Prognostic Importance of 18F-FDG Positron Emission Tomography in Uterine Cervical Cancer.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in the uterine cervix cancer patients. Methods: Thirty-two women (mean age: 52.7±12.6) who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT for staging of uterine cervix cancer were retrospectively recruited for the study. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUVmean, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) for primary tumors, lymph nodes, and distant metastases were calculated from 18F-FDG PET/CT images using the 40% threshold. Patients were divided into groups according to the presence of pelvic and para-aortic lymph node involvement on 18F-FDG PET/CT images. Life tables and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to compare the mean survival times of the different groups. Results: Primary tumor of 27 (84%) patients were 18F-FDG avid. The median SUVmax, SUVmean, MTV, and TLG of the primary tumors were 12.4, 6.1, 13.2 cm3 and 87.8 g/mL x cm3 respectively. Pathological uptake was detected in pelvic 14 (44%) patients and in paraaortic lymph nodes in 3 (10%) para-aortic lymph nodes. The median whole-body MTV and TLG were 21.7 cm3 and 91.1 g/mL x cm3. Disease progression was detected in 7 (22%) patients within a median follow-up period of 20.9 (minimum-maximum: 3-82) months. The only significant PET parameter to predict progression-free survival was SUVmax in the primary tumor (p=0.038). During follow-up period 8 patients died. SUVmax (p=0.007), MTV (p=0.036), TLG (p=0.001) of primary tumor, presence of pathological uptake on pelvic or paraaortic lymph nodes (p=0.015), whole-body MTV (p=0.047) and whole-body TLG (p=0.001) were found statistically significant PET parameters to predict overall survival. Conclusion: Metabolic parameters of primary tumors derived from 18F-FDG PET/CT images have prognostic importance for patients with uterine cervical carcinoma. In patients with metastatic disease, higher whole-body MTV and TLG are also associated with poor prognosis.

Short Course Brachytherapy in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer; Safety and Response Rate.

OBJECTIVE: Overall treatment time (OTT) is an important index for local control in patients with locally advanced| cervical cancer treated with definitive chemoradiation (External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT), Brachytherapy (BT) and concomittant chemotherapy). This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and safety of reducing OTT by shortening the brachytherapy duration to one week in the intervention group copared to three weeks in the control group. METHOD: The study was a non-randomized open-label phase II clinical trial, carried out on 49 cervical cancer patients (26 in intervention grouop and 23 in control group) who received EBRT concomitant with Cisplatin, followed by brachytherap in order to deliver 60 Gy  equivalent total doses in 2-Gy fractions (EQD2) to Intermediate Risk-Clinical Tumor Volume (IR-CTV) and 85-90 Gy EQD2 to High Risk-Clinical Tumor Volume (HR-CTV). In the intervention group, all brachytherapy sessions were performed in 1 week, while for the control group, it was administrated in 3 consecutive weeks. The participants were followed (Minimum follow up time was 6 month and median follow up time was 10 month) to assess response and toxicity of the treatment. RESULTS: Overall, more than 95% of study participants had a complete response and more than 4.0% reported partial response, and no treatment failure was observed. The complete response in intervention and control groups was 96.1% and 95.6%, respectively (P value > 0.05). There was no difference in acute toxicity between the two groups. CONCLUSION: considering that short course brachytherapy was non inferior to conventional course from point of  Response Rate and Side Effects during follow up time; so this strategy can be  considered as an option for reducing the OTT which can at least cause decreasing the costs. Studies with larger sample size and phase 3 are recommended.

Cisplatin-induced bone marrow failure in an adult patient with Fanconi anemia.

