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INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: Dysphagia is a disorder that presents with specific signs and symptoms in critically ill patients. Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses are responsible for monitoring and detecting abnormalities in critically ill patients, so they must be trained to assess swallowing and the complications that may arise. The aim of this research is to analyse the dynamics of the detection and assessment of dysphagia by ICU nurses. METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study using an electronic questionnaire to nurses from different Spanish ICUs. The survey was adapted from previous research and consisted of 6 sections with 30 items of qualitative questions. The collection period was between December 2022 and March 2023. Statistical analysis was performed using frequencies and percentages, and the Chi-Square test was used for bivariate analysis. OUTCOMES: 43 nurses were recruited. Dysphagia is considered an important problem (90,7%) but in 50,3% of the units there is no standard or care protocol for this disorder. The most common technique is the swallowing test (32,6%). There is a consensus in our sample that aspiration pneumonia is the main problem; however, nurses in the busiest care units consider sepsis to be a frequent complication (p = ,029). The most common treatment is modification of food consistency (86,0%). CONCLUSION: The findings of this research show a low systematisation of dysphagia screening in the units included. There is a need for greater implementation of interventions and clinical protocols for monitoring complications as well as for compensatory and rehabilitative management.
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RESUMEN Introducción. El reflejo nauseoso es un mecanismo de protección que impide que alimentos y agentes no deseados penetren en la vía aérea inferior. Usualmente, hace parte del examen físico de la deglución para detectar la disfagia orofaríngea, pero es un signo potencialmente ambiguo. Objetivo. Evaluar el valor diagnóstico del reflejo nauseoso en pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica y en pacientes sin ella. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico, en pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica (casos) y en personas sin disfagia (controles), en el cual se evaluó por visualización directa la ausencia o la presencia del reflejo nauseoso de forma bilateral. Este resultado se ajustó por sexo, edad y otras variables de interacción. Resultados. Se evaluaron 86 pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica y 80 personas sin ella. En el examen físico de la deglución, la presencia del reflejo mostró una relación positiva con los pacientes (lado derecho: OR = 3,97; IC95%: 2,01-7,84; lado izquierdo: OR = 4,84; IC95%: 2,41-9,72), pero una asociación negativa con los controles. En ambos grupos, ni el sexo ni la edad, ni otras variables de interacción modificaron el reflejo nauseoso. Conclusiones. La ausencia o la presencia del reflejo nauseoso no confirma ni excluye la existencia de una disfagia orofaríngea por causas neurológicas o neuromusculares; por lo tanto, no es recomendable que los profesionales de la salud se fíen del resultado de este reflejo. Los médicos tratantes deben ir más allá de una simple revisión del reflejo nauseoso, incluso en pacientes neurológicos en quienes se supone que debería estar ausente.
ABSTRACT Introduction. The gag reflex is a protection mechanism that prevents food and unwanted agents from entering the lower airways. It is usually part of the physical examination of swallowing to detect oropharyngeal dysphagia, but it is a potentially ambiguous sign. Objective. To evaluate the diagnostic value of the gag reflex in patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia and adults without it. Materials and methods. We conducted an analytical observational study in patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia (cases) and patients without dysphagia (controls). We evaluated the absence or presence of the reflex bilaterally, by direct visualization, and adjusted it according to sex, age, and other interaction variables. Results. We included 86 patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia and 80 control subjects. The gag reflex on swallowing physical examination showed a positive relationship with the patients (right side: OR = 3.97; 95 % CI: 2.01-7.84; left side: OR = 4.84; 95 % CI: 2.41-9.72), but a negative association with the control group. In both groups, neither sex, nor age, nor other interaction variables modified the gag reflex. Conclusions. The gag reflex absence or presence does not confirm or exclude the existence of oropharyngeal dysphagia due to neurological and neuromuscular causes. Therefore, health professionals must not rely on this reflex. Clinicians must go beyond a simple reflex revision, even in neurological patients where it is supposed to be absent.
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La traqueostomía es un procedimiento quirúrgico enfocado en brindar una vía de respiración alterna, en el que sus mayores consecuencias son las afectaciones comunicativas y deglutorias. La evaluación e intervención fonoaudiológica es indispensable dentro del proceso de rehabilitación de pacientes traqueostomizados, teniendo en cuenta las secuelas comunicativas, deglutorias y de fonación asociadas a este procedimiento. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo destacar el rol y actuar fonoaudiológico dentro de la restauración de las funciones alteradas en el caso de una paciente femenina con traqueostomía, quien acude al servicio de urgencias de un hospital público de Bogotá, Colombia. Se aplicaron pruebas estandarizadas y subjetivas para la valoración fonoaudiológica, estableciendo así el plan de manejo enfocado en la restauración de la deglución y la fonación, así como la intervención para el mantenimiento del estado orofacial, sensibilidad y movilidad de las estructuras. Se evidenciaron mejoras en la efectividad y seguridad deglutoria, una exitosa adaptación de válvula fonatoria y mantenimiento de habilidades de lenguaje y cognición, preservando el estado comunicativo. En conclusión, este estudio de caso brinda un aporte significativo con respecto a la importancia del actuar fonoaudiológico, la aplicación de conocimientos y estrategias basadas en la literatura y el análisis, evaluación e intervención.
Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure focused on providing an alternate breathing path, in which its greatest consequences are communication and swallowing impairments.Speech therapy evaluation and intervention is essential within the rehabilitation process of tracheostomized patients, taking into account the swallowing and phonatory consequences associated. The aim of this article is to highlight the role and actions of the speech language therapist in the restoration of altered functions in the case of a female patient with atracheostomy, who went to the emergency department of a public hospital in Bogotá,Colombia, due to swallowing disorders. Standardized and subjective tests were applied for speech therapy assessment. The management plan was developed focused on the restoration of swallowing and phonatory function as well as the intervention to maintain the orofacial state, sensitivity and mobility of the structures. Improvements were evident in swallowing effectiveness and safety, a successful adaptation of the speaking valve and maintenance of language and cognition skills, preserving the communicative state. In conclusion, this case study provides a significant contribution regarding regarding the importance of the speech therapist role, the application of knowledge and strategies based on literature and analysis, evaluation and intervention.
