First report on liquid crystal monomers in tree barks surrounding a display manufacturer: Insights for atmospheric transport and establishment of priority list.

Tree bark has been proven as an effective passive air sampler, particularly where access to active sampling methods is limited. In this study, 60 target liquid crystal monomers (LCMs; comprising 10 cyanobiphenyl and analogs (CBAs), 13 biphenyl and analogs (BAs), and 37 fluorinated biphenyl and analogs (FBAs)) were analyzed in 34 tree barks collected from the vicinity of a liquid crystal display (LCD) manufacturer situated in the Pearl River Delta, South China. The concentrations of LCMs in tree barks ranged from 1400 to 16000 ng/g lipid weight, with an average of 5900 ng/g lipid weight. Generally, bark levels of BAs exponentially decreased within 5 km of the LCD manufacturer. The profiles of LCMs in tree barks are similar to previously reported patterns in gaseous phase, suggesting bark's efficacy as a sampler for gaseous LCMs. The inclusion of different congeners in existing studies on the environmental occurrence of LCMs has hindered the horizontal comparisons. Therefore, this study established a list of priority LCMs based on environmental monitoring data and the publicly accessible production data. This list comprised 146 LCMs, including 63 REACH registered LCMs that haven't been analyzed in any study and 56 belonging to 4 types of mainstream LCMs.

Co-pyrolysis of chicken manure with tree bark for reduced biochar toxicity and enhanced plant growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Co-pyrolysis of chicken manure with tree bark was investigated to mitigate salinity and potentially toxic element (PTE) concentrations of chicken manure-derived biochar. The effect of tree bark addition (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 wt%) on the biochar composition, surface functional groups, PTEs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentration in the biochar was evaluated. Biochar-induced toxicity was assessed using an in-house plant growth assay with Arabidopsis thaliana. This study shows that PTE concentrations can be controlled through co-pyrolysis. More than 50 wt% of tree bark must be added to chicken manure to reduce the concentrations below the European Biochar Certificate-AGRO (EBC-AGRO) threshold. However, the amount of PAH does not show a trend with tree bark addition. Furthermore, co-pyrolysis biochar promotes plant growth at different application concentrations, whereas pure application of 100 wt% tree bark or chicken manure biochar results in decreased growth compared to the reference. In addition, increased plant stress was observed for 100 wt% chicken manure biochar. These data indicate that co-pyrolysis of chicken manure and tree bark produces EBC-AGRO-compliant biochar with the potential to stimulate plant growth. Further studies need to assess the effect of these biochars in long-term growth experiments.

Is a Forest Fire a Natural Disaster? Investigating the Fire Tolerance of Various Tree Species-An Educational Module.

Wildfires are unplanned conflagrations perceived as a threat by humans. However, fires are essential for the survival of fire-adapted plants. On the one hand, wildfires cause major damage worldwide, burning large areas of forests and landscapes, threatening towns and villages, and generating high levels of air pollution. On the other hand, fire-adapted plants (pyrophytes) in the fire landscapes of the Earth are able to survive exposure to heat (e.g., because of their thick bark, which protects their living tissue) and benefit from fire directly (e.g., fire initiates cone opening and seed release) or indirectly (e.g., fewer competing plants of fire-sensitive species remain, seeds germinate in the ash-fertilized soil). We present the experimental set-up and results of a fire experiment on bark samples used as a basis to assess the fire tolerance of various trees. Fire tolerance is defined as the ability of a tree to survive a surface fire (up to 200 °C and 5 min duration). The measure of the fire tolerance for a tree species is the time taken for the vascular cambium under the insulating bark to reach the critical temperature of 60 °C. Within an educational module, we provide worksheets for teachers and students enabling them to analyze the fire tolerance of various tree barks.

Sporolactobacillus mangiferae sp. nov., a spore-forming lactic acid bacterium isolated from tree bark in Thailand.

