Independent volumetric internal fixation reduces posterior column acetabular fracture site motion as compared to plate/screw construct: A biomechanical analysis.

Aims & objectives: To establish whether a suprapectineal pelvic reconstruction plate and posterior column screw (P&S) construct or a single 6.5-mm cannulated posterior column screw (PCS) construct demonstrates greater mechanical stability for fixation of acetabulum fractures involving the posterior column (PC). We hypothesized that the PCS construct would result in less fracture site motion. Materials & methods: Twelve fourth-generation composite hemipelvi were utilized, 6 for each construct. The P&S construct consisted of a suprapectineal pelvic reconstruction plate with two 3.5-mm posterior column screws crossing the fracture site in lag-by-technique fashion and two screws anchoring the plate to the sciatic buttress. The PCS construct consisted of a single 6.5-mm partially threaded cannulated screw placed in an antegrade fashion. Both fixation models were cyclically loaded at 0.5 cycles/second at 400N and 800N, first in a sit-to-stand position that is expected during recovery, and subsequently in a squat-to-stand position to test overload conditions. Results: Under sit-to-stand loading, the PCS construct resulted in less motion at the fracture site than the P&S construct (0.06 ± 0.02 mm vs 0.1 ± 0.02 mm at 400N, p = 0.02; 0.13 ± 0.03 mm vs 0.19 ± 0.04 mm at 800N, p = 0.03). The PCS construct also demonstrated less fracture site motion under squat-to-stand loading (0.22 ± 0.13 mm vs 1.9 ± 0.5 mm at 400N, p = < 0.001; 1.48 ± 0.44 mm vs 4.77 ± 0.3 mm at 800N, p = < 0.001). At 800 N, half of the repairs failed during squat-to-stand loading (2 PCS, 4 P&S). Conclusion: Fixation of the posterior column of the acetabulum with a 6.5-mm cannulated screw demonstrated comparable fracture motion upon loading compared to the plate and screw construct.

Lateral column lengthening versus subtalar arthroereisis for pes planovalgus in patients with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Although pes planus, a common deformity in children with cerebral palsy (CP), is predominantly treated through lateral column lengthening (LCL), subtalar arthroereisis (SA) has also gained popularity for this purpose. This systematic review was conducted to compare surgical outcomes between LCL and SA for pes planovalgus in children with CP. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched for relevant articles reporting the outcomes of LCL and SA in the target population. Surgical outcomes were evaluated in terms of radiographic parameters and postoperative complications. Results: This review included 22 studies involving patients undergoing LCL (LCL group) and 9 studies involving those undergoing SA (SA group). LCL outperformed SA in terms of corrections in the talonavicular coverage angle (8.1°-42.1° vs. 8.0°-30.7°), anteroposterior talo-first metatarsal angle (12.3°-33.7° vs. 9.8°-21.4°), and calcaneal pitch angle (2.5°-29.7° vs. 3.5°-8.0°). Furthermore, the risk of postoperative complications, such as recurrence, pain, undercorrection, and overcorrection, was higher in the LCL group than in the SA group. However, the risks of reoperation and implant-related problems were higher in the SA group than in the LCL group. A meta-analysis of two randomized studies revealed that improvement in calcaneal pitch angle was significantly greater in the LCL group than in the SA group (mean difference: 2.09°; P = 0.0488). Conclusion: LCL outperforms SA in correcting pes planus-related radiographic parameters in patients with CP. However, postoperative complications appear to be more common after LCL than after SA. Systematic Review Registration: https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2024-5-0126, Identifier 202450126.

Effect of carbonaceous materials on phosphorus removal in flow-through packed column systems.

Phosphorus (P) overloading in aquatic environments has long-been recognized as the leading cause of water quality deterioration, harmful algal bloom, and eutrophication. This study investigated P removal performance by five cost-effective carbonaceous materials (CMs) in flow-through packed column systems. These CMs include biochars pyrolyzed from feedstocks of Eucalyptus (E-biochar) and Douglas fir (D-biochar), commercial biochar (C-biochar), iron oxide-coated biochar (Fe-biochar), and commercial activated carbon (AC). The physicochemical properties of CMs, such as specific surface area (SSA), pore volume, pore diameter, elemental composition, and surface charge, were characterized. The packed column experimental results showed that P removal performance followed the order: E-biochar < D-biochar < C-biochar < Fe-biochar < AC. Specifically, the sorption capacity of 1 mg/L of P in packed columns was 0.0036 mg P/g E-biochar, 0.0111 mg P/g D-biochar, 0.0369 mg P/g D-biochar, 0.077 mg P/g Fe-biochar, and 0.088 mg P/g AC, respectively. The largest SSA (1012 m2/g) and pore volume (0.57 cm3/g) of AC accounted for the most outstanding P removal efficiency mainly by physical sorption, while electrostatic interaction explained the high P removal by Fe-biochar (SSA as low as 32.4 m2/g). Our findings provide direct practical implications for effectively removing P in water by cost-effective CMs.