INTRODUCTION: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure typically developing in the first decade of life, congenital abnormalities, and an increased predisposition to malignancy. However, patients with FA can remain undiagnosed until adulthood and present with solid organ malignancies. Due to impaired DNA repair mechanisms, patients with FA are highly susceptible to severe bone marrow toxicity when treated with cisplatin. CASE REPORT: A 38-year-old woman, diagnosed with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix, underwent treatment with weekly cisplatin concurrent with radiotherapy. After the second week of cisplatin treatment, she presented with severe pancytopenia. The prolonged and severe pancytopenia following cisplatin and radiation, along with cervical SCC in the absence of risk factors and the presence of parental consanguinity, raised the possibility of FA as the underlying cause. Whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous FANCI c.668A > C (p.Lys223Thr) missense variant confirming the diagnosis of FA. MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME: The pancytopenia exhibited a protracted course, necessitating admission and supportive treatment with antibiotics, red blood cell and platelet transfusions, as well as filgrastim and eltrombopag. Eventually, the pancytopenia improved after approximately 40 days of hospitalization. DISCUSSION: SCC of the head and neck or gynecologic organs in a young adult without known risk factors should prompt consideration of FA. Cisplatin should be avoided in patients with FA.

The Clinical Course of the Late Toxicity of Definitive Radiotherapy in Cervical Cancer.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the clinical course and characteristics of late toxicity over time following the completion of definitive radiotherapy (RT) in patients with cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 60 patients with cervical cancer who underwent pelvic external beam radiotherapy followed by intracavitary brachytherapy. Late toxicity was assessed for the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract and bladder organ at 6, 12, 24, 36, and >36 months post-RT. We examined the onset and prevalence of late toxicity at each time point. Clinical remission and interventions for managing late toxicity were also investigated. Results: The peak onset of lower GI toxicity occurred 12 months after RT completion, with a median symptom duration of 9.9 months (range, 0.1-26.3 months), and exhibited its highest prevalence rate of 15.5% at 24 months post-RT. Most GI toxicities developed and resolved within three years post-RT, with a prevalence rate of 8.1% at three years, followed by a decreasing trend. Bladder toxicity first peaked at 24 months post-RT and continued to occur beyond 36 months, showing the re-increasing pattern in the prevalence rate after 36 months (23.5%). In terms of clinical remission, 66.7% of lower GI toxicities (12 of 18 patients) and 60% of bladder toxicities (9 of 15 patients) achieved complete remission by the last follow-up date. Conclusions: Late toxicities of the GI and bladder following definitive RT in cervical cancer are partially reversible and exhibit distinct patterns of onset and prevalence over time. A systematic follow-up strategy should be established for the early detection and timely intervention of late toxicity by understanding these clinical courses.

Pain management in cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer (CC) occupies the second place in incidence and mortality among women in México. Despite this, Cervical Cancer continues to have a late diagnosis which leads to a high rate of complications. Pain represents the most feared and disabling symptom, being present in up to 86% of patients with advanced disease. The approach to managing pain in this population has not been studied and described to a full extent. In addition, there is a pressing need to provide concise recommendations to promote adequate pain control. We performed a review of the literature in CC and had experts in the field of pain management evaluate the evidence found. We then issued relevant recommendations on pharmacology and interventional pain management. Thus, the approach to pain management must be comprehensive and individualized, considering the timely and appropriate use of pharmacologic treatment as well as interventional procedures.

Prediction of cervix cancer stage and grade from diffusion weighted imaging using EfficientNet.

Purpose. This study aims to introduce an innovative noninvasive method that leverages a single image for both grading and staging prediction. The grade and the stage of cervix cancer (CC) are determined from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in particular apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN).Methods. datasets composed of 85 patients having annotated tumor stage (I, II, III, and IV), out of this, 66 were with grade (II and III) and the remaining patients with no reported grade were retrospectively collected. The study was IRB approved. For each patient, sagittal and axial slices containing the gross tumor volume (GTV) were extracted from ADC maps. These were computed using the mono exponential model from diffusion weighted images (b-values = 0, 100, 1000) that were acquired prior to radiotherapy treatment. Balanced training sets were created using the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and fed to the DCNN. EfficientNetB0 and EfficientNetB3 were transferred from the ImageNet application to binary and four-class classification tasks. Five-fold stratified cross validation was performed for the assessment of the networks. Multiple evaluation metrics were computed including the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Comparisons with Resnet50, Xception, and radiomic analysis were performed.Results. for grade prediction, EfficientNetB3 gave the best performance with AUC = 0.924. For stage prediction, EfficientNetB0 was the best with AUC = 0.931. The difference between both models was, however, small and not statistically significant EfficientNetB0-B3 outperformed ResNet50 (AUC = 0.71) and Xception (AUC = 0.89) in stage prediction, and demonstrated comparable results in grade classification, where AUCs of 0.89 and 0.90 were achieved by ResNet50 and Xception, respectively. DCNN outperformed radiomic analysis that gave AUC = 0.67 (grade) and AUC = 0.66 (stage).Conclusion.the prediction of CC grade and stage from ADC maps is feasible by adapting EfficientNet approaches to the medical context.