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Introducción: La disfagia resulta de varios mecanismos fisiopatológicos donde sus síntomas no son estáticos ni homogéneos en las personas, especialmente cuando existe disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica. Objetivo: Conocer la percepción y comportamiento en el tiempo de síntomas de disfagia mediante el instrumento Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) en pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica, con el fin de visualizar la dinámica clínica de esta forma de disfagia. Metodología: Estudio observacional tipo cohorte en pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica de causas neurológicas y neuromusculares, con seguimiento a tres y seis meses y diligenciamiento del EAT-10 al momento basal, tercer y sexto mes. Resultados: Un total de 90 personas con evaluación basal, de las cuales el 56,7 % (51/90) lograron seguimiento al tercer mes y 25,6 % (23/90) al sexto mes. Los síntomas de disfagia con mayor autopercepción en los tres momentos fueron la dificultad para tragar sólidos, sensación de comida pegada en garganta y tos al comer. La odinofagia no fue un síntoma habitualmente percibido. La puntuación total del EAT-10 estuvo entre 16,61 ± 9 y 18,1 ± 9,5 puntos en general. En pacientes con seguimiento completo se observó variación en la autopercepción para tragar líquidos y pastillas. Se observó variación del puntaje al ajustarlo por recepción de terapias. Discusión: Las enfermedades neurológicas y neuromusculares impactan directamente la deglución con gravedad entre leve a profunda, donde la autopercepción de síntomas deglutorios es dinámica, pero con síntomas cardinales de disfagia orofaríngea en el tiempo. Conclusiones: El reconocimiento y seguimiento de síntomas de disfagia deben ser aspectos usuales en la atención de pacientes con enfermedades neurológicas y neuromusculares.
Introduction: Dysphagia results from several pathophysiological mechanisms where its symptoms are not static or homogeneous in people, especially when there is neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia. Objective: To know the perception and behavior over time of symptoms of dysphagia using the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) in patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia to visualize the clinical dynamics of this form of dysphagia. Methodology: Observational cohort study in patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia of neurological and neuromuscular causes with, follow-up at three and six months, and completion of the EAT-10 at baseline, third and sixth month. Results: A total of 90 people with baseline evaluation were included, of whom 56.7% (51/90) achieved follow-up at the third month and 25.6% (23/90) at the sixth month. Symptoms of dysphagia with greater self-perception at all three moments were difficulty swallowing solids, sensation of food stuck in the throat and coughing when eating. Odynophagia was not a commonly perceived symptom. The total score of the EAT-10 was between 16.61±9 and 18.1±9.5 points in general. In patients with complete follow-up, variation in self-perception of swallowing liquids and pills was observed. Variation of the score when adjusting for the reception of therapies. Discussion: Neurological and neuromuscular diseases directly impact swallowing with mild to profound severity, where self-perception of swallowing symptoms is dynamic, but with cardinal symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia over time. Conclusions: The recognition and monitoring of dysphagia symptoms should be usual aspects in the care of patients with neurological and neuromuscular diseases.
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Resumo Enquadramento: Existe evidência de que a sistematização da abordagem terapêutica à pessoa com deglutição comprometida após o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) tem um impacte significativo na redução de complicações. Objetivo: Conceber e implementar uma intervenção multimodal para a implementação da evidência, na sistematização da abordagem à pessoa com deglutição comprometida. Metodologia: Projeto de melhoria contínua da qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem desenvolvido num serviço de internamento de reabilitação, em cinco fases: análise do modelo em uso, construção da intervenção, implementação, avaliação e partilha dos resultados. Para a recolha de dados utilizaram-se a análise à documentação, a auditoria e grupos focais. Resultados: Verificou-se um incremento de 39,59% nos focos de enfermagem identificados e de 45,33% de intervenções, assim como a transposição para a prática da evidência ao nível da avaliação, da sistematização das práticas, acompanhamento durante as refeições e higiene oral. Conclusão: Este projeto contribuiu para a transposição do conhecimento para a prática, nomeadamente para o sucesso do plano terapêutico da pessoa alvo dos cuidados, concretamente no âmbito da deglutição comprometida.
Abstract Background: Evidence shows that systematizing the therapeutic approach to patients with post-stroke dysphagia reduces complications significantly. Objective: To design and implement a multimodal intervention to systematize an evidence-based approach to patients with dysphagia. Methodology: A continuous quality improvement project for nursing care was implemented in a rehabilitation inpatient unit in five phases: analysis of the model in use, design of the intervention, implementation, assessment, and dissemination of results. Data were collected through documentary analysis, audits, and focus groups. Results: There was an increase of 39.59% in the identified nursing foci and 45.33% in interventions. The translation of evidence into practice was also observed at the level of assessment, systematization of practices, and monitoring during meals and oral hygiene. Conclusion: This Project contributed to translating knowledge into practice, particularly concerning the success of the therapeutic plan, specifically in terms of dysphagia, for patients being cared for.
Resumen Marco contextual: Está demostrado que la sistematización del enfoque terapéutico de las personas con trastorno de la deglución tras un accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) tiene un impacto significativo en la reducción de las complicaciones. Objetivo: Diseñar e implementar una intervención multimodal para aplicar la evidencia en la sistematización del enfoque de la persona con trastorno de la deglución. Metodología: Proyecto de mejora continua de la calidad de los cuidados de enfermería desarrollado en una unidad hospitalaria de rehabilitación, en cinco fases: análisis del modelo en uso, diseño de la intervención, implementación, evaluación y puesta en común de los resultados. Los datos se recogieron mediante análisis de documentos, auditorías y grupos de discusión. Resultados: Se observa un incremento del 39,59% en los focos de enfermería identificados y del 45,33% en las intervenciones, así como la transposición a la práctica de la evidencia a nivel de la evaluación, la sistematización de las prácticas, el seguimiento durante las comidas y la higiene bucodental. Conclusión: Este proyecto contribuyó a la transposición de los conocimientos a la práctica, es decir, al éxito del plan terapéutico para la persona atendida, concretamente en el contexto del trastorno de la deglución.
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Tradicionalmente, el inicio de nutrición enteral, luego de una gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (GEP) se realiza entre 12 a 24 horas. Diferentes investigaciones sugieren que iniciarla más temprano podría ser una opción segura. El objetivo es determinar si el inicio de nutrición enteral a las 4 horas después de realizar GEP es una conducta segura en cuanto al riesgo de intolerancia, complicaciones o muerte, comparado con iniciarla a las 12 horas. Realizamos un estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado, multicéntrico en instituciones de tercer y cuarto nivel de Bogotá y Cundinamarca, entre junio de 2020 y mayo de 2022, se incluyeron 117 pacientes que fueron aleatorizados en 2 grupos, el grupo A de inicio temprano de nutrición (4 horas), y el grupo B de inicio estándar (12 horas). El mecanismo más frecuente de disfagia fue la enfermedad cerebrovascular (43%), seguido por complicaciones de infección por COVID-19 (26%). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos evaluados respecto al porcentaje de intolerancia a la nutrición, RR = 0,93 (IC 0,30-2,90), tampoco hubo diferencias en términos de complicaciones posoperatorias, (RR) = 0,34 (IC 0,09-1,16), y no se encontraron diferencias en la mortalidad entre los grupos evaluados, (RR) = 1,12 (IC 0,59 - 2,15). En conclusión, el inicio de nutrición a través de la gastrostomía de forma temprana, 4 horas después de la realización de la GEP es una conducta segura que no se relaciona con una mayor intolerancia a la nutrición, complicaciones o muerte, en comparación con un inicio más tardío.