Development of a rapid and robust hydrop interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of 13 endogenous amino acids as well as trimethylamine oxide in serum and tissues of the mice.

This work aimed to establish an HILIC-MS/MS method to simultaneously determine the levels of 13 endogenous amino acids and trimethylamine oxide in the biological samples from the mice. Electrospray ion source was used for the analysis of mass spectrometry. The 20 min separation was applied in a Dikma Inspire Hilic column (2.1 × 100.0 mm, 3 µM). Positive ion mode under an MRM model gave a satisfying response value. The limits of quantitation were evaluated by accuracy from -12.59% to 7.89% and precision from 1.77% to 14.00% as well as acceptable interday and intraday precision, matrix effect, recovery, and stability. Later, the assay was successfully used to measure the concentrations of the determinands in the biological samples. Individual and tissue distribution differences for these metabolites were observable. The amino acids had a consistent highest content in the spleens, while the lowest levels were found in the livers. Alanine was the most abundant amino acid in the serum, and taurine kept the highest content in all of the tissues. Trimethylamine oxide remained low level, especially in the liver samples.

Quality by design for mRNA platform purification based on continuous oligo-dT chromatography.

Oligo-deoxythymidine (oligo-dT) ligand-based affinity chromatography is a robust method for purifying mRNA drug substances within the manufacturing process of mRNA-based products, including vaccines and therapeutics. However, the conventional batch mode of operation for oligo-dT chromatography has certain drawbacks that reduce the productivity of this process. Here, we report a new continuous oligo-dT chromatography process for the purification of in vitro transcribed mRNA, which reduces losses, improves the efficiency of oligo-dT resin use, and intensifies the chromatography process. Furthermore, the quality by design (QbD) framework was used to establish a design space for the newly developed method. The optimization of process parameters (PPs), including salt type, salt concentration, load flow rate and mRNA load concentration both in batch and the continuous mode, achieved a greater than 90% yield (mRNA recovery) along with greater than 95% mRNA integrity and greater than 99% purity. The productivity of continuous chromatography was estimated to be 5.75-fold higher, and the operating cost was estimated 15% lower, when compared with batch chromatography. Moreover, the QbD framework was further used to map the relationship between critical quality attributes and key performance indicators as a function of critical process parameters and critical material attributes.

Analyzing top-down visual attention in the context of gamma oscillations: a layer- dependent network-of- networks approach.

Top-down visual attention is a fundamental cognitive process that allows individuals to selectively attend to salient visual stimuli in the environment. Recent empirical findings have revealed that gamma oscillations participate in the modulation of visual attention. However, computational studies face challenges when analyzing the attentional process in the context of gamma oscillation due to the unstable nature of gamma oscillations and the complexity induced by the layered fashion in the visual cortex. In this study, we propose a layer-dependent network-of-networks approach to analyze such attention with gamma oscillations. The model is validated by reproducing empirical findings on orientation preference and the enhancement of neuronal response due to top-down attention. We perform parameter plane analysis to classify neuronal responses into several patterns and find that the neuronal response to sensory and attention signals was modulated by the heterogeneity of the neuronal population. Furthermore, we revealed a counter-intuitive scenario that the excitatory populations in layer 2/3 and layer 5 exhibit opposite responses to the attentional input. By modification of the original model, we confirmed layer 6 plays an indispensable role in such cases. Our findings uncover the layer-dependent dynamics in the cortical processing of visual attention and open up new possibilities for further research on layer-dependent properties in the cerebral cortex.

Comparison of orientation encoding across layers within single columns of primate V1 revealed by high-density recordings.

