Less invasive bonnet bypass with subcutaneous tunneling method for common carotid artery occlusion - A technical note.

Background: Common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) sometimes requires vascular reconstruction. Ipsilateral superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass is unsuitable due to insufficient blood flow to the external carotid artery. The bonnet bypass, one treatment option for CCAO, requires a long coronal incision and bone groove to prevent malposition and collapse of an interposition graft. However, this long incision might lead to skin complications and reduced collateral blood flow. Methods: A 60-year-old man who experienced recurrent ischemic stroke presented with the right internal carotid artery occlusion and left CCAO. The left STA was unavailable; however, both branches of his right STA were well-developed. Minimizing skin invasion was a priority because the patient had diabetes mellitus. We performed a right STA parietal branch - right MCA anastomosis, followed by a right STA frontal branch - left radial artery graft (RAG) - left MCA bonnet bypass using small intermittent skin incisions. Results: We drilled a bone groove extending across the entire length of the interposition graft through the small intermittent skin incisions. Furthermore, we applied a right STA-RAG end-to-side anastomosis instead of an endto-end anastomosis to preserve collateral skin anastomosis. Postoperatively, the bypass remained patent, and the patient was discharged without complications. Conclusion: The bonnet bypass is a potential treatment for CCAO, but the procedure is invasive. Our modified bonnet bypass method enables less invasive management, preventing collapse and malposition of the interposition graft and minimizing skin complications.

Involvement of SIRT1 and SIRT3 in Effects of Hypoxic Hypobaric Preconditioning on Hippocampal Damage Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in C57/6j and a7nAchRs(-/-) Mice / Participación de SIRT1 y SIRT3 en los Efectos del Precondicionamiento Hipobárico Hipóxico sobre el Daño del Hipocampo Inducido por Hipoperfusión Cerebral Crónica en Ratones C57/6j y a7nAchRs (-/-)

SUMMARY: Hypoxic preconditioning is known to induce neuroprotection, but its effects and pathways in chronic brain pathology still unknown. The aim was to establish an involvement of a7 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (a7nAchRs), and sirtuins of 1 (SIRT1) and 3 (SIRT3) types in the effects of hypoxic hypobaric preconditioning on brain damage in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion caused by the left common carotid artery occlusion. The male C57/6j (C57, wild type) and a7nAchRs(-/-) mice were divided to six experimental groups (10 mice per group): sham-operated C57, C57 with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, C57 with hypoxic hypobaric preconditioning and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, sham-operated a7nAchRs(-/-) mice, a7nAchRs(-/-) with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, a7nAchRs(-/-) with hypoxic hypobaric preconditioning and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. For preconditioning, mice were exposed to hypoxia by "lifting" in barochamber to simulated altitude of 5600 m a.s.l. for 1 h/day on 3 consecutive days before surgical manipulation. Expressions of SIRT1, SIRT3 in brain tissue, and histopathological changes of the hippocampi were examined. It was shown that 8-week chronic hypoperfusion of the brain, caused by unilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery, was accompanied by injury to the neurons of the hippocampi of both hemispheres, which was more pronounced on the side of the occlusion. This damage, as well as the mechanisms of neuroprotection induced by hypoxic preconditioning, were maintained for at least 8 weeks by mechanisms mediated through a7nAChRs. Deficite of a7nAChRs was accompanied with reduction of neuronal damage caused CCH in 8 weeks, as well as preconditioning effects, and lead to compensatory activation of regulatory and protective mechanisms mediated by SIRT1, in normal conditions and in CCH. In wild-type (C57) mice, protective mechanisms in CCH were realized to a greater extent by increased expression of SIRT3 in both hemispheres of the brain.