Traditionally, the initiation of enteral nutrition after a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is performed between 12 and 24 hours. Different research suggests that early initiation might be a safe option. Our aim was to determine whether starting enteral nutrition 4 hours after performing PEG is a safe practice in terms of risk of intolerance, complications, or death, compared to starting it at 12 hours. We carried out a prospective, randomized, multicenter study in third and fourth level institutions in Bogotá and Cundinamarca, between June 2020 and May 2022, 117 patients were included who were randomized into 2 groups, group A with early nutrition initiation (4 hours), and standard group B (12 hours). The most frequent mechanism of dysphagia was cerebrovascular disease (43%), followed by complications of COVID19 infection (26%). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups evaluated regarding the percentage of intolerance to nutrition, RR = 0.93 (CI 0.30-2.90), there were also no differences in terms of postoperative complications, (RR) = 0.34 (CI 0.09-1.16), and no differences were found in mortality between the evaluated groups, (RR) = 1.12 (CI 0.59-2.15). In conclusion, early initiation of nutrition through the gastrostomy, 4 hours after performing the PEG, is a safe behavior that is not related to greater intolerance to nutrition, complications, or death, compared to later initiation.
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Introduction: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) is widely recognized as the standard surgical treatment for esophageal achalasia. However, there is a lack of local data regarding the clinical characteristics of patients and the outcomes of this intervention. Methodology: This retrospective study analyzed patients who underwent LHM over an eight-year period. Demographic, operative, and postoperative variables were assessed. The Eckardt score was used to compare symptoms before and after the intervention. Continuous variables were presented as means. Results: Among the 39 patients assessed, 27 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 51% were male, with an average age of 48 years. The average lower esophageal sphincter pressure was 36 mmHg. The mean operative time and bleeding were 133 minutes and 34 mL, respectively. The average length of the myotomy was 8.3 cm. Partial fundoplication was performed in all cases, and intraoperative endoscopy was conducted in 88% of the cases. Two intraoperative mucosal perforations occurred. The average length of hospital stay was 2.7 days. There was one medical complication but no mortality. Dysphagia significantly improved by 95%, and the mean Eckardt score decreased from 7.7 to 1.2 after surgery (p < 0.001). The average follow-up period was 24 months. Conclusion: LHM with partial fundoplication proves to be an effective and safe procedure for treating achalasia. It results in the resolution of dysphagia in 95% of cases and carries minimal morbidity. Therefore, LHM should be considered the definitive treatment of choice for achalasia.
Introducción: la miotomía de Heller laparoscópica (MHL) se considera el tratamiento quirúrgico estándar en acalasia esofágica. A nivel local se desconocen las características clínicas de los pacientes y los resultados de la intervención. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo que incluye pacientes llevados a MHL durante un periodo de 8 años. Se analizaron variables demográficas, operatorias y posoperatorias. Mediante el puntaje de Eckardt se compararon síntomas antes y después de la intervención. Las variables continuas se expresan en promedios. Resultados: 27 de 39 pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El 51% fueron hombres y el promedio de edad fue de 48 años. La presión promedio del esfínter esofágico inferior fue de 36 mm Hg. El promedio de tiempo operatorio y sangrado fue de 133 minutos y 34 mL, respectivamente. La longitud promedio de la miotomía fue de 8,3 cm. Se adicionó funduplicatura parcial en todos los casos y en el 88% se realizó una endoscopia intraoperatoria. Se presentaron 2 perforaciones intraoperatorias de la mucosa. El promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue 2,7 días. Hubo una complicación médica y ninguna mortalidad. La disfagia mejoró en el 95% y el promedio del puntaje de Eckardt disminuyó de 7,7 a 1,2 luego de cirugía (p < 0,001). El seguimiento fue de 24 meses en promedio. Conclusión: la MHL con funduplicatura parcial es un procedimiento efectivo y seguro para el tratamiento de la acalasia. Se asocia a resolución de la disfagia en el 95% de los casos, su morbilidad es mínima y debe considerarse el tratamiento definitivo de elección.
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Introdução: Disfagia é um distúrbio de deglutição com sinais e sintomas específicos, caracterizada por alterações em qualquer fase ou entre as fases da dinâmica de deglutição, de origem congênita ou adquirida, podendo gerar prejuízo pulmonar, nutricional e social. É um transtorno frequentemente encontrado no centro de tratamento intensivo (CTI). Sendo assim, a identificação precoce dos principais agentes etiológicos para transtornos de deglutição é essencial para promover uma assistência fonoaudiológica mais adequada. Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre características epidemiológicas e clínicas com o desfecho contraindicação fonoaudiológica de alimentação por via oral em pacientes internados em um CTI. Métodos: Estudo transversal que avaliou pacientes internados no CTI submetidos a avaliação clínica da deglutição no período entre outubro de 2018 e maio de 2019. O nível 1 da Escala funcional de ingestão por via oral (FOIS) foi considerado de maior risco para aspiração respiratória e comparado com os níveis FOIS 2-7. Variáveis epidemiológicas e clínicas foram obtidas a partir dos registros dos pacientes. Análises univariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas para identificar associações e efeitos entre as variáveis e o desfecho contraindicação da alimentação por via oral. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% e as análises foram realizadas no programa SPSS v.21.0. Resultados: Foram incluídos 128 pacientes (64,9% submetidos a intubação orotraqueal IOT; idade de 60 ± 15,3 anos). Pacientes com FOIS 1 permaneceram mais dias em IOT, tiveram a internação no CTI prolongada e a cada dia de internação apresentaram risco de 5% de contraindicação da alimentação por via oral na avaliação fonoaudiológica. Conclusão: Foi evidenciada associação entre maior tempo de intubação orotraqueal, além de maior tempo de internação prévio, com a contraindicação da alimentação por via oral.
Introduction: Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder with specific signs and symptoms, characterized by alterations in any phase or between phases of swallowing dynamics, of congenital or acquired origin, which can lead to pulmonary, nutritional and social damage. It is a disorder often found in the intensive care unit (ICU). Therefore, the early identification of the main etiological agents for swallowing disorders is essential to promote more adequate speech therapy assistance. Objective: To verify the association between epidemiological and clinical characteristics with the outcome speech-language pathology contraindication for oral feeding in patients admitted to an ICU. Methods: Cross-sectional study that evaluated patients admitted to the ICU who underwent clinical evaluation of swallowing between October 2018 and May 2019. Level 1 of the Functional oral intake scale (FOIS) was considered at higher risk for respiratory aspiration and compared with FOIS levels 2-7. Epidemiological and clinical variables were obtained from patient records. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify associations and effects between variables and the outcome contraindication of oral feeding. The significance level adopted was 5% and the analyses were performed using the SPSS v.21.0 program. Results: 128 patients were included (64.9% undergoing orotracheal intubation - OTI; age of 60 ± 15.3 years). Patients with FOIS 1 spent more days on OTI, had a prolonged stay in the ICU and each day of hospitalization had a 5% risk of contraindication of oral feeding in the speech-language pathology assessment. Conclusion: There was an association between longer times of orotracheal intubation, in addition to longer previous hospitalization time, with the contraindication of oral feeding.