Primary visual cortex (V1) has been the focus of extensive neurophysiological investigations, with its laminar organization serving as a crucial model for understanding the functional logic of neocortical microcircuits. Utilizing newly developed high-density, Neuropixels probes, we measured visual responses from large populations of simultaneously recorded neurons distributed across layers of macaque V1. Within single recordings, myriad differences in the functional properties of neuronal subpopulations could be observed. Notably, while standard measurements of orientation selectivity showed only minor differences between laminar compartments, decoding stimulus orientation from layer 4C responses outperformed both superficial and deep layers within the same cortical column. The superior orientation discrimination within layer 4C was associated with greater response reliability of individual neurons rather than lower correlated activity within neuronal populations. Our results underscore the efficacy of high-density electrophysiology in revealing the functional organization and network properties of neocortical microcircuits within single experiments.

Pesticide and antimicrobial evaluation of three labdane-type diterpenes, and one flavonoid glycoside, isolated from rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig.

Three labdane-type diterpenes, namely coronalactoside I, hedychilactone A, and (E)-labda-8(17),12-dien-15(16)-olide, along with the flavonoid glycoside Isolinariin A, were isolated from Heydichium coronarium. Structural elucidation employed spectroscopic techniques (IR, MS, NMR, and DEPT) and comparison with literature data. Pesticidal and antimicrobial activities were assessed. Isolinariin A exhibited potent nematicidal activity (71.33% mortality) against Meloidogyne incognita, while Coronalactoside I demonstrated strong inhibition of nematode egg hatchability (26.00% at 1 µg/mL). In insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura, (E)-labda-8(17),12-dien-15(16)-olide displayed significant mortality (93.66% at 100 µg/mL). Molecular docking studies indicated favourable interactions with target proteins, suggesting potential in pest management. These findings propose the application of these compounds to mitigate the ecological impact of synthetic pesticides.

Clinical and radiological outcomes of flexible flatfoot correction with double calcaneal osteotomy.

BACKGROUND: Although double calcaneal osteotomy (medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy with lateral column lengthening) is widely regarded as an effective treatment option for flexible flatfoot, limited studies have extensively analyzed the degree of deformity correction in three dimensions following double calcaneal osteotomy. This study was performed to evaluate the radiographic and clinical effectiveness of double calcaneal osteotomy to correct flexible flatfoot deformities. METHODS: Thirty-one patients who had 44 symptomatic flexible flatfeet and underwent double calcaneal osteotomy were examined retrospectively with a mean follow-up of 50 months. Visual analog scale, foot and ankle activity measure, and other clinical data were obtained from medical records. Various radiographic variables for assessing flatfoot and osteoarthritic change in tarsal joints were analyzed from weightbearing radiographs. RESULTS: Clinical scores and radiographic variables were significantly improved postoperatively. The mean values of medial sliding and lateral lengthening were 7.6 and 8.7 mm, respectively. No osteoarthritic changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Double calcaneal osteotomy could be used to correct flatfoot deformities effectively and sustainably and provide symptomatic relief and patient satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4, retrospective case series.

Remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soil via soil washing with various water-organic solvent.

The feasibility of soil washing for remediating PFAS-contaminated clay soil using various water-organic solvents was systematically investigated based on the combination of batch and column tests. Batch tests using 22 types of solvents highlighted that 0 % (water) and 5 % solvents could effectively extract PFCAs (≤ C9), while long-chain PFCAs (≥ C10) and PFSAs required 80 % solvents for optimal extraction, with efficiency in the order of EtOH ≤ MeOH < Acetonitrile (ACN), suggesting a strong correlation with carbon chain lengths and functional head groups. Column tests with six selected washing solutions indicated rapid desorption of PFOA and PFOS initially, peaking at liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratios of 3-4 for 0 % and 5 % solutions, and at an L/S ratio of 1 for 80 % solutions. To remediate 1 kg-dry soil to meet the legislatively permissible levels for groundwater in Japan (PFOA + PFOS < 50 ng/L), 11 L of 0 % solution (water) or 5 L of 80 % ACN are required for washing out PFOA, while 62 L of 0 % solution (water) or 53 L of 80 % ACN for PFOS. Future research should address the treatment of PFAS-rich wastewater generated from washing PFAS-contaminated soils and the impacts of washing solutions on soil.

Hypoxia and loss of GCM1 expression prevents differentiation and contact inhibition in human trophoblast stem cells.