Percutaneous interstitial brachytherapy ablation for targeting oligometastatic gynecologic cancers.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of recurrent oligometastatic gynecologic malignancy may involve targeted surgery, thermal ablation, or CT-guided high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy ablation (CT-HDR-IBTA). The purpose of this study was to describe the safety and efficacy of CT-HDR-IBTA for oligometastatic gynecologic malignancies. METHODS: With institutional review board approval (IRB) approval and compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) compliance, we searched our database to assemble a single-arm study cohort of all patients with oligometastatic gynecologic cancers who underwent CT-HDR-IBTA from 2012-2022 with follow-up. The electronic record was reviewed to determine relevant clinicopathological variables including patient demographics, prior treatments, clinical course, local control, and local and distant recurrence with follow-up imaging. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 37 lesions in 34 patients treated with CT-HDR-IBTA for recurrent oligometastatic uterine (n = 17), cervix (n = 1), or ovarian cancer (n = 16) with an average lesion size of 2.5 cm with an average patient age of 61.4 years. Each lesion was treated with an average radiation dose of 23.8 Gy in 1.8 fractions and a median follow-up time of 24.0 months. The primary efficacy of CT HDR ITBA was 73% with a median progression-free survival of 8.0 months (95% CI 3.6-12.8 months) and with 58% of patients still alive at 43 months with median overall survival not reached. The rate of Grade 1 adverse events was 22% without any Grade 2, 3 or 4 events. CONCLUSIONS: CT HDR IBTA was safe and effective for treating oligometastatic gynecologic cancers in a heavily pretreated cohort.

Biomedical Promise of Sustainable Microwave-Engineered Symmetric Curcumin Derivatives.

Curcumin is a polyphenol of the Curcuma longa plant, which can be used for various medicinal purposes, such as inflammation and cancer treatment. In this context, two symmetric curcumin derivatives (D1-(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-acetamidophenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione and D2-p,p-dihydroxy di-cinnamoyl methane) were obtained by the microwave-based method and evaluated for their antitumoral effect on human cervix cancer in comparison with toxicity on non-tumoral cells, taking into account that they were predicted to act as apoptosis agonists or anti-inflammatory agents. The HeLa cell line was incubated for 24 and 72 h with a concentration of 50 µg/mL of derivatives that killed almost half of the cells compared to the control. In contrast, these compounds did not alter the viability of MRC-5 non-tumoral lung fibroblasts until 72 h of incubation. The nitric oxide level released by HeLa cells was higher compared to MRC-5 fibroblasts after the incubation with 100 µg/mL. Both derivatives induced the decrease of catalase activity and glutathione levels in cancer cells without targeting the same effect in non-tumoral cells. Furthermore, the Western blot showed an increased protein expression of HSP70 and a decreased expression of HSP60 and MCM2 in cells incubated with D2 compared to control cells. We noticed differences regarding the intensity of cell death between the tested derivatives, suggesting that the modified structure after synthesis can modulate their function, the most prominent effect being observed for sample D2. In conclusion, the outcomes of our in vitro study revealed that these microwave-engineered curcumin derivatives targeted tumor cells, much more specifically, inducing their death.

Current analysis of the survival implications for minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of early-stage cervix cancer.