Introducción: La disfagia es un trastorno de la deglución con signos y síntomas específicos, caracterizado por alteraciones en cualquier fase o entre fases de la dinámica de la deglución, de origen congénito o adquirido, que pueden conducir a daño pulmonar, nutricional y social. Es un trastorno que se encuentra a menudo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Por lo tanto, la identificación temprana de los principales agentes etiológicos de los trastornos de la deglución es fundamental para promover una asistencia logopédica más adecuada. Objetivo: Verificar la asociación entre las características epidemiológicas y clínicas con el desenlace fonoaudiológico contraindicación para alimentación oral en pacientes internados en una UTI. Métodos: Estudio transversal que evaluó a pacientes ingresados en UCI a quienes se les realizó evaluación clínica de la deglución entre octubre de 2018 y mayo de 2019. Nivel 1 de la Escala de ingesta oral funcional (FOIS) fue considerado de mayor riesgo para aspiración respiratoria y comparado con los niveles de FOIS 2-7. Las variables epidemiológicas y clínicas se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas de los pacientes. Se realizaron análisis univariados y multivariados para identificar asociaciones y efectos entre las variables y el resultado contraindicación de la alimentación oral. El nivel de significación adoptado fue del 5% y los análisis se realizaron con el programa SPSS v.21.0. Resultados: se incluyeron 128 pacientes (64,9% sometidos a intubación orotraqueal - IOT; edad de 60 ± 15,3 años). Los pacientes con FOIS 1 pasaron más días en OTI, tuvieron una estancia prolongada en la UCI y cada día de hospitalización tenían un 5% de riesgo de contraindicación de alimentación oral en la evaluación de patología del habla y lenguaje. Conclusión: Hubo asociación entre mayor tiempo de intubación orotraqueal, además de mayor tiempo de hospitalización previa, con la contraindicación de alimentación oral.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Transtornos de Deglutição/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Transtornos de Deglutição/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Dieta , Métodos de Alimentação , Intubação Intratraqueal/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Introdução: A traqueostomia pode impactar na deglutição e gerar alterações neurofisiológicas e mecânicas. Objetivo: Analisar a funcionalidade da deglutição em pacientes traqueostomizados internados em um hospital universitário, pré e pós intervenção fonoaudiológica por meio da análise de protocolos do serviço Protocolo Adaptado (base na escalaFOIS e Protocolo de Avaliação do Risco para Disfagia PARD). Método: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, analítico observacional, de abordagem quantitativa. Analisados 114 protocolos de avaliação da deglutição, verificou-se o grau de disfagia conforme a classificação de O'Neile escala FOIS em um período de quatro anos. Pesquisa aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Instituição (29894920.5.0000.5349). Resultados: Após analisados os protocolos constataram-se que a maioria era do sexo masculino com média de idade de 54,55 anos. Observou-se a predominância das seguintes comorbidades prévias de saúde: pneumonia, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico. Após o acompanhamento fonoaudiológico houve melhora da biomecânica da deglutição com mais pacientes apresentando deglutição funcional um (0,9%) para 12 (10,5%), redução do número de sujeitos com disfagia grave 32 (28,1%) para 17 (14,9%) e maior ingestão por via oral 79 (69,3%) dos pacientes aumentaram o nível de ingestão oral conforme a escala FOIS. A maior parte da amostra apresentou boa tolerância à oclusão de traqueostomia e 60 (52,6%) progrediram para decanulação. Conclusão: A presença da traqueostomia impactou sobre a funcionalidade da deglutição, pois a maioria dos pacientes possuía algum grau de disfagia. Ressalta-se a importância da atuação fonoaudiológica no processo de reabilitação da deglutição, auxiliando no processo de decanulação.
Introduction: Tracheostomy may impact swallowing and generate neurophysiological and mechanical alterations. Objective: To analyze the swallowing functionality in tracheostomized patients admitted to a university hospital, before and after speech-language therapy intervention through the analysis of the service protocols - Adapted Protocol (based on the FOIS scale and Dysphagia Risk Assessment Protocol - PARD). Method: Cross-sectional, retrospective, analytical observational study, with a quantitative approach. We analyzed 114 swallowing assessment protocols, and checked the degree of dysphagia according to O'Neil's classification and FOISscale over a four-year period. Research approved by the Institution's Research Ethics Committee (29894920.5.0000.5349). Results: After analyzing the protocols it was found that the majority were male with a mean age of 54.55 years. A predominance of the following previous health comorbidities was observed: pneumonia, systemic arterial hypertension and ischemic stroke. After the speech-language therapy follow-up there was an improvement in swallowing biomechanics with more patients presenting functional swallowing - one (0.9%) to 12 (10.5%), reduction in the number of subjects with severe dysphagia - 32 (28.1%) to 17 (14.9%) and greater oral intake - 79 (69.3%) of the patients increased the level of oral intake according to the FOIS scale. Most of the sample showed good tolerance to tracheostomy occlusion and 60 (52.6%) progressed to decannulation. Conclusion: The presence of a tracheostomy had an impact on swallowing functionality, since most patients had some degree of dysphagia. We emphasize the importance of speech therapy in the swallowing rehabilitation process, helping in the decannulation process.
Introducción: La traqueotomía puede afectar la deglución y generar cambios neurofisiológicos y mecánicos. Objetivo: Analizar la funcionalidad de la deglución en pacientes traqueostomizados ingresados en un hospital universitario, antes y después de la intervención logopédica mediante el análisis de protocolos de servicio - Protocolo Adaptado (basado en la escala FOIS y Protocolo de Evaluación de Riesgos para Disfagia - PARD). Método: Estudio observacional analítico, transversal, retrospectivo, con enfoque cuantitativo. Tras analizar 114 protocolos de evaluación de la deglución, se verificó el grado de disfagia según la clasificación de O'Neil y la escala FOIS durante un período de cuatro años. Investigación aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Institución (29894920.5.0000.5349). Resultados: Tras analizar los protocolos, se encontró que la mayoría eran varones con una edad media de 54,55 años. Predominaron las siguientes comorbilidades de salud previas: neumonía, hipertensión arterial sistémica e ictus isquémico. Después del seguimiento de logopedia, hubo una mejora en la biomecánica de la deglución, con más pacientes presentando deglución funcional - uno (0,9%) a 12 (10,5%), una reducción en el número de sujetos con disfagia severa - 32 (28,1%) %) a 17 (14,9%) y mayor ingesta oral - 79 (69,3%) de los pacientes aumentaron el nivel de ingesta oral según la escala FOIS. La mayor parte de la muestra mostró buena tolerancia a la oclusión de la traqueotomía y 60 (52,6%) progresaron a decanulación. Conclusión: La presencia de traqueotomía repercutió en la funcionalidad de la deglución, ya que la mayoría de los pacientes presentaba algún grado de disfagia. Enfatiza la importancia de la logopedia en el proceso de rehabilitación de la deglución, ayudando en el proceso de decanulación.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Traqueostomia/efeitos adversos , Transtornos de Deglutição/terapia , Deglutição/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos , Protocolos Clínicos , Avaliação de Resultado de Intervenções Terapêuticas , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , FonoaudiologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: Correlacionar os dados acústicos da ausculta cervical com a atividade elétrica dos músculos envolvidos na fase faríngea da deglutição. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, aprovado em janeiro pelo CEP/UFSCPA (número 1.389.050). Todos os participantes do estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. A fase faríngea da deglutição foi avaliada por meio de ausculta cervical e eletromiografia de superfície. Os indivíduos ingeriram 90 ml de água. Os dados da ausculta foram transferidos para o DeglutiSom® software, a duração e amplitude da atividade eletromiográfica foram mensuradas durante a deglutição com aparelho de eletromiografia de superfície Miotec®. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados:Cinquenta e sete mulheres participaram deste estudo. A média de idade foi de 23,4 anos. Ressalta-se que quanto maior a frequência média do pico da ausculta, menor é a média do pico do músculo supra-hióideo e quanto maior a intensidade, maior é o pico, assim como a média dos picos supra-hióideos. Foi possível demonstrar que o pico de atividade do músculo supra-hióideo foi significativamente maior do que o pico de atividade do músculo infra-hióideo para a deglutição de 90 ml de água. Conclusão:Os parâmetros acústicos da deglutição em indivíduos saudáveis estão correlacionados com a atividade elétrica dos músculos envolvidos na fase faríngea da deglutição.
