Gibberellic Acid (GA3): a Versatile Chiral Building Block for Syntheses of Pharmaceutical Agents.

Gibberellic acid (GA3), an ent-kaurene tetracyclic diterpene, has been considered to be a chiral pool for the chemical transformation of significant heterocyclic compounds. This chiral pool continues to influence modern synthetic chemistry as an inexpensive and versatile starting material since it is widely applied in agriculture. This review focuses on the stereoselective syntheses of bioactive agents with pharmaceutical potency prepared from Gibberellic acid.

Dataset of an operating education modular building for simulation and artificial intelligence.

Improving energy efficiency in the building sector is a subject of significant interest, considering the environmental impact of buildings. Energy efficiency involves many aspects, such as occupant comfort, system monitoring and maintenance, data treatment, instrumentation… Physical modeling and calibration, or artificial intelligence, are often employed to explore these different subjects and, thus, to limit energy consumption in buildings. Even though these techniques are well-suited, they have one thing in common, i.e., the need for user cases. This is why we propose to share a part of the large volume of data collected on our modular education building. The building is located on Nanterre's CESI Engineering school campus and welcomes approximately 80 students daily. A network of more than 150 sensors and actuators allows monitoring of the physical behavior of the entire building, preserving optimal comfort and energy consumption. The dataset includes the indoor physical parameters and the operating conditions of each system to describe the physical behavior of the building during a year.

Building façade datasets for analyzing building characteristics using deep learning.

Building characteristics are vital across various domains such as construction management and architectural design. Static Street View Images (SSVIs) can be utilized with deep learning techniques to interpret building characteristics without the need for a physical visit. Deep learning approaches have demonstrated a high capability for generalization, enabling the automation of manual tasks related to image analysis. However, there is no publicly available labeled dataset of building characteristics from building facade images for training deep learning models. In this article, we focus on constructing a dataset for four different tasks: classification of the number of stories, classification of building typologies, classification of exterior cladding materials, and classification of usable SSVIs. To develop deep learning models, this article constructed a dataset sourced from London and Scotland in the UK. The dataset was labeled by annotation experts. While the focus of this research is on specific tasks, the raw dataset can be used for other purposes (e.g., ascertaining the age of buildings or identifying window types) by annotating the data for the corresponding tasks.

Study of the influence of spatial effects on the ground surface and buildings in a two-lane tunnel boring.

There are a series of engineering risks, such as ground subsidence, building tilt and cracking, in the process of shield tunnel driving through buildings, which have many adverse effects on urban residents and engineers. In particular, the differences in the effects of the interaction of two-lane tunnels on the building structure and ground deformation field are less often considered under different spatial effects such as construction sequences and tunnel spacings. As well as the problem of analyzing the building as a whole out of reality. To solve these problems, the spatial effect of the shield tunnel underpassing the shallow foundation building is simulated by Plaxis3D software to study the sensitivity analysis of surface settlement and the internal forces and deformation law of the building above in the process of tunneling underpassing with different depths of burial H and horizontal distance D of the double line tunnel. The engineering impact zoning method can investigate the safety of tunnels and buildings under different spatial effects when tunnels pass through buildings. The splitting of the building into plates and columns can reveal the forces and deformation laws of different structural parts. The results show that during the construction process of the double-line tunnel, the tunnel constructed first has a "blocking effect" on the tunnel constructed later, which affects the distribution of the disturbance area to a certain extent and changes the curve shape of the settlement trough. When the "blocking effect" occurs, the surface settlement and building deformation will be significantly reduced. In the internal forces of the building, the plate structure is mainly subjected to changes in axial forces, while the column structure is mainly affected by shear forces and bending moments. The factor of safety of tunnels decreases as the tunnel spacing decreases and as the building loads above increase.

Meeting social welfare legal needs in end-of-life care: co-creation of a system-wide research partnership.