Early-stage cervical cancer (ESCC) is managed with radical hysterectomy, a procedure that can be performed either via open surgery or minimally invasive surgery (MIS), the latter of which is accomplished via traditional laparoscopy or robotic-assisted surgery. Previously, MIS was routinely incorporated into the management of ESCC due to the approach's reduced operative morbidity and truncated hospital stay duration, but more recent clinical evidence has since impugned the efficacy of MIS because of the reportedly inferior disease-free survival and overall survival outcomes compared to open surgery. However, additional studies have documented equivalent outcomes among the various surgical modalities, suggesting further exploration of clinical factors as we endeavor to conclusively determine the standard of care for patients diagnosed with ESCC.

The global burden of cervical cancer requiring surgery: database estimates.

BACKGROUND: Scaling up surgical services for cervical cancer in low and middle income countries requires quantification of the need for those services. The aim of this study was to estimate the global burden of cervical cancer for which access to surgery is required. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of publicly available data. Cervical cancer incidence was extracted for each country from the World Health Organization, International Agency for Research, Global Cancer Observatory. The proportion of cases requiring surgery was extrapolated from the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Result database. The need for cervical cancer surgery was tested against development indicators. RESULTS: Data were available for 175 countries, representing 2.9 billion females aged 15 and over. There were approximately 566,911 women diagnosed with cervical cancer (95% CI 565,462-568,360). An estimated 56.9% of these women (322,686) would require surgery for diagnosis, treatment or palliation (95% CI 321,955 - 323,417). Cervical cancers for which surgery is required represent less than 1% of cancers in high income countries, and nearly 10% of cancers in low income countries. CONCLUSIONS: At least 300,000 cervical cancer cases worldwide require access to surgical services annually. Gathering data on available cervical cancer surgery services in LMIC are a critical next step.

Hypofractionated versus standard chemoradiotherapy in the definitive treatment of uterine cervix cancer: interim results of a randomized controlled clinical trial.

PURPOSE: Concurrent chemoradiation has been the mainstay of treatment for cervix cancer. We aimed to evaluate the non-inferiority of hypofractionated chemoradiation. METHODS: This study was designed as a phase 2, 1:1 randomized, investigator-blinded, controlled, non-inferiority trial and we report the interim results after 50% accrual. Cervical cancer patients with FIGO stages IIA-IIIC were recruited from April 2021 to September 2022. The intervention consisted of 40 Gy of 3D-conformal radiation therapy (RT) in 15 fractions over 3 weeks. In the control group, patients received standard chemoradiation of 45 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks. Both groups received concurrent weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m2). Intravaginal brachytherapy of 28 Gy in 4 weekly fractions was delivered starting 1 week after the end of chemoradiation. The primary outcome was complete clinical response(CCR) at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included acute gastrointestinal (GI), genitourinary(GU), skin, and hematologic toxicities. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant for analyses. RESULTS: 59 patients were randomized; 30 in the control group and 29 in the intervention group. 20/30 (66.7%) of the patients in the control group and 19/29 (65.5%) in the intervention group achieved a CCR (absolute difference of 0.011, 95% CI - 0.23 to 0.25, p value: 0.13). There was a significantly higher rate of acute grade ≥ 3 GI toxicity in the intervention group (27.6%) compared with the control group (6.7%) (p value 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Despite an absolute difference of 1.1% in the 3-month CCR, our interim analysis failed to show the non-inferiority of the hypofractionated chemoradiation. Due to the higher GI toxicities, we will continue this trial using intensity-modulated radiation therapy. REGISTRATION NUMBER AND DATE: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04831437, 2021.4.1.

[FRANCOGYN group: A brief history]. / Le groupe FRANCOGYN : bilan et avenir.

