through wearable devices (electrocardiography [ECG] hand pads and electroencephalography [EEG] headbands). Additionally, wearable proximity sensors to elicit the social network were deployed among children and their caregivers. Mobile surveys using interactive voice response calls were also used as an additional layer of data collection. An end-line face-to-face survey was conducted at the end of the study. RESULTS: During the implementation, 82 EEG/ECG data entry points were collected across four villages. The sampled children for EEG/ECG were 0 to 5 years old. EEG/ECG data were collected once a week. In every session, children wore the EEG headband for 5 minutes and the ECG hand pad for 3 minutes. In total, 3531 calls were sent over 5 weeks, with 2291 participants picking up the calls and 984 of those answering the consent question. In total, 585 people completed the surveys over the course of 5 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: This study achieved its objective of demonstrating the feasibility of generating data through the unprecedented use of a multimodal approach for tracking child development in Malawi, which is one of the poorest countries in the world. Above and beyond its multiple dimensions, the dynamics of child development are complex. It is the case not only that no data stream in isolation can accurately characterize it, but also that even if combined, infrequent data might miss critical inflection points and interactions between different conditions and behaviors. In turn, combining different modes at a sufficiently high frequency allows researchers to make progress by considering contact patterns, reported symptoms and behaviors, and critical biomarkers all at once. This application showcases that even in developing countries facing multiple constraints, complementary technologies can leverage and accelerate the digitalization of health, bringing benefits to populations that lack new tools for understanding child well-being and development.

Formative encounters: Colonial data collection on land and law in German Micronesia.

Data collections are a hallmark of nineteenth-century administrative knowledge making, and they were by no means confined to Europe. All colonial empires transferred and translated these techniques of serialised and quantified information gathering to their dominions overseas. The colonial situation affected the encounters underlying vital statistics, enquête methods and land surveying. In this paper, two of those data collections will be investigated-a survey on land and a survey on indigenous law, both conducted around 1910 on the Micronesian island of Pohnpei, which had fallen under German colonial influence a decade earlier. Strikingly, there are no enumerators or envoys of the state visiting the doorsteps of Pohnpei. To facilitate the data collection on homesteads, the whole population of the island was called upon to measure their respective plots of land themselves, without resorting to certified land surveyors. The preserved cadastral lists and spreadsheets testify to a rather peculiar contact between the colonizing administration and the colonized peoples. I argue that the production of data made encounters necessary, which are best observed though a methodological focus on data practices. I argue, furthermore, that the Pohnpeians were prompted during the surveys to define their homestead in new terms. This did not only entail new two-dimensional plots but also a new regime of private property. The change in the legal concept can be seen as a continuation of colonial violence by other means, given that it happened in the aftermath of the defeated Pohnpei Rebellion. The argument of the paper is, therefore, that data collection can have formative effects on society, and that measurement and quantified information are often, as Witold Kula argued, a scene of conflict. At its core, the installation of these metric regimes signified a change in patterns of justification, resource management and the unwritten constitution of the Pacific island.

A low-cost, mobile real-time kinematic geolocation service for engineering and research applications.

Centimetre accurate geolocation service is beneficial to a wide range of applications, ranging from sports engineering, civil infrastructure, autonomous vehicles, surveying to digitisation of historically significant structures. Previously, these features were confined to prohibitively expensive commercial hardware, requiring technical knowledge and experience to operate. Continued technological advancements have seen the miniaturisation of electronics and antennas, coupled with an increase in the number and performance of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) by various nations and organisations, providing global signal coverage. This paper demonstrates a low-cost, mobile, real-time kinematic (RTK) geolocation service for engineering and research applications, fabricated from components readily available from commercial suppliers. This solution, consisting of a mobile RTK base station and RTK rover, provides centimetre-accuracy performance up to a distance of 15 km away from the base station. Correction data is transmitted over the internet using free and open software solutions. The small footprint of both the RTK base station and RTK rover, provides versatile applications even in remote locations. The performance of the geolocation service is validated using field experiments, comparing measurements against state-of-the-art photogrammetry, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and digital level measurement technologies. The authors encourage the adoption of the RTK geolocation solution based on the calibrated results.