Background: Social welfare legal needs (matters of daily life, such as finances, housing and employment with legal rights, entitlements or protections) are prevalent towards end of life, creating significant difficulties for both patients and carers. Most people do not know where to go, although a range of services provide advice and support for addressing social welfare legal problems. Navigating this complex and fragmented system across health, social care and social welfare legal support is very challenging. Healthcare professionals are often the first contact for social welfare legal needs, although these are often overlooked and their impact on health and well-being unrecognised. Interprofessional learning can increase awareness of social welfare legal needs and build connections between service providers, offering a more holistic and cohesive multiagency response to the complex needs around end of life. The aim of the research was to co-create a robust foundation for cross-agency research investigating the impact of interprofessional learning on social welfare legal needs towards end of life in the North East England region. Objectives: Convene a research partnership group across academics, multiagency service providers and members of the public with lived experience. Consider and agree key issues for successful place-based multiagency research in this area. Co-create a complexity-appropriate research proposal with interprofessional learning as an intervention. Methods: A series of research activities was implemented to convene a multiagency partnership group and consider the key issues for successful place-based multiagency research. Data were collected from two online workshops, an optional reflective workbook, and a modified Delphi technique. Initial participants were selectively recruited from our established stakeholder and patient and public involvement groups. Increasing diversity of the partnership continued throughout the project, using contacts provided by group members. Representation of services supporting underserved groups was a priority. Results: All invited participants were recruited to the partnership, although contribution to research activities was variable. The partnership bridged knowledge gaps between services and united diverse perspectives, expertise and experience. A greater understanding of the barriers and opportunities for place-based multiagency working was generated, such as considering the importance of language in facilitating collaboration and responding to concerns around capacity. A non-hierarchical partnership was meaningful, with both personal and professional insights viewed as equally important. Facilitators to engagement with interprofessional learning were identified including the need for leadership endorsement. A non-traditional, mixed-method approach to interprofessional learning evaluation was favoured, with both qualitative and quantitative measures at three levels: patient and carer, professional learners and organisations. Important outcomes included raising awareness, connectedness and space to reflect. Limitations: The partnership group expanded throughout the course of the project. While this extended diversity, variable participation hindered depth of discussion, with participants engaging at different points and with different understanding levels of the project. Supplementary materials provided some mitigation. Capacity and funding constraints limited engagement for some participants. Conclusions: Convening a multiagency partnership generated insights into the benefits, barriers and facilitators to research co-design and potential measures of success of interprofessional learning. Future work: Learning from this project has informed a complexity-appropriate research proposal to evaluate the impact of interprofessional learning as an intervention across different stakeholders. Funding: This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme as award number NIHR135276.

Social welfare legal issues, such as unsuitable housing, job difficulties and money concerns, are common in the last 12 months of a person's life and they affect carers too. Getting the right help can be difficult as it is hard to know where to go. Organisations and services often work separately from each other. Healthcare professionals are often the first contact for social welfare legal needs, but they may not be able to provide the required support. Interprofessional learning brings professionals together to learn from each other and connect services better. We think this will make it easier for people to get the help they need when the same is required. We set up a group of professionals and four people with personal experience. This partnership group started with people and organisations we knew already but more joined during the project. By the end, 37 different services, representing a range of health, advice and community services, had joined the research group. All services had experience of social welfare legal issues in the last 12 months of life. The group discussed running research together and how interprofessional learning could be tested in our next research project. Research activities were: two online meetings to discuss key questions a workbook which gave time to think about the questions we were asking a survey which asked participants their views about measuring success of interprofessional learning. Group members brought a variety of experiences and opinions. Some had difficulty taking part, mainly because of time. We learnt that professional and personal experiences are as important as each other and that it is important to avoid jargon. Testing if interprofessional learning makes a difference needs to look at people using services, professionals and organisations. We have written a funding application, based on what we have learnt in this project.

Investigating the potential of waste glass in paver block production using RSM.

The global surge in glass waste generation, exceeding 130 million tons annually, presents a pressing environmental issue, compounded by inadequate recycling practices, it is concerning that the global recycling rate for glass waste is below 50%. This research investigates the utilization of WG as a FA substitute in paver block to mitigate the ecological footprint of conventional paver block while enhancing its mechanical properties. WG's unique characteristics, such as high silica content and impermeability, make it a promising alternative. A comprehensive experimental approach, including tests like water absorption, dry density, workability, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound hammer, demonstrated WG's potential to improve concrete's durability and performance. For instance, a 40% WGA replacement reduced the absorption rate 12%, while 20% WGA incorporation-maintained strength properties close to the control mix, with compressive strengths up to 30.80 MPa at 28 days. Employing RSM as predictive models, the study showed R2 values of 0.9513, 0.9983, 0.9156, 0.9925, and 0.9895 for water absorption, dry density, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound hammer, respectively. This study offers supporting global research efforts to advance sustainable and affordable construction materials, leading to a significant reduction in landfill waste and the conservation of precious natural resources worldwide.