OBJECTIVES: Describing the constitution of the FRANCOGYN group (a national French research group in Oncological and Gynecological Surgery) and present its current and future development. METHODS: Literature review using PUBMed database with the keyword "FRANCOGYN". OBJECTIVES: Describing the constitution of the FRANCOGYN group (a national French research group in Oncological and Gynecological Surgery) and present its current and future development. RESULTS: The FRANCOGYN group was formed in December 2015, bringing together over the years more than 17 gynecological and oncological surgical department in France. The group carries out clinical research on gynecological pelvic cancers by constituting retrospective cohorts. Its legitimacy allows it to lead or co-lead the drafting of recommendations for clinical practice in the field of gynecological cancers. It now offers prospective randomized research funded by national grants. CONCLUSION: The FRANCOGYN network allows us to propose a national reflection on the surgical management of pelvic cancers in women, resulting in numerous international reference publications.

Impact of HPV strains on molecular mechanisms of cervix cancer.

PURPOSE: Cervical cancer accounts for a high number of deaths worldwide. Risk factors are extensive for cervix cancer but Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a prime role in its development. Different strains of HPV are prevalent globally, which show different grades of mortality and morbidity among women. This study is planned to evaluate the molecular mechanism of different strains of HPV infection and progression leading to cervix cancer. METHODS: This review includes different research articles on cervix cancer progression reported from India and all over the world. RESULTS: HPV 16 and 18 are prevalent strains using heparan sulfate-independent and dependent pathways for viral replication inside the cell. It also uses transcription mechanisms through NF-kappa B, FOXA-1, and AP-1 genes while strains like HPV-35, 45, and 52 are also predominant in India, which showed a very slow mechanism of progression due to which mortality rate is low after their infection with these strains. CONCLUSION: HPV uses E6 and E7 proteins which activate NF-kappa B and AP-1 pathway which suppresses the tumor suppressor gene and activates cytokine production, causing inflammation and leading to a decrease in apoptosis due to Caspase-3 activation. In contrast, the E7 protein involves HOXA genes and decreases apoptotic factors due to which mortality and incidence rates are low in viruses that use E7 motifs. Some HPV strains employ the cap-dependent pathway, which is also associated with lower mortality and infection rates.

Human papillomavirus testing using HPV APTIMA® assay and an external cellularity control in self-collected samples.

In cervical cancer screening programs, the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is now widely implemented on physician-collected samples and has expanded to include self-collected samples. The use of a cellularity control (CC) is needed to reduce false-negative HPV results. An external mRNA CC for the HPV APTIMA® assay was assessed for its analytical performance and the results were compared with both cervix cytobrush samples taken by physicians and self-collected vaginal samples from 148 women. The performance of the CC was adjusted to control for the presence of cellular mRNA in the ThinPrep® and Multitest® transport media. This CC is user-friendly but implies to perform two independent assays on PANTHER® automate. Self-collected vaginal sampling gives a lower median CC results (13.2 vs. 16.9 min) but a higher risk of negative CC results (3.3 vs. 0%). The usefulness of the CC for the HR-HPV assay may be optimized by the definition of a threshold for a minimum cell number to be tested to increase confidence in HPV-negative results. The systematic use of an RNA CC increases confidence for HPV RNA assays on self-collected vaginal samples.

Interfraction variations in doses at OARs during three-dimensional high dose rate brachytherapy planning of cervix cancer.