Objective: Correlate the acoustic data of cervical auscultation to the electrical activity of the muscles involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study involving a quantitative approach and was approved on January by CEP/UFSCPA (number 1.389.050). All participants of the study signed an informed consent form. The pharyngeal phase of swallowing was assessed by employing auscultation and surface electromyography. Individuals ingested 90 ml of water. The auscultation data were transferred to DeglutiSom® software, the duration and amplitude of electromyographic activity was measured during swallowing using a Miotec® surface electromyography device. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results: Fifty-seven women participated in this study. The average age was 23.4 years on average. It must be highlighted that the greater the average peak frequency of auscultation, lower was the average peak of the suprahyoid muscle and the greater the intensity, the greater was the peak, as well as the average of the suprahyoid peaks. It was possible to demonstrate that the peak of suprahyoid muscle activity was significantly higher than the peak of infra hyoid muscle activity for swallowing 90 ml of water. Conclusion: The acoustic swallowing parameters in healthy individuals are correlated with the electrical activity of muscles involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
Objetivo: Correlacionar los datos acústicos de la auscultación cervical con la actividad eléctrica de los músculos involucrados en la fase faríngea de la deglución. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal, de abordaje cuantitativo y aprobado en enero por CEP/UFSCPA (número 1.389.050). Todos los participantes del estudio firmaron un formulario de consentimiento informado. La fase faríngea de la deglución se evaluó mediante auscultación y electromiografía de superficie. Los individuos ingirieron 90 ml de agua. Los datos de auscultación fueron cargados em el software DeglutiSom®, la duración y la amplitud de la actividad electromiográfica se midió durante la deglución utilizando un dispositivo de electromiografía de superficie Miotec®. El nivel de significancia adoptado fue del 5%. Resultados: Cincuenta y siete mujeres participaron en este estudio. La edad promedio fue 23,4 años. Cabe destacar que a mayor frecuencia de pico promedio de auscultación, menor fue el pico promedio del músculo suprahioideo y a mayor intensidad, mayor fue el pico, así como el promedio de los picos suprahioideos. Fue posible demostrar que el pico de actividad del músculo suprahioideo era significativamente más alto que el pico de actividad del músculo infrahioideo para tragar 90 ml de agua. Conclusión: Los parámetros de deglución acústica en individuos sanos se correlacionan con la actividad eléctrica de los músculos involucrados en la fase faríngea de la deglución.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Auscultação , Deglutição/fisiologia , Eletromiografia , Correlação de Dados , Faringe , Estudos Transversais , DeglutiçãoRESUMO
Introdução: No câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP), as sequelas relacionadas aos tratamentos e à própria localização do tumor podem trazer alterações físicas e funcionais, com impacto na qualidade de vida (QV) destes pacientes. Objetivo: mensurar o impacto do câncer de boca sobre a qualidade de vida relacionada à deglutição e saúde bucal em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço, após tratamento médico com radioterapia e/ou cirurgia. Métodos: participaram do estudo dez pacientes em pós-tratamento médico para o CCP e que foram submetidos aos questionários de qualidade de vida M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDAD),Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) e Questionário de Qualidade de Vida da Universidade de Washington(UW-QOL). Resultados: Os resultados dos domínios emocional e funcional do protocolo MDADI demonstraram médias positivas, enquanto o domínio físico apresentou médias que demonstraram baixo funcionamento do dia-a-dia e qualidade de vida. A partir do questionário OHIP-14, verificou-se que 40% dos participantes foram classificados com alto índice de impacto na saúde bucal. As dimensões ''desconforto psicológico'' e ''deficiência'' impactam negativamente na QV dos pacientes. "Atividade'' e "saliva" foram os problemas mais relatados, mostrando que, ''saliva'', ''humor'' e ''mastigação'' foram os três domínios mais importantes na visão dos pacientes, verificado a partir do protocolo UW-QOL. Conclusão: Apesar do número reduzido de pacientes e da heterogeneidade de localização dos tumores, os resultados demonstram que o CCP e as sequelas de seu tratamento podem impactar de maneira significativa a QV dos pacientes em diversos domínios.
Introducción: En el cáncer de cabeza y cuello (CCC), las secuelas relacionadas con el tratamiento y la propia localización del tumor pueden traer cambios físicos y funcionales, con impacto en la calidad de vida (CV) de estos pacientes. Objetivo: medir el impacto del cáncer bucal en la calidad de vida relacionada con la deglución y la salud bucal en pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello después del radioterapia y/o cirurgía. Metodos: participaron del estudio diez pacientes en postratamiento médico por cáncer de cabeza y cuello y fueron sometidos a cuestionarios de calidad de vida M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI), Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) y cuestionario de calidad de vida de la Universidad de Washington (UW-QOL). Resultados: Los resultados de los dominios emocional y funcional del protocolo MDADI mostraron medias positivas, mientras que el dominio físico mostró medias que evidenciaron bajo funcionamiento cotidiano y calidad de vida. Del cuestionario OHIP-14 se encontró que 40% de los participantes fueron clasificados como de alto impacto en la salud bucal. Las dimensiones "malestar psicológico" y "discapacidad" tienen un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. "Actividad" y "saliva" fueron los problemas más reportados, mostrando que "saliva", "estado de ánimo" y "masticar" eran los tres dominios más importantes en la opinión de los pacientes verificado a partir del protocolo UW-QOL. Conclusión: A pesar del pequeño número de pacientes y la heterogeneidad de la localización del tumor, los resultados demuestran que el CCP y las secuelas de su tratamiento pueden impactar significativamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes en varios dominios.