The placenta develops alongside the embryo and nurtures fetal development to term. During the first stages of embryonic development, due to low blood circulation, the blood and ambient oxygen supply is very low (~1-2% O2) and gradually increases upon placental invasion. While a hypoxic environment is associated with stem cell self-renewal and proliferation, persistent hypoxia may have severe effects on differentiating cells and could be the underlying cause of placental disorders. We find that human trophoblast stem cells (hTSC) thrive in low oxygen, whereas differentiation of hTSC to trophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast (STB) and extravillous trophoblast (EVT) is negatively affected by hypoxic conditions. The pro-differentiation factor GCM1 (human Glial Cell Missing-1) is downregulated in low oxygen, and concordantly there is substantial reduction of GCM1-regulated genes in hypoxic conditions. Knockout of GCM1 in hTSC caused impaired EVT and STB formation and function, reduced expression of differentiation-responsive genes, and resulted in maintenance of self-renewal genes. Treatment with a PI3K inhibitor reported to reduce GCM1 protein levels likewise counteracts spontaneous or directed differentiation. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation of GCM1 showed enrichment of GCM1-specific binding near key transcription factors upregulated upon differentiation including the contact inhibition factor CDKN1C. Loss of GCM1 resulted in downregulation of CDKN1C and corresponding loss of contact inhibition, implicating GCM1 in regulation of this critical process.

Case Report: Staged treatment of ankle deformity and first metatarsal deficiency after motorcycle spoke injury with Taylor external frame combined with fibular head grafting.

The treatment of the sequelae of severe foot injuries caused by motorcycle spoke injury, especially in pediatric patients, allows for new options and surgical protocols. The tarsometatarsal joint and the first metatarsal were reconstructed by precise preoperative design using the TSF space external fixation technique in one stage to correct the foot deformity and restore the volume and length, and free grafting of the fibular head with epiphysis in the second stage. This method is the first of its kind reported. The patient's foot deformity was corrected, walking, walking up and down stairs, and running functions were achieved, and the bone quality could grow with age. The combination of TSF six-axis spatial external fixation technique and microscopic technique can maximize the patient's appearance and function and is worth promoting.

An efficient protocol for the extraction of pigment-free active polyphenol oxidase and soluble proteins from plant cells.

The elimination of brownish pigments from plant protein extracts has been a challenge in plant biochemistry studies. Although numerous approaches have been developed to reduce pigments for enzyme assays, none has been able to completely remove pigments from plant protein extracts for biochemical studies. A simple and effective protocol was developed to completely remove pigments from plant protein extracts. Proteins were extracted from red anthocyanin-rich transgenic and greenish wild-type tobacco cells cultured on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog medium. Protein extracts from these cells were brownish or dark due to the pigments. Four approaches were comparatively tested to show that the diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sephadex anion exchange gel column was effective in completely removing pigments to obtain transparent pigment-free protein extracts. A Millipore Amicon® Ultra 10K cut-off filter unit was used to effectively desalt proteins. Moreover, the removal of pigments significantly improved the measurement accuracy of total soluble proteins. Furthermore, enzymatic assays using catechol as a substrate coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that the pigment-free proteins not only showed polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity but also enhanced the catalytic activity of PPO. Taken together, this protocol is effective for extracting pigment-free plant proteins for plant biochemistry studies. A simple and effective protocol was successfully developed to not only completely and effectively remove anthocyanin and polyphenolics-derived quinone pigments from plant protein extracts but also to decrease the effects of pigments on the measurement accuracy of total soluble proteins. This robust protocol will enhance plant biochemical studies using pigment-free native proteins, which in turn increase their reliability and sensitivity.

Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Guggulsterol I and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Properties in Ethanol Extracts From Commiphora caudata Leaves.

The secondary metabolites of various parts of Commiphora caudata have shown a range of biological activities under both in vivo and in vitro conditions, particularly anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. While E-guggulsterone from this plant has been proven to have anti-inflammatory effects, the antioxidant potential of phytochemicals present in the leaves of C. caudata is less explored. This investigation aimed to isolate an antioxidant phytoconstituent from the ethanolic extract of the dried leaves of C. caudata using a bioassay-guided approach. The dried leaves were successively extracted with organic solvents, including ethanol. The presence of phytochemicals was tested using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and phytoconstituent from ethanol extract was purified by column chromatography. The antioxidant activity of both the crude extract and the purified compound was evaluated and then compared. The radical scavenging activity was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The ethanolic extract of C. caudata showed 87.6% DPPH radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 250 µg/mL, while standard ascorbic acid showed 94.9% inhibition at the same concentration. The concentrated ethanolic extract of C. caudata was subjected to silica-based column chromatography with an ascending polarity of mobile phase solvents, ethyl acetate, and ethanol (25:75), yielding a single compound. The isolated compound was confirmed as guggulsterol I by ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The radical scavenging activity of the crude ethanolic extract of C. caudata leaves and the isolated compound guggulsterol I was concentration-dependent. The crude ethanolic extract of C. caudata showed significant antioxidant activity in comparison with the standard. However, the isolated guggulsterol I showed less antioxidant activity than the crude ethanolic extract. This study strongly suggests that the crude ethanolic extract of C. caudata leaves had better antioxidant activity due to the synergistic or additive effect of guggulsterol I and other phytoconstituents.