Objective: The American Brachytherapy (BT) Society recommends that BT must be included as a component of the definitive radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma because recurrences and complications are decreased when BT is used in addition to external beam radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to quantify the interfraction dose variations (VARacts) during high dose rate (HDR) BT, the effect of variation in dose in terms of excess "unrecognized" dose to OAR and to conclude the reason of the variation in reference of applicator position/geometry versus deformation of the organ at risk (OAR) concerned. Materials and Methods: Total 30 patients of carcinoma cervix, biopsy proven, between June 2018 and May 2019, were taken for the study. All patients were treated with external beam radiation therapy to a dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks, followed by three fractions of HDR intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) (7.5 Gy to point A in each fraction) by two-dimensional (2D) X-ray-based planning. Before treatment in the first and last fraction of BT, computed tomography (CT) scan was done for every patient. Then, a 3D-based planning was performed with CT images on our HDR Plus software with image sequence option. VARact was calculated. Rigid image registration of consecutive fraction images was used for quantification of the hypothetical variation in dose (VARhypo) arising exclusively due to changes in applicator placement and geometry. Results: The mean contoured rectal volumes for the first and third fractions were 41.49 cc and 44.72 cc, respectively, while the respective volumes for bladder were 9.33 cc and 9.35 cc cm. These differences were statistically insignificant (P value: 0.263 and 0.919 for rectum and bladder, respectively). The mean equivalent dose in 2 Gy fraction (EQD2) bladder D2cc was 5.68 Gy and 5.79 Gy in the first and third fraction ICBT, respectively. The mean EQD2 for the rectal D2cc was 11.63 Gy and 12.85 Gy in the first and third fraction ICBT, respectively. None of the patients had an actual cumulative EQD2 more than 90 Gy for bladder, but 36.66% of the patients had a rectal dose exceeding the tolerance (75 Gy). Regression plots showed that VARhypo alone could predict about 42.2% of the VARact in the rectum and 19.2% of the VARact in the bladder. Thus, the remaining variation was due to the organ deformation-related dose variations between the two fractions. Conclusions: There were no statistically significant variations in the volumes or doses of OAR between the two fractions. However, a significant proportion of patients may have a higher dose to the OAR in the third fraction in the absence of individualized planning. This increase is likely to be more detrimental where higher doses per fraction are used. Variations in OAR doses may be caused by organ deformation and/or changes in applicator placement/geometry.

Recent Advances and Adaptive Strategies in Image Guidance for Cervical Cancer Radiotherapy.

The standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer is external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with simultaneous chemotherapy followed by an internal radiation boost. New imaging methods such as positron-emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have been implemented into daily practice for better tumor delineation in radiotherapy planning. The method of delivering radiation has changed with technical advances in qualitative imaging and treatment delivery. Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) plays an important role in minimizing treatment toxicity of pelvic radiation and provides a superior conformality for sparing the organs at risk (OARs) such as bone marrow, bowel, rectum, and bladder. Similarly, three-dimensional image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (3D-IGABT) with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported to improve target coverage and reduce the dose to normal tissues. Brachytherapy is a complementary part of radiotherapy treatment for cervical cancer and, over the past 20 years, 3D-image-based brachytherapy has rapidly evolved and established itself as the gold standard. With new techniques and adaptive treatment in cervical cancer, the concept of personalized medicine is introduced with an enhanced comprehension of the therapeutic index not only in terms of volume (three-dimensional) but during treatment too (four-dimensional). Current data show promising results with integrated IGRT and IGABT in clinical practice and, therefore, better local control and overall survival while reducing treatment-related morbidity. This review gives an overview of the substantial impact that occurred in the progress of image-guided adaptive external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy.

IMRT as an Alternative Technique for Intracavitary Brachytherapy in Patients with Carcinoma of the Cervix: A Feasibility Study Using Unified Dosimetric Index.

OBJECTIVE: Intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) plays an important role in the management of carcinoma of the cervix. This study attempts to find the feasibility of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) as a boost for patients who are not suitable for ICBT in order to improve their disease-free and overall survival. METHODS: Twenty patients with carcinoma of the cervix were included in this study. Nine fields of IMRT and ICBT plans were generated for PTVBoost. Various dosimetric indices like coverage, conformity, homogeneity, and gradient index were calculated, and the corresponding unified dosimetric index (UDI) values were generated. Plans were classified based on combined UDI, and the UDI values were compared with those of ICBT. In addition, rectum and bladder doses were compared. RESULTS: All the dosimetric indices were within acceptable limits except for the gradient index. The gradient index of the IMRT and ICBT plans were 8.77 ± 0.26 and 1.33 ± 0.06 respectively (p < 0.0001). The mean of combined UDI with standard deviation was 32.557 ± 8.940 and plan quality was calculated from these values. Rectum and bladder doses for ICBT were lesser than IMRT (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: ICBT is the gold standard for boost RT in carcinoma of the cervix patients. IMRT boost is feasible for patients who are unsuitable on medical grounds for brachytherapy.