Se sabe que el precondicionamiento hipóxico induce neuroprotección, pero aún se desconocen sus efectos y vías en la patología cerebral crónica. El objetivo fue establecer la participación de la subunidad a7 de los receptores nicotínicos de acetilcolina (a7nAchR) y las sirtuinas de tipo 1 (SIRT1) y 3 (SIRT3) en los efectos del precondicionamiento hipóxico hipobárico sobre el daño cerebral en ratones con hipoperfusión cerebral crónica causada por la oclusión de la arteria carótida común izquierda. Los ratones macho C57/6j (C57, tipo salvaje) y a7nAchRs(-/-) se dividieron en seis grupos experimentales (10 ratones por grupo): C57 con operación simulada, C57 con hipoperfusión cerebral crónica, C57 con precondicionamiento hipobárico hipóxico y crónica. hipoperfusión cerebral, ratones a7nAchRs(-/-) operados de forma simulada, a7nAchRs(-/-) con hipoperfusión cerebral crónica, a7nAchRs(-/-) con precondicionamiento hipobárico hipóxico e hipoperfusión cerebral crónica. Para el preacondicionamiento, los ratones fueron expuestos a hipoxia "levantándolos" en una cámara de barro a una altitud simulada de 5600 m s.n.m. durante 1 h/día durante 3 días consecutivos antes de la manipulación quirúrgica. Se examinaron las expresiones de SIRT1, SIRT3 en tejido cerebral y los cambios histopatológicos de los hipocampos. Se demostró que la hipoperfusión cerebral crónica de 8 semanas, causada por la oclusión unilateral de la arteria carótida común, se acompañaba de lesión de las neuronas del hipocampo de ambos hemisferios y que era más pronunciada en el lado de la oclusión. Este daño, así como los mecanismos de neuroprotección inducidos por el precondicionamiento hipóxico, se mantuvieron durante al menos 8 semanas mediante mecanismos mediados por a7nAChR. El déficit de a7nAChR se acompañó de una reducción del daño neuronal causado por CCH en 8 semanas, así como de efectos de precondicionamiento, y condujo a una activación compensatoria de mecanismos reguladores y protectores mediados por SIRT1, en condiciones normales y en CCH. En ratones de tipo salvaje (C57), los mecanismos de protección en CCH se realizaron en mayor medida mediante una mayor expresión de SIRT3 en ambos hemisfe- rios del cerebro.

Carotid-carotid artery crossover bypass using the Saphenous Vein Graft for symptomatic common carotid artery occlusion: how I do it.

BACKGROUND: Common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) is rare, where a revascularization procedure might be needed in symptomatic or recurrent ischemic events. In this study, we describe the carotid-carotid artery crossover bypass technique for Riles type 1 A CCAO. METHODS: The procedure was conducted via bilateral neck incisions utilizing the saphenous vein graft. The graft was patent after surgery, along with substantial improvement in cerebral perfusion, resulting in a stroke-free postoperative period. CONCLUSION: The carotid-carotid crossover bypass is effective for CCAO patients requiring revascularization. However, individual bypass options and vascular grafts should be carefully considered.

Effects of schisandrin B on hypoxia-related cognitive function and protein expression in vascular dementia rats.

Vascular dementia (VD) a heterogenous group of brain disorders in which cognitive impairment is attributable to vascular risk factors and cerebrovascular disease. A common phenomenon in VD is a dysfunctional cerebral regulatory mechanism associated with insufficient cerebral blood flow, ischemia and hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions oxygen supply to the brain results in neuronal death leading to neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's (AD) and VD. In conditions of hypoxia and low oxygen perfusion, expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) increases under conditions of low oxygen and low perfusion associated with upregulation of expression of hypoxia-upregulated mitochondrial movement regulator (HUMMR), which promotes anterograde mitochondrial transport by binding with trafficking protein kinesin 2 (TRAK2). Schisandrin B (Sch B) an active component derived from Chinese herb Wuweizi prevented ß-amyloid protein induced morphological alterations and cell death using a SH-SY5Y neuronal cells considered an AD model. It was thus of interest to determine whether Sch B might also alleviate VD using a rat bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) dementia model. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Sch B in BCAO on cognitive functions such as Morris water maze test and underlying mechanisms involving expression of HIF-1α, TRAK2, and HUMMR levels. The results showed that Sch B improved learning and memory function of rats with VD and exerted a protective effect on the hippocampus by inhibition of protein expression of HIF-1α, TRAK2, and HUMMR factors. Evidence indicates that Sch B may be considered as an alternative in VD treatment.

Retrograde thrombectomy of acute common carotid artery occlusion with mobile thrombus: illustrative cases.