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic and endospore-forming rod-shaped bacterium, designed strain CPB3-1T, was isolated from tree bark. This homofermentative strain produced dl-lactic acid from glucose. It grew at 20-45 °C, pH 4.0-9.5 and in 0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. It contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in cell-wall peptidoglycan and had menaquinone with seven isoprene units (MK-7) as the predominant component. The major fatty acid was anteiso-C17 : 0. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unknown phospholipid and an unknown lipid. Based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CPB3-1T belonged to the genus Sporolactobacillus and was closely related to Sporolactobacillus kofuensis DSM 11701T and Sporolactobacillus spathodeae BK117-1T (both 96.7 % similarity), Sporolactobacillus inulinus NRIC 1133T and Sporolactobacillus terrae DSM 11697T (both 96.6 % similarity), and Sporolactobacillus shoreicorticis MK21-7T, Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus DSM 442T, Sporolactobacillus shoreae BK92T and Sporolactobacillus pectinivorans GD201205T (all 95.8-96.5 % similarity). The draft genome of strain CPB3-1T contained 2 930 919 bps with 3117 coding genes. The DNA G+C content was 45.1 mol%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CPB3-1T and closely related type strains were 19.2-24.0 %. The average nucleotide identity (84.0-87.6 %) and average amino acid identity (66.5-76.3 %) values were lower than the cut-off values for species delineation. Strain CPB3-1T was clearly distinguished from related Sporolactobacillus species based on its phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and the results of draft genome analysis. Therefore, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Sporolactobacillus, for which the name Sporolactobacillus mangiferae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CPB3-1T (=JCM 35082T=TISTR 10004T).

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in tree barks and tree cores of a national large-scale coal-fired power base of China: Sources, atmospheric toxicities, and pollution histories.

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are important hazardous air pollutants in China due to the country's coal-dominant energy structure. In order to reveal the pollution characteristics, sources, toxicity, and pollution historical trends of PACs in the atmosphere of the middle reach of the Huaihe River (MRHR), a large-scale coal-fired power base of China, tree barks and tree cores were collected and employed as passive air samplers and historical trend recorders, and 76 PACs were identified for the first time. ΣPACs in tree barks ranged from 170 to 3800 ng g-1 (mean = 700 ± 720 ng g-1), with the high concentrations observed mainly in the coal-mining and coal-bearing area. 16 priority PAHs (PriPAHs) were the predominant substances and accounted for 59 ± 8.3 % of ΣPACs. The combustion of coal and fuel oil was the most significant source of PACs, accounting for 43 % of ΣPACs, followed by the combustion of biomass (30 %) and non-combustion sources (27 %). Based on a bark-air partitioning model, volumetric air concentrations for ΣPACs were calculated to be 450-11,000 ng m-3 (mean = 1600 ± 2000 ng m-3). The BaP-toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQBaP) of ΣPACs (mean = 9.7 ± 15 ng m-3) were significantly higher than the Chinese guideline (1 ng m-3) and were mostly caused by coal & fuel oil combustion (55 ± 13 %). High molecular weight PACs were detected in lower percentages in tree cores than in tree barks, indicating that PACs in the particle phase were difficult to enter the tree core. Major PACs decreased in tree core samples between 2000 and 2020 as pollution control efforts improved, however, some PACs showed different trends when influenced by point sources.

Evaluation of the spatiotemporal variations of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the forests of the Himalaya and Hengduan mountains using tree bark and tree core samples.

There have been few reports of the large-scale spatial distribution and long-term historical variations of pollutants in high-altitude forests. Tree bark and tree core samples were collected from forests in the Himalaya and Hengduan mountains to determine the spatiotemporal variations of persistent organic pollutants. The average concentrations of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tree bark samples were 9.09, 0.10, 0.13, 0.11and 26 ng/g dry weight, respectively, and 1.30, 0.02, 0.17, 0.07 and 186 ng/g dry weight, respectively, in tree core samples. Higher levels of these pollutants were observed in the forests on the southern slopes of the Himalaya (Nepal) and the southern part of the Hengduan mountains (Yunnan, China). Lower concentrations of these pollutants were found in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau on the northern slopes of the Himalaya as a result of the blocking effect of these mountain ranges. The concentrations of DDTs and HCHs in Himalayan tree cores showed increasing trends from 1956 to 1975 when they were used as pesticide extensively worldwide, especially in India. Peak concentrations of DDTs, HCHs and PAHs in tree cores of Qamdo located in Hengduan Mountains were observed in 2013, which were consistent with the history of industrial and agricultural development in Sichuan. This study provides new insights into the impact of atmospheric pollutants in South and Southeast Asia.