A Polymer-Based Polar Stationary Phase Grafted With Modified Lysine for Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography.

The high hydrophobicity and chemical inertness of poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB) microspheres make their surface hydrophilic modification difficult. Here we describe a facile way to convert PS-DVB microspheres to hydrophilic, then can be used as polar stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. This approach utilizes the grafting of an acrylamide-terminated lysine zwitterionic monomer onto PS-DVB microspheres via free radical polymerization. The obtained stationary phase shows good hydrophilicity and a typical retention mechanism of hydrophilic interaction chromatography toward several model polar analytes. It also exhibits obvious zwitterionic properties and is capable of separating cationic and anionic analytes simultaneously. The column shows negligible bleeding level, much superior to silica-based ones.

Comparison of engineered nanoparticle transport in columns of three different lengths: Transport experiments and multi-observation point modeling.

This study focuses on the effectiveness of commonly-used 15 cm column lengths for investigating nanoparticle transport in porous media. Experimental tests examined the transport and retention behaviors of two types of nanoparticles, graphene oxide (GO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, in saturated sand columns of different lengths (15, 30 and 45 cm), while considering key environmental factors like ionic strength (IS, 1-50 mM), flow rate (1-3 mL min-1), and grain size (150-850 µm). In the 15 cm columns, both GO and TiO2 transport decreased with higher IS and lower flow rate; grain size affected GO and TiO2 differently. Smaller grain size increased GO retention in the sand columns through straining, thus weakening GO mobility, whereas increased fluid shear force suppressed the ripening of TiO2, enhancing its migration. Similar environmental effects were noted in longer columns (30 and 45 cm), but fitted transport parameters (Smax and k) and predicted long-term mobility (Lmax) indicated that 15 cm columns might underestimate nanoparticle mobility. Blocking and ripening models based on single and multiple observation points to simulate nanoparticle transport and retention showed that predictions aligned well with experimental data. These results indicate that using combinations of columns of different lengths to achieve multiple observation points improves model prediction accuracy; in single-column experiments, the 45 cm and 30 cm columns respectively better predict the mobility range of GO and TiO2 compared to 15 cm columns.

Online ligand screening for cytochrome C from herbal medicines through "four-in-one" measurement.

Affinity-oriented online ligand screening with LC coupled to different detectors is widely popular to capture active compounds from herbal medicines (HMs). However, false-positive extensively occurs because insufficient information is recorded for the existence and stability of ligand-protein complex. Here, efforts were made to advance the hit confidences via configuring post-column infusion-LC-energy-resolved-affinity MS (PCI-LC-ER-AMS) to achieve "four-in-one" monitoring of: 1) response decrement of potential ligands; 2) response decrement of protein; 3) ions relating to ligand-protein complexes; and 4) ligand-protein binding strength. Ligand fishing for Cyt C from HMs was conducted as a proof-of-concept. For utility justification, a mimic sample containing twelve well-defined ligands and two negative controls underwent LC separation and met Cyt C prior to Qtof-MS measurements. Compared to Cyt C- or ligand-free assay, twelve ligands instead of negative controls showed response decrements that were consistent with twelve negative peaks observed at retention times corresponding to the ligands in Cyt C ion current chromatogram. Serial ions correlating to each ligand-Cyt C complex were observed. After recording breakdown graphs, optimal collision energy (OCE) corresponding to the non-covalent bond dissociation was positively correlated with binding strength. Two HMs including Scutellariae Radix (SR) and Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata were investigated. Consequently, 24 compounds were merely fished from SR, and particularly, flavonoid glycosides exhibited greater OCEs and also binding strengths over aglycones. Affinity assays and cellular evaluations consolidated the significant interactions between each captured compound and Cyt C. Overall, PCI-LC-ER-AMS is eligible for confidence-enhanced online ligand screening for Cyt C from HMs through "four-in-one" measurement.