Navigating the science policy interface: a co-created mind-map to support early career research contributions to policy-relevant evidence.

The interface between science and policy is a complex space, in theory and practice, that sees the interaction of various actors and perspectives coming together to enable policy-relevant evidence to support decision-making. Early Career Researchers (ECRs) are increasingly interested in working at the science-policy interface to support evidence-informed policy, with the number of opportunities to do so increasing at national and international levels. However, there are still many challenges limiting ECRs participation, not least how such a complex space can be accessed and navigated. While recommendations for engaging at the science-policy interface already exist, a practical 'map' of the science-policy interface landscape which would allow for ECR participation in evidence co-production and synthesis in science-policy is missing. With the purpose of facilitating the engagement of ECRs producing biodiversity and ecosystem services policy-relevant evidence at the interface between science and policy, the authors have co-created a 'mind-map'-a tool to review the landscape of and leverage access to the science-policy interface. This tool was developed through reviewing published literature, collating personal experiences of the ECR authors, and validating against wider peer perspectives in an ECR workshop during the 7th Plenary of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). This co-created tool sees ECR engagement in (co-)producing evidence at the science-policy interface as an interaction of three main factors: the environment of the ECR, which mediates their acts of engagement at the science-policy interface leading to outcomes that will ultimately have a reciprocal impact on the ECR's environment.

3,3-Difluorooxetane - A Versatile Functional Group for Bioisosteric Replacements in Drug Discovery.

Functional group (FG) is one of the cornerstone concepts in organic chemistry and related areas. The wide spread of bioisosterism ideas in medicinal chemistry and beyond caused a striking rise in demand for novel FGs with a defined impact on the developed compound properties. In this work, the evaluation of the 3,3-difluorooxetane unit (3,3-diFox) as a functional group for bioisosteric replacements is disclosed. A comprehensive experimental study (including multigram building block synthesis, quantification of steric and electronic properties, measurements of pKa, LogP, chemical stability, and biological evaluation of the 3,3-diFox-derived bioisostere of a drug candidate) revealed a prominent behavior of the 3,3-diFox fragment as a versatile substituent for early drug discovery programs.

Optimizing Building Rehabilitation through Nondestructive Evaluation of Fire-Damaged Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.

Fire incidents pose significant threats to the structural integrity of reinforced concrete buildings, often necessitating comprehensive rehabilitation to restore safety and functionality. Effective rehabilitation of fire-damaged structures relies heavily on accurate damage assessment, which can be challenging with traditional invasive methods. This paper explores the impact of severe damage due to fire exposure on the mechanical behavior of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. After being exposed to direct fire, the SFRC specimens are subjected to fracture testing to assess their mechanical properties. NDE techniques, specifically acoustic emission (AE) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), are employed to assess fire-induced damage. The primary aim of this study is to reveal that AE parameters-such as amplitude, cumulative hits, and energy-are strongly correlated with mechanical properties and damage of SFRC due to fire. Additionally, AE monitoring is employed to assess structural integrity throughout the loading application. The distribution of AE hits and the changes in specific AE parameters throughout the loading can serve as valuable indicators for differentiating between healthy and thermally damaged concrete. Compared to the well-established relationship between UPV and strength in bending and compression, the sensitivity of AE to fracture events shows its potential for in situ application, providing new characterization capabilities for evaluating the post-fire mechanical performance of SFRC. The test results of this study reveal the ability of the examined NDE methods to establish the optimum rehabilitation procedure to restore the capacity of the fire-damaged SFRC structural members.

Optimal Sensor Placement for Enhanced Efficiency in Structural Health Monitoring of Medium-Rise Buildings.