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in the environment compartments near a mega fluorochemical industry: Implication of specific behaviors and emission estimation.

With the stringent restrictions on long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), ether-PFASs are being widely used as alternatives. We estimated that the mega fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) in Shandong, China, had emitted a maximum of 5040 kg and 1026 kg of hexafluoropropylene oxides (HFPOs), and 7560 kg and 1890 kg of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to water and air during 2021. In the surface water, groundwater, outdoor dust, soil, tree leaf and bark collected in the vicinity of the FIP, PFOA was predominant, followed by HFPOs. The much higher percentage of HFPO dimer acid (HFPO-DA) in groundwater than in surface water verified that this compound was more mobile in porous media. The strong correlations between the main PFASs in outdoor dust and surface soil suggested that the soil PFASs were mainly derived from air deposition, particularly for HFPO trimer acid (HFPO-TA), which has a stronger binding affinity with particles than PFOA. High percentage of the hydroxylated product of 6:2 polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid was observed in groundwater, implying reductive dechlorination might occur in groundwater. Strong correlations between PFASs in outdoor dust and those in tree leaf and bark magnified that tree could serve as a sampler to effectively monitor airborne PFASs. This study provides the first line of information about the discharge, transport, and fate of novel ether-PFASs in the multiple environmental media near a point source.

Occurrence, correlation, and partitioning of organophosphate esters in soil and tree bark from a megacity, Western China.

Concern over the influences of constant addition of emerging anthropogenic chemicals to the environment has become a public issue during the rapid urbanization. Here, we investigated the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil and corresponding tree bark in a megacity, Western China. Our results showed levels of OPEs in tree bark (1250 ± 573 ng/g dry weight (dw)) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those in soil (40.4 ± 30.8 ng/g dw). Rooster Mountain is a background mountain area, exhibiting significantly lower concentrations of OPEs in soil and tree bark than those in other sites with relatively high population density. This result highlights the effect of human activities on the distribution of OPEs in environmental matrices. Alkyl-OPEs were predominant compounds in soil, whereas halogenated- (Cl-) OPEs were characterized in tree bark. Furthermore, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) positively correlated with tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) in soil (r2 = 0.43, P < 0.05) while negatively correlated with TCIPP in tree bark (r2 = 0.31, P < 0.05). The ratios of logarithm concentrations of OPEs in tree bark to those in soil correlated well with logKOA values of OPEs from 6 to 10, indicating the equilibrium status was achieved between OPE partitioning in soil and in tree bark. Nevertheless, tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) with high values of logKOA deviated from this linear tendency, which was possibly due to the fact that they were subjected to the particle-bound deposition process, leading to partition into the soil.

Fire Retardancy of Cementitious Panels with Larch and Spruce Bark as Bio-Admixtures.

The aim of this study is to investigate the production of fire-resistant panels made out of bark from spruce (Picea abies), larch (Larix decidua Mill.) and cement. This research included test panels produced from bark, cement, water and cement-bonded recycling material aiming for the target density of 750 kg/m3. The physical (density, dimension stability, thickness swelling) and mechanical properties such as tensile strength and compressive strength together with fire resistance were tested. Considering the results, appealing values have been achieved: max. compressive strength: 3.42 N/mm2; max. thickness swelling: 5.48%; and density: 515 to 791 kg/m3. In principle, the properties of the produced panels depend not only on the density, but also on the hydration and, above all, on the compaction and the composition of the boards. The fire tests demonstrated that the produced panels have an enormous potential in terms of fire resistance and could be utilized for fire-retardant applications.

New Way of Synthesis of Few-Layer Graphene Nanosheets by the Self Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis Method from Biopolymers.