Introduction: In head and neck cancer (HNC), the sequelae related to the treatment and the location of the tumor itself can bring physical and functional changes, with an impact on the quality of life (QoL) of these patients. Objective: measure the impact of oral cancer on quality of life related to swallowing and oral health in patients with head and neck cancer after radiotherapy and/or surgery. Methods: 10 patients participated on study in medical post-treatment for head and neck cancer and they were submitted the quality of life questions M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and University of Washington quality of life questionnaire (UW-QOL). Results: The results of the emotional and functional domains of the MDADI protocol showed positive means, while the physical domain showed low day-to-day functioning and quality of life means. From the OHIP-14 questionnaire, it was found that 40% of participants were hated with a high index of impact on oral health. The dimensions "psychological discomfort" and "deficiency" negatively impact on patients QOL. "Activity" and "spittle" were the problems most reported, showing that, "spittle", "humor" and "chewing" were the three most important domains on patient's view verified from the UW-QOL protocol. Conclusion: Despite the small number of patients and the heterogeneity of tumor location, the results demonstrate that the CCP and the sequelae of its treatment can significantly impact the QoL of patients in several domains.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Qualidade de Vida , Deglutição , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Bucais/psicologia , Saúde Bucal , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) occurs in children with cerebral palsy. It is important to investigate its relationship with some variables, and the objective of this study was to identify factors associated with OD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case-control study in patients with cerebral palsy from 8months to 15years of age, from November 2018 to November 2019, approved by the Ethics Committee. The diagnosis of OD was made by videofluoroscopy when there was nasopharyngeal reflux, stagnation in the vallecular sinuses, in the piriformis sinuses, penetration, and aspiration. The independent variables were type of cerebral palsy, gross motor impairment classified into five levels, nutritional status and comorbidities. One case with OD was included and the next one without alterations in videofluoroscopy was control. The variables were compared with Chi square and Student's t. The association was measured with odds ratio. The confidence interval was 95%. RESULTS: Thirty patients with OD and 30without OD were studied. Sex, age, birth weight, and gestational age had a similar distribution in the two groups. From the data perceived by the mothers at the time of feeding, the greater frequency of the difficulty in the transfer of the food bolus in the group with OD showed a statistically significant difference (P<.001) and of the studied factors, the levelV of the gross motor involvement was associated with a higher frequency of OD. CONCLUSIONS: OD was associated with level V of gross motor involvement.
Assuntos
Paralisia Cerebral , Transtornos de Deglutição , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Transtornos de Deglutição/etiologia , Humanos , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: El 94% de los pacientes con accidente cerebro vascular (ACV) tienen disfagia. Nuestro objetivo fue observar el abordaje interdisciplinario en el tratamiento del manejo de la saliva. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 69 años con diagnóstico de ACV isquémico. Traqueostomizado, con 24 días de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica invasiva. La fibrobroncoscopía de ingreso había informado un grado 3 en la escala de Langmore. Al colocársele la válvula fonatoria (VF) persistía con voz húmeda que no modificaba con la tos, teniendo reiteradas pruebas de tinción de azul (PTA) positivas. Se implementó Bromuro de Propantelina, estimulación con aire por puerto subglótico (PS) y colocación de toxina botulínica (TB). Se evaluó severidad y frecuencia de la sialorrea (SE), y cantidad de saliva por turno. Se utilizó un dispositivo de flujo continuo (FC) para su tratamiento. Posteriormente, se observó contracción en pilares anteriores y pared posterior de la faringe. La nueva PTA dio resultado negativo en sedestación y positivo en decúbito supino. Durante un mes se fue progresando la colocación de la VF hasta permanecer todo el día. Conclusión: El trabajo interdisciplinario junto a la aplicación de TB y FC, podría ser beneficioso en pacientes con ACV con alteración de la deglución y sialorrea.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Ninety four percent of stroke patients have dysphagia. The aim of our study was to describe the interdisciplinary approach to the treatment of saliva swallowing. Case presentation: A 69-year-old male patient was admitted with ischemic stroke, a tracheostomy, and 24 days on invasive mechanical ventilation. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy at admission showed a score of 3 on the Langmore scale. When a speaking valve (SV) was placed, the patient remained with a wet voice that did not change by coughing, and blue dye tests (BDT) showed repeated positive results. Propantheline bromide and botulinum toxin (BT) were administered, and air insufflation via the subglottic port (SP) was applied. The severity and frequency of sialorrhea and saliva volume per shift were evaluated. A continuous-flow (CF) device was used for treatment. Contraction was then observed in the anterior pillars and posterior wall of the pharynx. A subsequent BDT showed a negative result in sitting position and a positive result in supine position. The patient tolerated the SV for longer periods, and within a month, he was able to tolerate it for 24 hours a day. Conclusion: An interdisciplinary approach with the application of BT and CF could be beneficial in stroke patients with swallowing disorders and sialorrhea.
RESUMO
Introducción. La selección del tratamiento para pacientes con disfagia debe ba-sarse en evidencia con la mejor calidad posible. Este tratamiento puede involucrar ejercicios de rehabilitación con el objetivo de modificar la fisiología de la deglución y promover cambios a largo plazo.Objetivo. Explorar los efectos de ejercicios y maniobras destinadas a la reactivación de la función de deglución en personas con disfagia orofaríngea posterior a un acci-dente cerebrovascular, a través de publicaciones científicas existentes en los últimos diez años.Metodología. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed con los términos MeSH "Deglutition Disorders" y "Exercise Therapy", y con los términos libres "Dysphagia" y "Swallowing Therapy", combinados con el booleano de intersección "AND".Resultados. Los ejercicios con entrenamiento de resistencia de lengua al paladar, entrenamiento de la fuerza muscular espiratoria (EMST), chin tuck contra resisten-cia (CTAR), Shaker y apertura mandibular fueron los que mostraron, con mayor respaldo bibliográfico, efectos positivos en el tratamiento de la disfagia. Conclusiones. La información recopilada podría ser de utilidad clínica para guiar la selección de uno u otro procedimiento terapéutico. Se debe continuar generando evidencia relacionada con la efectividad de los ejercicios deglutorios en la disfagia orofaríngea posterior a un ACV
Introduction. The treatment selection for patients with dysphagia should be based on the best possible quality evidence. This treatment may involve rehabili-tative exercises with the aim of modifying swallowing physiology and promoting long-term changes.Objective. To explore the effects of exercises and maneuvers aimed at reactivating swallowing function in people with oropharyngeal dysphagia after a stroke, through existing scientific publications from the last ten years.Methodology. A literature review was carried out in the PubMed databases with the MeSH terms "Deglutition Disorders" and "Exercise Therapy", and with the free terms "Dysphagia" and "Swallowing Therapy", combined with the Boolean inter-section "AND".Results. The tongue-to-palate resistance training exercises, expiratory muscle strength training (EMST), chin tuck against resistance (CTAR), Shaker, and jaw opening were those that showed, with greater bibliographic support, positive effects in the treatment of dysphagia.Conclusions. The information collected could be of clinical utility to guide the selection of one or another therapeutic procedure. Evidence should continue to be generated regarding the effectiveness of swallowing exercises in oropharyngeal dys-phagia after stroke
Assuntos