Output-only modal analysis using ambient vibration testing is ubiquitous for the monitoring of structural systems, especially for civil engineering structures such as buildings and bridges. Nonetheless, the instrumented nodes for large-scale structural systems need to cover a significant portion of the spatial volume of the test structure to obtain accurate global modal information. This requires considerable time and resources, which can be challenging in large-scale projects, such as the seismic vulnerability assessment over a large number of facilities. In many instances, a simple center-line (stairwell case) topology is generally used due to time, logistical, and economic constraints. The latter, though a fast technique, cannot provide complete modal information, especially for torsional modes. In this research, corner-line instrumented nodes layouts using only a reference and a roving sensor are proposed, which overcome this issue and can provide maximum modal information similar to that from 3D topologies for medium-rise buildings. Parametric studies are performed to identify the most appropriate locations for sensor placement at each floor of a medium-rise building. The results indicate that corner locations at each floor are optimal. The proposed procedure is validated through field experiments on two medium-rise buildings.

Automated Room-Level Localisation Using Building Plan Information.

Building Management Systems (BMSs) are transitioning from utilising wired installations to wireless Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and actuators. This shift introduces the requirement of robust localisation methods which can link the installed sensors to the correct Control Units (CTUs) which will facilitate continued communication. In order to lessen the installation burden on the technicians, the installation process should be made more complicated by the localisation method. We propose an automated version of the fingerprinting-based localisation method which estimates the location of sensors with room-level accuracy. This approach can be used for initialisation and maintenance of BMSs without introducing additional manual labour from the technician installing the sensors. The method is extended to two proposed localisation methods which take advantage of knowledge present in the building plan regarding the distribution of sensors in each room to estimate the location of groups of sensors at the same time. Through tests using a simulation environment based on a Bluetooth-based measurement campaign, the proposed methods showed an improved accuracy from the baseline automated fingerprinting method. The results showed an error rate of 1 in 20 sensors (if the number of sensors per room is known) or as few as 1 per 200 sensors (if a group of sensors are deployed and detected together for one room at a time).

Blood pressure control in Türkiye: A primary healthcare pilot study.

Hypertension is present in almost a third of Türkiye's adult population. The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye in conjunction with the World Health Organization, rolled out a pilot primary health care model from February 2019 to 2020 to improve hypertension screening, management, and follow-up across the provinces of Erzincan, Çankiri and Usak. The model was conducted in selected family health centers for one year and included multiple interventions - training of multidisciplinary primary care teams, implementation of evidence-based, standardised clinical guidelines related to monitoring and treatment of hypertension, clinical supervision and performance monitoring, and provision of health education to hypertensive individuals. Repeat surveys of population-based random samples of 975 patients were taken before (December 2018) and after (February 2020) model implementation to evaluate its effect on care delivery. There was an almost 6.5-fold increase in the measurement and subsequent recording of blood pressure compared to before model implementation (from 50 to 323). Blood pressure control improved to 58 % of measured individuals compared to 46 % of those measured at initial evaluation. The frequency of measuring risk factors and outcomes related to hypertension at least once a year increased for creatinine from 71 % to 79 %, fasting blood glucose from 70 % to 78 %, and tobacco use from 22 % to 31 %. Prescription of antihypertensive drugs increased from 49 % to 61 %. With improvements in hypertension-related care in all measures and across all regions, this primary healthcare model represents a potential paradigm for nationwide implementation.

Establishing human microbial observatory programs in low- and middle-income countries.

Studies of the human microbiome are progressing rapidly but have largely focused on populations living in high-income countries. With increasing evidence that the microbiome contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases that affect infants, children, and adults in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and with profound and rapid ongoing changes occurring in our lifestyles and biosphere, understanding the origins of and developing microbiome-directed therapeutics for treating a number of global health challenges requires the development of programs for studying human microbial ecology in LMICs. Here, we discuss how the establishment of long-term human microbial observatory programs in selected LMICs could provide one timely approach.

Palliative Care in Turkey: Insights from experts through key informant interviews.