Quantitation of Host Cell Proteins by Capillary LC/IMS/MS/MS in Combination with Rapid Digestion on Immobilized Trypsin Column Under Native Conditions.

Host cell protein (HCP) impurities are considered a critical quality attribute of biopharmaceuticals because of their potential to compromise safety and efficacy, and LC/MS-based analytical methods have been developed to identify and quantify individual proteins instead of employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess total HCP levels. Native digestion enables highly sensitive detection of HCPs but requires overnight incubation to generate peptides, limiting the throughput of sample preparation. In this study, we developed an approach employing native digestion on a trypsin-immobilized column to improve the sensitivity and throughput. We examined suitable databases for the identification of HCPs derived from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and selected RefSeq's Chinese Hamster as the optimal database. Then, we investigated methods to identify HCPs with greater efficiency than that of denatured in-solution digestion. Native in-column digestion not only reduced the digestion time from overnight to 10 min but also increased the number of quantified HCPs from 154 to 226. In addition to this rapid digestion methodology, we developed high-throughput LC/MS/MS with a monolithic silica column and parallel reaction monitoring-parallel accumulation-serial fragmentation. The optimized system was validated with synthetic peptides derived from high-risk HCPs, confirming excellent linearity, precision, accuracy, and low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) (1-3 ppm). The optimized digestion and analysis method enabled high-throughput quantification of HCPs, and is expected to be useful for quality control and characterization of HCPs in antibody drugs.

Lateral Anterior Column Release in Short Lumbar Fusion Is it worth it?

INTRODUCTION: Radiographic ASD ranges from 10% to 84%, depending on technique. Occurrence of symptomatic ASD is lower, with a range of 1.9% to 13%. ASD can be very debilitating and necessitate further procedures, leading to high morbidity. Herein, we explore the occurrence of adjacent segment disease when performing anterior column release in lateral interbody fusion. METHODS: After IRB approval, 120 total patients who underwent LLIF at our facility from 2013 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed, allowing for a minimum of 3 years for follow up time. Surgical variables and spinopelvic parameters were measured and collected by our team. Statistical measures of significance were calculated using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 29. RESULTS: 120 total patients were included. 73.3% of patients had percutaneous screws, and 11.7% had open. 13 patients underwent LLIF with ACR. The mean LL was 50.1± 12.9, PI was 52.8 ± 11.2, SS was 33.6± 9.2, PT was 18.1 ± 6.8, and SVA was 6.8 mm ± 30.5. 24 total patients had ASD after LLIF. In univariable analysis, ACR (P<0.001) and PI-LL Mismatch (P<0.035) were risk factors for developing ASD. In multivariable analysis, greater PI-LL mismatch was predictive of ASD (p<0.005, OR=1.097, and 95% CI=1.029-1.171), as was ACR (p<0.001, OR=9.667, and 95% CI=2.669-35.09). CONCLUSION: Higher PI-LL mismatch after lumbar interbody fusion, and performance of an ACR during LLIF increased the likelihood of developing symptomatic ASD in our patients. Considering ACR to achieve the goal of correcting spinopelvic parameters should be carefully evaluated when undertaking a lateral approach.

Vertical distribution of microplastics in the Western Pacific Warm Pool: In situ results comparison of different sampling method.

Marine microplastics (MPs) are recognized as a growing severe environmental concern. The vertical distribution pattern of MPs in the ocean is still elusive. Meanwhile, different sampling methods have been deployed in previous studies, resulting in difficulties in compiling data. In this study, for the first time, we explored ocean interior MP pollution in the Western Pacific Warm Pool simultaneously using both a CTD (Conductivity-temperature-depth) sampler and a large-volume in-situ filtration system. At the same sampling station, the average abundance of microplastics in the water column obtained by the two sampling methods was 0.37 ± 0.44 n/m3 (in-situ filtration) and 115.12 ± 64.13 n/m3 (CTD), respectively, which showed significant differences. Both methods found that the main chemical composition and shape of MPs were PET and fiber. Ocean current was identified as the dominant factor that impacted the horizontal distribution of MPs in the study area. The abundance of MPs in the surface layer was 5.4-703.8 times higher than that of the water column. The similar physical and chemical properties of MPs in the surface water and water column indicated that MPs in the water column originate from the sustained release from the surface layer.