For the first time, few-layer graphene (FLG) nanosheets were synthesized by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) from biopolymers (glucose, starch, and cellulose). We suggest that biopolymers and polysaccharides, particularly starch, could be an acceptable source of native cycles for the SHS process. The carbonization of biopolymers under the conditions of the SHS process was chosen as the basic method of synthesis. Under the conditions of the SHS process, chemical reactions proceed according to a specific mechanism of nonisothermal branched-chain processes, which are characterized by the joint action of two fundamentally different process-accelerating factors-avalanche reproduction of active intermediate particles and self-heating. The method of obtaining FLG nanosheets included the thermal destruction of hydrocarbons in a mixture with an oxidizing agent. We used biopolymers as hydrocarbons and ammonium nitrate as an oxidizing agent. Thermal destruction was carried out in SHS mode, heating the mixture in a vessel up to 150-200 °C at a heating speed of 20-30 °C/min and keeping at this temperature for 15-20 min with the discharge of excess gases into the atmosphere. A combination of spectrometric research methods, supplemented by electron microscopy data, has shown that the particles of the carbonated product powder in their morphometric and physical parameters correspond to FLG nanosheets. An X-ray diffraction analysis of the indicated FLG nanosheets was carried out, which showed the absence of formations with a graphite crystal structure in the final material. The surface morphology was also studied, and the IR absorption features of FLG nanosheets were analyzed. It is shown that the developed SHS method makes it possible to obtain FLG nanosheets with linear dimensions of tens of microns and a thickness of not more than 1-5 graphene layers (several graphene layers).

Selected Properties of Cement Bound Spruce and Larch Bark Bio-Aggregates.

The aim of this study is to investigate the suitability of spruce and larch bark for the production of cement-bonded composites. At the beginning of this research, the curing behaviour of the admixtures was quantified with temperature profiles when testing spruce, larch, pine and poplar bark, to determine the compatibility between the components of the bio-aggregates, to analyse the cement curing and to establish which bark species should be successfully included in cement bonded composites. Considering the results, it was observed that the average densities of 600-700 kg/m3 of bio-aggregates are 40-55% lower than that of established products on the market, although spruce and larch bark are in a similar range. The situation is different for the compressive strength, as larch bark showed up to 30% higher values than spruce bark. This study revealed also different hardening characteristics of the two cement types used as binders for spruce and larch bark. The results of this study demonstrated that tree bark of Picea abies and Larix decidua Mill. can be successfully utilized for the production of a cement-bonded composite material.

Binderless Thermal Insulation Panels Made of Spruce Bark Fibres.

Tree bark is a by-product of the timber industry available in large amounts, considering that approximately 10% of the volume of a tree stem is bark. Bark is used primarily for low-value applications such as heat generation or as mulch. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first one that scrutinises thermal insulation panels made from spruce bark fibres with different densities and fibre lengths manufactured in a wet process. The insulation boards with densities between 160 and 300 kg/m3 were self-bonded. Internal bond, thermal conductivity, and dimensional stability (thickness swelling and water absorption), together with formaldehyde content, were analysed. The thermal properties of the boards were directly correlated with the density and reached about 0.044 W/m*K, while the internal bond was rather influenced by the fibre length and was relatively low (on average 0.07 N/mm2). The water absorption was high (from 55% to 380%), while the thickness swelling remained moderate (up to 23%). The results of this study have shown that widely available bark residues can be successfully utilised as an innovative raw material for efficient eco-friendly thermal insulation products.

Evaluation of the Total Mercury Weight Exposure Distribution Using Tree Bark Analysis in an Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Area, North Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia.