BACKGROUND: The rising demand for palliative-care (PC) in Turkey, driven by cancer, has prompted increased attention since the national PC policy in 2010. Despite this, the healthcare system predominantly focuses on curative care, lacking PC integration. This is due to combination of administrative obstacles, fragmented coordination, education and training scarcity. Thus urgent strategies are required to address the growing PC gap. This qualitative study explores the perspectives of PC professionals and policymakers, providing valuable insights for national policy and program development. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This study employed an exploratory approach using key informant interviews. Interviews were conducted using semi-structured questionnaire. It sought to collect relevant contextual information in order to achieve its aim. Thematic content analysis was employed to examine and interpret the data. RESULT: Twenty-one participants, comprising nurses, specialists, and oncologists, were interviewed. The findings are encompassed by eight themes. 1) Integrated Care, highlights the importance of cohesive collaboration among diverse healthcare providers, social care services, and primary care systems to ensure comprehensive and effective care. 2) Meeting social care needs underscores significance of addressing a wide spectrum of patient requirements, including psychosocial support. 3) PC education emphasizes necessity of equipping healthcare professionals with the requisite skills and knowledge through comprehensive training. 4) Legalizing do-notresuscitate orders draws attention to the critical discussion surrounding end-of-life decisions. 5) Empowering communities recognizes bridging knowledge gaps among patients and caregivers. 6) Decision-Making underscores the importance of informed and collaborative decision-making processes. 7) Cultural considerations urge the adoption of culturally sensitive approaches. 8) Ongoing challenges shed light on persistent issues such as provider attitudes, and administrative hurdles. CONCLUSION: This study highlights essential factors for establishing an integrated PC program for cancer patients in Turkey. The existing healthcare system in Turkey offers opportunities for advanced PC. Successful implementation demands strategic actions to facilitate meaningful transformation.

Co-treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and alumina-/silica-containing waste: A critical review.

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA) is a hazardous by-product of the incineration process, characterized by elevated levels of heavy metals, chlorides, and dioxins. With a composition high in calcium but low in silicon/aluminum, MSWI-FA exhibits a poor immobilization effect, high energy demands, and limited pozzolanic activity when it is disposed of or reutilized alone. Conversely, alumina-/silica-containing waste (ASW) presents a chemical composition rich in SiO2 and/or Al2O3, offering an opportunity for synergistic treatment with MSWI-FA to facilitate its harmless disposal and resource recovery. Despite the growing interest in co-treatment of MSWI-FA and ASW in recent years, a comprehensive evaluation of ASW's roles in this process remains absent from the existing literature. Therefore, this study endeavors to examine the advancement in the co-treatment of MSWI-FA and ASW, with the focus on three key aspects, i.e., elucidating the immobilization mechanisms by which ASW improves the solidification/stabilization of MSWI-FA, exploring the synergies between MSWI-FA and ASW in various thermal and mechanochemical treatments, and highlighting the benefits of incorporating ASW in the production of MSWI-FA-based building materials. Additionally, in the pursuit of sustainable solid waste management, this review identifies research gaps and delineates future prospects for the co-treatment of MSWI-FA and ASW.

Particle-Solid Transition Architecture for Efficient Passive Building Cooling.

Electricity consumption for building cooling accounts for a significant portion of global energy usage and carbon emissions. To address this challenge, passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) has emerged as a promising technique for cooling buildings without electricity input. However, existing radiative coolers face material mismatch issues, particularly on cementitious composites like concrete, limiting their practical application. Here, we propose a cementitious radiative cooling armor based on a particle-solid transition architecture (PSTA) to overcome these challenges. The PSTA design features an asymmetric yet monolithic morphology and an all-inorganic nature, decoupling radiative cooling from building compatibility while ensuring UV resistance. In the PSTA design, nanoparticles on the surface serve as sunlight scatterers and thermal emitters, while those embedded within a cementitious substrate provide build compatibility and cohesiveness. This configuration results in enhanced interfacial bonding strength, high solar reflectance, and strong mid-infrared emittance. Specifically, the PSTA delivers an enhanced interfacial shear strength (0.93 MPa), several-fold higher than that in control groups (metal, glass, plastic) along with a cooling performance (a subambient temperature drop of ∼6.6 °C and a cooling power of ∼92.8 W under a direct solar irradiance of ∼680 W/m2) that rivals or outperforms previous reports. Importantly, the design concept of the PSTA is applicable to various particles and solids, facilitating the practical application of PDRC technology in building scenarios.