Humanos , Transtornos de Deglutição , Transtornos de Deglutição/reabilitação , Deglutição , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Orofaringe , Palato , Pneumonia , Exercício Físico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Terapia por ExercícioRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenic dysphagia, defined as dysphagia caused by sarcopenia, is a swallowing disorder of great interest to the medical community. The objective of our study was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenic dysphagia in institutionalised older adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in a nursing home between September and December 2017, with 100 participants. The presence of dysphagia was assessed using the volume-viscosity clinical examination method, and the diagnostic algorithm for sarcopenic dysphagia was followed. The participants' grip strength, gait speed, calf circumference, nutritional assessment (Mini Nutritional Assessment), Barthel Index, cognitive assessment (Mini-Mental State Examination) and Charlson Comorbidity Index were evaluated. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The median age was 84 years, and 55% were women; 48% had functional dependence, 49% had positive screening for malnutrition and 64% had some degree of dysphagia. The prevalence of sarcopenic dysphagia was 45%, and the main factors related to less sarcopenic dysphagia were a good nutritional status (OR 0.85, 95% CI, 0.72-0.99) and a better functional performance status (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.98). CONCLUSION: Sarcopenic dysphagia has a high prevalence in institutionalised older adults; and functional dependence and poor nutritional status were associated with sarcopenic dysphagia.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Deglutição , Sarcopenia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Transtornos de Deglutição/epidemiologia , Feminino , Força da Mão , Humanos , Avaliação Nutricional , Sarcopenia/diagnóstico , Sarcopenia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: El trastorno de la deglución, se denomina disfagia y presenta como complicaciones fundamentales la deshidratación, desnutrición y neumonía por aspiración, situaciones que condicionan desfavorablemente el estado de salud, incrementando la morbimortalidad. En Chile, existen escasas publicaciones a la fecha que den cuenta de antecedentes clínicos que permitan describir a los pacientes con sospecha de disfagia. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados con sospecha de disfagia en el Hospital San Camilo de San Felipe, Chile. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo de 767 registros de pacientes, entre los años 2017 y 2019. Se revisó información demográfica y antecedentes clínicos. Para variables cualitativas, se utilizaron proporciones y distribuciones frecuenciales, para variables cuantitativas, se usaron medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: El 58,54% de los pacientes era de sexo masculino y el 79,4% correspondió a personas mayores (79,4%). Las patologías neurológicas representaron el diagnóstico de ingreso más frecuente (61,93%). El 14,73% presentó antecedentes de intubación endotraqueal, el 8,34% tenía traqueostomía y el 84,09% era edéntulo parcial o total. En la evaluación con alimentos, las degluciones múltiples y la presencia de tos correspondieron a las alteraciones de eficacia y seguridad más frecuentes. En el 82,01% se diagnosticó disfagia y la mayoría de etiología neurogénica (68,45%). Conclusión: El presente estudio permitió conocer las características clínicas de los pacientes con sospecha de disfagia hospitalizados. En este contexto los pacientes extubados, traqueostomizados y las personas mayores con trastornos neurológicos o patologías respiratorias se presentan como potenciales candidatos para la evaluación de deglución.
Abstract Introduction: The swallowing disorder is called dysphagia and presents complications such as dehydration, malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia, situations that unfavorably condition the state of health, increasing morbidity and mortality. In Chile, there are few publications to date that provide an account of clinical history that allow the description of patients with suspected dysphagia. Aim: To describe the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with suspected dysphagia at Hospital San Camilo de San Felipe, Chile. Material and Method: Descriptive study of 767 patient records, between the years 2017 and 2019. Demographic information and clinical history were reviewed. For qualitative variables, proportions and frequency distributions were used, for quantitative variables, measures of central tendency were used. Results: 58.54% of the patients were male and 79.4% corresponded to elderly people (79.4%). Neurological pathologies represented the most frequent admission diagnosis (61.93%). 14.73% had a history of endotracheal intubation, 8.34% had a tracheostomy, and 84.09% were partial or total edentulous. In the evaluation with food, multiple swallows and the presence of cough corresponded to the most frequent alterations in efficacy and safety. In 82.01%, dysphagia was diagnosed and the majority of neurogenic etiology (68.45%). Conclusion: The present study allowed us to describe the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with suspected dysphagia. In this context, extubated, tracheostomized patients and the elderly with neurological disorders or respiratory pathologies are presented as potential candidates for swallowing evaluation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Transtornos de Deglutição/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Distribuição por Sexo , Distribuição por IdadeRESUMO
Videofluoroscopy (VFS) is considered the best resource to evaluate swallowing disorders in their oral, pharyngeal and esophageal phases. Its introduction allowed a better understanding of the physiology of the different phases of swallowing and the changes caused by the diseases that compromise them. Take the test requires proper training, experience, and equipment. The main advantages of videofluoroscopy are: the results that can be analyzed later and repeated, the measurement of the coordination and duration of swallowing events, and the possibility of evaluation in different positions and with boluses of different volumes, consistencies and temperatures. Among the disadvantages are: exposure to radiation, the use of barium contrast (which modifies the characteristics of food and, when aspirated, can cause lung inflammation depending on the concentration and volume, and the possibility of subjectivity in the analysis ). The advancement of technology has progressively diminished these disadvantages. It is an essential examination in clinical practice that investigates, diagnoses and treats patients with dysphagia, which can cause deterioration of the phases of swallowing.
O exame videofluoroscópico (VFS) é considerado o melhor recurso para avaliação dos distúrbios da deglutição em suas (el mejor recurso para la evaluación de los problemas de deglución en sus) fases oral, faríngea e esofágica. A sua introdução permitiu o melhor conhecimento da fisiologia das diferentes fases da deglutição e das alterações provocadas por doenças que as comprometem (y de las alteraciones producidas por enfermedades que las comprometen). A realização do exame requer treinamento, experiência e equipamento adequado (La realización de este examen requiere entrenamiento, experiencia y el equipo adecuado). As principais vantagens da videofluoroscopia são: resultados passíveis de análise posterior e repetidas, mensuração da coordenação e duração dos eventos da deglutição e a possibilidade de avaliação em diversas posições e com bolos de diferentes volumes, consistências e temperatura (resultados sujetos a análisis posteriores y repeticiones, medición de la coordinación y duración de los eventos de deglución y la posibilidad de evaluación en diferentes posiciones y con bolos de diferentes volúmenes, consistencias y temperaturas). Dentre as desvantagens estão: exposição à radiação, utilização do contraste de bário, que modifica as características dos alimentos e, quando aspirado, pode causar inflamação pulmonar (Entre las desventajas están: la exposición a radicación, la utilización del contraste con bario -que modifica las características de los alimentos y que si se aspira puede causar inflamación pulmonar-) na dependência da concentração e volume, e a possibilidade de subjetividade na análise. O avanço da tecnologia tem diminuído progressivamente estas desvantagens. É um exame essencial em uma clínica que investiga, diagnostica e trata pacientes com disfagia, caracterizando o comprometimento das fases da deglutição.