It is well known that atmospheric mercury (Hg) contaminates air, water, soil, and living organisms, including trees. Therefore, tree bark can be used for the environmental assessment of atmospheric contamination because it absorbs heavy metals. This study aimed to establish a new biomonitoring for the assessment of atmospheric Hg pollution. Reporting on atmospheric Hg contamination in an artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) area in North Gorontalo, Indonesia, we calculated the total weight of Hg (THg) and quantitatively measured the concentrations of Hg in the tree bark of Mangifera indica, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia catappa, and Lansium domesticum. The THg of Hg in the M. indica tree bark samples ranged from not detected (ND) to 74.6 µg dry weight (DW) per sample. The total Hg in the tree bark of S. aromaticum, T. catappa, and L. domesticum ranged from ND to 156.8, ND to 180, and ND to 63.4 µg DW, respectively. We concluded that topography significantly influences the accumulation of Hg together with local weather conditions. A mapped distribution of the THg suggested that the distribution of THg in the tree bark was not affected by the distance to the amalgamation site. Therefore, tree bark can be used as biomonitoring of atmospheric Hg contamination for the assessment of ASGM areas.

Disentangling the contributions of urban and production sources in short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin concentrations in a complex source region.

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) were measured in tree bark samples. These samples were collected around a chemical industrial park containing several chlorinated paraffin (CP) production plants, in a nearby city (Zhengzhou), and along a transect between the industrial park and city. Theoretical air concentrations were back-calculated from concentrations in bark using a predictive equation for estimating equilibrium bark-air partition coefficients. We developed this equation from a series of previously published Kbark-air measurements. Comparison of the normalized concentration profiles along south to north transects showed that wind played only a minor role in CP concentrations and profiles in the region. Three distinct source profiles were found in the complex source region. A fingerprint analysis technique was used to quantify the contribution of each source to the CP burden at various locations along the transect. We found that CP profiles at sites up to 6 km from the industrial park were strongly influenced by CP plant emissions, whereas the sites located in the rural zone and rural-urban interface were influenced by a mixture of CP plant emissions and the neighboring city.

Isolation and molecular identification of industrially important enzyme producer yeasts from tree barks and fruits.

This study aimed to identify the yeast strains associated with the tree bark samples collected from the Aegean and Marmara regions and from rotten fruit samples. Fifty-one yeast strains were successfully isolated and screened for their abilities to produce industrially important extracellular enzymes. Thirty isolates demonstrated ability to produce at least two different enzymes and were selected for subsequent molecular identification using sequence analysis of ITS region and D1/D2 domain of the 26S rDNA. The most prevalent strains belonged to Papiliotrema laurentii (%23), Papiliotrema terrestris (%13) and Candida membranifaciens (%10). Papiliotrema laurentii and Papiliotrema terrestris recorded the highest enzymatic activities for all the screened enzymes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that identifies the yeast strains associated with the tree barks of Turkey and among the limited comprehensive studies that screened considerable number of isolates for their ability to produce several industrially important enzymes.

Osmium isotope geochemistry of steel plant emissions using tree bark biomonitoring.

We report for the first time the Os isotopic composition of tree bark samples from a steel town. Osmium concentrations and 187Os/188Os isotopic ratios of ashed bark samples range from 1.40 to 24 ppt and 0.70 to 1.54, respectively, with the lowest 187Os/188Os recorded in samples close to the steel plant. Compositional variations in the bark samples can be explained by mixing between at least two sources with different Os isotopic signatures: a radiogenic source consistent with crust-derived materials and a relatively less radiogenic source consistent with mantle-derived chromite. The exact origin of the radiogenic Os component cannot be constrained, as background signatures and crustal materials used in the steel industry (e.g., coal and iron ore) likely have overlapping radiogenic signatures. Cr shows a similar distribution pattern to Os, indicating that both metals have a common origin, which provides further evidence that the Os budget in the bark samples is controlled primarily by the chromite used in the steel manufacturing. This study shows that Os isotopes are an effective tool for tracing steel production-related emissions.

Bark Thermal Insulation Panels: An Explorative Study on the Effects of Bark Species.