LCA and economic cradle-to-gate analysis on the reuse of a temporary building.

In recent decades, the significant negative environmental impacts of the construction industry have caused a lot of concern, especially from the large number of temporary buildings required for mega projects. Reusing building components can help reduce pollution and preserve resources, but the economic and environmental effects are not well understood. This study has addressed the economic and environmental effects of reusing temporary building elements using life cycle assessment (LCA). The product system and functional unit in the current study is an office building equipment workshop with an area of 80 m2 and the system boundary is from cradle to gate. Life cycle assessment was accomplished using Simapro software and several life cycle assessment methods such as CML-la Baseline, BEES + , and IPCC was used to verify the results. The findings show that reusing disassembled building parts can reduce environmental damage by 79% and environmental damage costs by 77%. These results are important for construction managers seeking to make sustainable decisions that minimize environmental harm. Future research should expand the system boundary to include the entire building life cycle and apply the methodology to a wider range of building types and climates. Developing design guidelines for disassembly and reuse would also help promote sustainable construction practices. Overall, this study provides a robust framework for assessing the environmental and economic impacts of reusing building components, which is crucial for achieving sustainable development in the construction industry.

A Method for Extracting High-Resolution Building Height Information in Rural Areas Using GF-7 Data.

Building height is important information in disaster management and damage assessment. It is also a key parameter in studies such as population modeling and urbanization. Relatively few studies have been conducted on extracting building height in rural areas using imagery from China's Gaofen-7 satellite (GF-7). In this study, we developed a method combining photogrammetry and deep learning to extract building height using GF-7 data in the rural area of Pingquan in northern China. The deep learning model DELaMa was proposed for digital surface model (DSM) editing based on the Large Mask Inpainting (LaMa) architecture. It not only preserves topographic details but also reasonably predicts the topography inside the building mask. The percentile value of the normalized digital surface model (nDSM) in the building footprint was taken as the building height. The extracted building heights in the study area are highly consistent with the reference building heights measured from the ICESat-2 LiDAR point cloud, with an R2 of 0.83, an MAE of 1.81 m and an RMSE of 2.13 m for all validation buildings. Overall, the proposed method in this paper helps to promote the use of satellite data in large-scale building height surveys, especially in rural areas.

Emissions of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds from Architectural Coatings and Polyvinyl Chloride Floorings: Microchamber Method.

Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are modern chemical substances that are present in large quantities in indoor environments. Understanding the emission of SVOCs from building materials is essential to identify the main sources of indoor SVOCs and to improve indoor air quality. In this study, a reference method employing custom-designed microchambers (630 mL) was optimized by improving the structure of the gas path and adding polytetrafluoroethylene inner coating to the chamber. After optimization, the recoveries of the microchamber method were significantly improved (75.4-96.7%), and the background in the microchamber was greatly reduced (<0.02 µg/h). By using the microchamber method, 33 SVOCs (including two alkanes, one aromatic, one nitrogen compound, and twenty-nine oxygenated compounds) and 32 SVOCs (including seven alkanes, eight aromatics, and seventeen oxygenated compounds) were detected in the emissions of the architectural coating and the PVC flooring samples, respectively. The area-specific emission rates (SERa) of total SVOCs emitted from architectural coatings and PVC floorings were in the range of 4.09-1309 µg/m2/h) (median: 10.3 µg/m2/h) and 0.508-345 µg/m2/h (median: 11.9 µg/m2/h), respectively. Propanoic acid had the highest SERa (3143 µg/m2/h) in architectural coatings, while methylbenzene (345 µg/m2/h), 2-methylnaphthalene (65.2 µg/m2/h), and naphthalene (60.3 µg/m2/h) were main SVOCs emitted from PVC floorings. Meanwhile, the average second-stage (adsorbed phase) emission mass of the total SVOCs accounts for 66.3% and 47.3% in architectural coatings and PVC floorings, respectively, suggesting that the SVOCs emitted from building materials have a strong tendency to be absorbed on the surface of the room, e.g., the interior wall, the desk or even the skin.