Oncologic outcomes after MRI-assisted image-guided brachytherapy with hybrid interstitial and intra-cavitary applicators under moderate sedation for locally advanced cervix cancer.

Purpose: To report outcomes of using image-guided hybrid intra-cavitary/interstitial applicators under moderate sedation for locally advanced cervical cancer patients in our institution. Material and methods: A total of 69 fractions of brachytherapy with hybrid applicators were performed in 33 patients from January 2017 to April 2021. All patients underwent MRI pelvis 1 week pre-brachytherapy to determine suitability for interstitial brachytherapy and pre-plan needle placement. All insertion of applicators were performed under moderate sedation with midazolam and/or fentanyl. Fifty-eight (84.1%) fractions were planned with CT alone. Clinical outcomes, dose volume parameters, and toxicities were analyzed. Results: The median follow-up was 28 months. A total of 320 needles (median, 5 needles per fraction) were implanted, with a median insertion depth of 3 cm (range, 1.5-4 cm). The median high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) during initial brachytherapy was 34.5 cc (range, 17.8-74.7 cc). The median total EQD2 D2cc of the rectum, bladder, sigmoid, and small intestine colon was 71.8 Gy, 81.5 Gy, 69 Gy, and 58.3 Gy, respectively. The 2-year local control and overall survival were 80.7% and 77.7%, respectively. Larger volume HR-CTV was significantly associated with worse local control (HR = 1.08, p = 0.005) and overall survival (HR = 1.04, p = 0.015). None of the patients required in-patient admission or blood transfusion post-procedure. Late grade 3 gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities were observed in 4 patients (12.2%). Conclusions: Hybrid applicators inserted under moderate sedation are feasible and safe. Image-guided interstitial brachytherapy with CT planning aided by MRI performed 1 week pre-brachytherapy is associated with favorable outcomes and modest toxicities.

High-dose (60 Gy) intensity-modulated radiotherapy with concurrent weekly cisplatin followed by intracavitary radiation in locally advanced cervical cancer: A phase II prospective clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Radiotherapy dose-escalation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has been necessary to improve treatment results in cervical cancer. METHODS: This was a phase II prospective clinical trial. 88 patients with FIGO II-IVa cervical cancer were enrolled in a single center. They received high-dose (60 Gy) IMRT with weekly cisplatin to the primary tumor and clinically positive nodes followed by intracavitary radiation. The primary endpoint was 30-month PFS rate (Target; 82%, an increase of 20% compared to GOG 120 trial using standard-dose radiotherapy). Secondary endpoints were tumor response, toxicity, recurrence, distant metastasis, and overall survival. RESULTS: Progression-free survival rate at 30 months was 82.8%. Overall survival, locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, and para-aortic recurrence rates at 30 months were 93.6%, 8.2%, 9.2%, and 2.4%, respectively. Forty-five (51.1%) of 88 patients achieved downstaging on MRI during radiotherapy and 80 (90.9%) patients had clinically complete response at three months after high-dose IMRT and intracavitary radiotherapy. The 30-month recurrence-free survival (92.9% vs. 73.1%, P = 0.009) and overall survival (100% vs. 87.0%, P = 0.006) were significantly higher in the downstaged group than in the non-downstaged group during radiotherapy. Grade 3 or higher hematologic toxicity was found in 11 (12.5%) patients and grade 3 or higher non-hematologic toxicity was found in 3 (3.4%) patients. Fourteen had chronic urinary (8.0%), intestinal (5.7%) toxicity, pelvic insufficiency fracture (2.3%) or vesicovaginal fistula (2.3%). CONCLUSION: High-dose (60 Gy) IMRT with concurrent weekly cisplatin in locally advanced cervical cancer yielded favorable progression-free survival outcome. Tumor response during radiotherapy can be a significant prognostic factor for PFS. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION: This prospective trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02993653.