Tree bark is a byproduct of the timber industry which accrues in large amounts, because approximately 10% of the volume a log is bark. Bark is used primarily for low-value applications such as fuel or as a soil covering material in agriculture. Within the present study, thermal insulation panels made from larch, pine, spruce, fir and oak tree bark with different resins (urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, Quebracho, Mimosa) as a binder are discussed. Also, the properties of panels made from larch bark mixed with industrial popcorn are investigated. The physical-mechanical properties of the panels, which are dependent on panel density, bark species, resin type, resin content and particle size, are analyzed. The bark species has a minor effect on the mechanical characteristics of the panels, while the compression ratio is important for the panel strength, and hence, barks with lower bulk density are preferable. Under laboratory conditions, panels made with green tannin resins proved to have adequate properties for practical use. The addition of popcorn is a means to lower the panel density, but the water absorption of such panels is comparably high. The bark type has a minor effect on the thermal conductivity of the panels; rather, this parameter is predominantly affected by the panel density.

Spirosoma telluris sp. nov. and Spirosoma arboris sp. nov. isolated from soil and tree bark, respectively.

Two novel strains (HMF3257T and HMF4905T), isolated from freshwater and bark samples, were investigated to determine their relationships within and between species of the genus Spirosoma by using a polyphasic approach. They were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacteria. The major fatty acids (>10%) in both strains were identified as summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 1 ω5c, while strains HMF3257T and HMF4905T contained a moderately high amount of C16 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0, respectively. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7 for both strains. In addition to phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified glycolipid, the polar lipid profile of strain HMF3257T consisted of three unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified polar lipids, and that of strain HMF4905T consisted of one unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C contents of strains HMF3257T and HMF4905T were 47.2 and 46.4 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains HMF3257T and HMF4905T are closely related to Spirosoma migulaei 15J9-8T (97.0 % sequence similarity), while sharing 97.4 % sequence similarity with each other. The average nucleotide identity value between strains HMF3257T and HMF4905T was 81.1 %, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization value between these two strains was 24.4 %. Based on the above data, strains HMF3257T and HMF4905T represent two novel members within the genus Spirosoma, for which the names Spirosoma telluris sp. nov. and Spirosoma arboris sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of S. telluris is HMF3257T (=KCTC 62463T=NBRC 112670T) and type strain of S. arboris is HMF4905T (=KCTC 72779T=NBRC 114270T).

Hymenobacter ginkgonis sp. nov., isolated from bark of Ginkgo biloba.

Strain HMF4947T, isolated from the bark of a ginkgo tree, was a pale-pink coloured, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium. The isolate grew optimally on Reasoner's 2A agar at 30 °C, pH 7.0 and with 0 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HMF4947T belonged to the genus Hymenobacter and was most closely related to Hymenobacter metalli A2-91T (96.9 % sequence similarity) and Hymenobacter pomorum 9-2-1-1T (96.5 %). The average nucleotide identity and estimated DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain HMF4947T and Hymenobacter arizonensis DSM 17870T were 74.3 and 20.5 %, respectively. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1 ω5c. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7. The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminoglycolipid, three unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified phospholipid, three unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified glycolipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 59.3 mol%. Thus, based on phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain HMF4947T represents a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter ginkgonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is strain HMF4947T (=KCTC 72780T=NBRC 114271T).

Terrilactibacillus tamarindi sp. nov., isolated from bark of Tamarindus indica.

A Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, terminal-spore-forming rod, designated strain BCM23-1T, was isolated from bark of Tamarindus indica collected from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. This strain produced d-lactic acid from glucose. It grew at 20-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 3.5-9 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 1-4 % (w/v) NaCl. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid (A1γ). The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). Polar lipids analysis revealed the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C17 : 0, anteiso-C15:0, and iso-C16 : 0 when cultivated on GYP agar plates. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain BCM23-1T and Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus NK26-11T was 98.3 %. The draft genome of BCM23-1T was 3.24 Mb in size and contained 3088 coding sequences with an in silico DNA G+C content of 37.1 mol%. The values of ANIb, ANIm and digital DNA-DNA hybridization between strain BCM23-1T and T. laevilacticus NK26-11T were 89.9, 90.8 and 40.4 %, respectively. The results of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, and whole genome analyses support strain BCM23-1T as representing a novel species of Terrilactibacillus for which the name Terrilactibacillus tamarindi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BCM23-1T (=LMG 31662T=JCM 33748T=TISTR 2841T).