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Deglutição , Tecnologia , Transtornos de Deglutição , DiagnósticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenic dysphagia, defined as dysphagia caused by sarcopenia, is a swallowing disorder of great interest to the medical community. The objective of our study was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenic dysphagia in institutionalised older adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in a nursing home between September and December 2017, with 100 participants. The presence of dysphagia was assessed using the volume-viscosity clinical examination method, and the diagnostic algorithm for sarcopenic dysphagia was followed. The participants' grip strength, gait speed, calf circumference, nutritional assessment (Mini Nutritional Assessment), Barthel Index, cognitive assessment (Mini-Mental State Examination) and Charlson Comorbidity Index were evaluated. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The median age was 84 years, and 55% were women; 48% had functional dependence, 49% had positive screening for malnutrition and 64% had some degree of dysphagia. The prevalence of sarcopenic dysphagia was 45%, and the main factors related to less sarcopenic dysphagia were a good nutritional status (OR 0.85, 95% CI, 0.72-0.99) and a better functional performance status (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.98). CONCLUSION: Sarcopenic dysphagia has a high prevalence in institutionalised older adults; and functional dependence and poor nutritional status were associated with sarcopenic dysphagia.
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Abstract Esophageal trauma is a rare but life-threatening event associated with high morbidity and mortality. An inadvertent esophageal perforation can rapidly contaminate the neck, mediastinum, pleural space, or abdominal cavity, resulting in sepsis or septic shock. Higher complications and mortality rates are commonly associated with adjacent organ injuries and/or delays in diagnosis or definitive management. This article aims to delineate the experience obtained by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia, on the surgical management of esophageal trauma following damage control principles. Esophageal injuries should always be suspected in thoracoabdominal or cervical trauma when the trajectory or mechanism suggests so. Hemodynamically stable patients should be radiologically evaluated before a surgical correction, ideally with computed tomography of the neck, chest, and abdomen. While hemodynamically unstable patients should be immediately transferred to the operating room for direct surgical control. A primary repair is the surgical management of choice in all esophageal injuries, along with endoscopic nasogastric tube placement and immediate postoperative care in the intensive care unit. We propose an easy-to-follow surgical management algorithm that sticks to the philosophy of "Less is Better" by avoiding esophagostomas.
Resumen El trauma esofágico es un evento poco frecuente pero potencialmente mortal. Una perforación esofágica inadvertida puede ocasionar la rápida contaminación del cuello, el mediastino, el espacio pleural o la cavidad abdominal, lo cual puede resultar en sepsis o choque séptico. Las complicaciones y la mortalidad aumentan con el retraso en el diagnóstico o manejo definitivo, y la presencia de lesiones asociadas. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir la experiencia adquirida por el grupo de cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali, Colombia en el manejo del trauma de esófago de acuerdo con los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Las lesiones esofágicas deben sospecharse en todo trauma toraco-abdominal o cervical en el que el mecanismo o la trayectoria de la lesión lo sugieran. El paciente hemodinámicamente estable se debe estudiar con imágenes diagnósticas antes de la corrección quirúrgica del defecto, idealmente por medio de tomografía computarizada del cuello, tórax y abdomen con contraste endovenoso. Mientras que en el paciente hemodinámicamente inestable se debe explorar y controlar la lesión. El reparo primario es el manejo quirúrgico de elección, con la previa colocación de una sonda nasogástrica y el seguimiento postoperatorio estricto en la unidad de cuidado intensivo. Se propone un algoritmo de manejo quirúrgico que resulta fácil de seguir y adopta la premisa "Menos es Mejor" evitando realizar derivaciones esofágicas.
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Introdução: O SARS-CoV-2 se estabeleceu como um dos principais agentes etiológicos de instabilidade da função pulmonar e repercussões no trato respiratório. Devido à necessidade de suporte ventilatório prolongado, pode ser observado aumento na demanda da indicação da traqueostomia. Objetivo: verificar as evidências disponíveis sobre o manejo fonoaudiológico da traqueostomia em pacientes com COVID-19, através de uma revisão breve do conhecimento atual. Método: As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados do Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science, Scopus e Google Scholar, no período de agosto de 2020, através dos descritores "tracheostomy and COVID-19", extraídos do Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e dos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS). Resultados: seis estudos foram selecionados, de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade. O processo de desmame do cuff ou troca da cânula da traqueostomia foi sugerido após resultado negativo para COVID-19. Os estudos sugerem avaliação clínica da deglutição, o uso de cânulas sem fenestra, com cuff insuflado. O uso de equipamentos de proteção individual foi fortemente indicado durante os procedimentos. Não há consenso quanto à intervenção fonoaudiológica para pacientes traqueostomizados com COVID-19. Conclusão: Esta revisão não mostrou evidências científicas sobre o manejo fonoaudiológico da traqueostomia em pacientes com COVID-19.
Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 has established itself as one of the main etiological agents of instability of pulmonary function and repercussions in the respiratory tract. Due to the need for prolonged ventilatory support, an increased demand for tracheostomy indication. Objective: to verify the available evidence on the speech therapy management of tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19, through a brief review of current knowledge. Method: Searches were carried out in the databases of Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar, in the period of August 2020, using the descriptors "tracheostomy and COVID-19", extracted from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS). Results: six studies were selected, according to the eligibility criteria. The process of weaning the cuff or changing the tracheostomy cannula was suggested after a negative result for COVID-19. Studies suggest clinical evaluation of swallowing, the use of cannulas without fenestra, with inflated cuff. The use of personal protective equipment was strongly recommended during the procedures. There is no consensus regarding speech therapy for patients with tracheostomy with COVID-19. Conclusion:This review did not show any scientific evidence on the speech therapy management of tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19.
Introducción: El SARS-CoV-2 se ha consolidado como uno de los principales agentes etiológicos de inestabilidad de la función pulmonar y repercusiones en el tracto respiratorio. Debido a la necesidad de soporte ventilatorio prolongado, una mayor demanda de indicación de traqueotomia. Objetivo: verificar la evidencia disponible sobre el manejo logopédico de la traqueotomía en pacientes con COVID-19, a través de una breve revisión de los conocimientos actuales. Método: Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science, Scopus y Google Scholar, en el período de agosto de 2020, utilizando los descriptores "traqueotomía y COVID-19", extraídos de Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) y Descriptores de Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS). Resultados: se seleccionaron seis estudios, según los criterios de elegibilidad. El proceso de destete del manguito o cambio de cánula de traqueotomía se sugirió después de un resultado negativo para COVID-19. Los estudios sugieren una evaluación clínica de la deglución, el uso de cánulas sin fenestra, con manguito inflado. Se recomienda encarecidamente el uso de equipo de protección personal durante los procedimientos. No existe consenso con respecto a la terapia del habla para pacientes con traqueotomía con COVID-19. Conclusión: Esta revisión no mostró evidencia científica sobre el manejo logopédico de la traqueotomía en pacientes con COVID-19.