BACKGROUND: Acute embolic occlusion of the common carotid artery (CCA) alone is rare. However, once it occurs, recanalization is challenging due to the large volume of the clot, larger diameter of the CCA, and risk of procedure-related distal embolism into the intracranial arteries. OBSERVATIONS: The authors report two cases of acute embolic occlusion of CCA alone, caused by a cardiac embolus trapped at the proximal end of a preexisting atherosclerotic plaque at the cervical carotid bifurcation. In both cases, the CCA was successfully recanalized using retrograde thrombectomy in a hybrid operating room. In case 1, a 78-year-old male with acute right CCA occlusion underwent retrograde thrombectomy, where the cervical carotid bifurcation was exposed and incised, and the entire embolus was retrieved with forceps. Despite successful revascularization, massive bleeding from the CCA just after the retrieval remained a concern. In case 2, a 79-year-old female with acute right CCA occlusion underwent retrograde thrombectomy in the same manner. Because manual retrieval failed, a Fogarty balloon catheter inserted from the arteriotomy successfully retrieved the entire thrombus with minimal blood loss. LESSONS: Retrograde thrombectomy through the arteriotomy of the cervical carotid bifurcation safely and effectively recanalizes acute embolic occlusion of the CCA alone.

Branch retinal artery occlusion with congenital common carotid artery and internal carotid artery occlusion: A case report.

PURPOSE: To report a case of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) of the left eye combined with left congenital common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) and internal carotid artery occlusion (ICAO). METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 36-year-old man presented with sudden vision loss of only the left eye without any signs or symptoms of brain diseases. Fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) showed left BRAO, and computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the head and neck showed entire left CCAO and ICAO. The patient's left vertebral artery was anastomosed with the left occipital artery via the muscular branch, supplying blood retrogradely to the left external carotid artery. The right internal carotid artery compensated for blood supply to the left anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery via anterior communication, and the left posterior communication artery compensated for blood supply to the left middle cerebral artery. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study was the first to report a case of BRAO combined with congenital CCAO and ICAO with vision loss as the first symptom and proposed the importance of head and neck examination in retinal artery occlusion at the first visit to a doctor.

Fatal stroke with acute simultaneous bilateral common carotid artery occlusion presenting as sudden coma: A case report.

Common carotid artery occlusion is rare. Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion is extremely rare and, to our knowledge, has hardly ever been reported. This report describes a case of fatal stroke with acute simultaneous bilateral common carotid artery occlusion presenting as sudden coma. A 90-year-old woman was transferred to our hospital by ambulance with a sudden coma. She had a history of atrial fibrillation but had not taken any oral antithrombotic medication in recent years. She had been receiving house calls for dehydration in the previous week. Magnetic resonance imaging showed extensive cerebral infarcts in both cerebral hemispheres, and magnetic resonance angiography revealed bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Acute recanalization therapy was not performed because of the extensive cerebral infarction, the patient's advanced age, and her poor ability to perform activities of daily living. On the day after onset, she died of massive cerebral infarction and marked brain swelling.

A rare presentation of a common carotid artery occlusion.

Background: A common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) is very rare and the clinical features of CCAO have rarely been described. Since the blood supply of the eye and orbit is derived from the internal carotid artery, a CCAO may present with various ophthalmological symptoms, ranging from incidental findings to complete visual loss but also other neuro-ophthalmological abnormalities. Case report: A 61-year-old woman presented with acute monocular vision loss and an elevation deficit of the right eye. Fluorescein angiography showed delayed filling of both the retinal and choroidal vasculature, without occlusion/embolisms of the retinal arteries. Vascular imaging showed a right CCAO. Conclusion: CCAO has a variable presentation. In patients with acute unilateral visual loss a CCAO should be considered, especially when ocular motility deficits are present. Fluorescein angiography examination can aid in the localization and diagnosis of the vascular insult. Urgent referral for a systemic work-up is essential.

Asymptomatic Common Carotid Artery Occlusion and Occipital-Vertebral Artery Anastomosis: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) is a very rare disorder that has rarely been studied. CCAO causes several neurological symptoms but can sometimes be asymptomatic due to the development of various anastomoses. Herein, we report the case of a 70-year-old male patient diagnosed with asymptomatic CCAO due to anastomotic flow. The patient underwent transfemoral cerebral angiography (TFCA) and was found to have CCAO with two collateral pathways, including an occipital artery-vertebral artery anastomosis. We emphasize the importance of TFCA when CCAO is suspected and review the types and anastomotic pathways of CCAO.

Amentoflavone attenuates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats by targeting HMGB1-mediated TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Surveys indicated that stroke classified among the leading cause of death as well as combined death and disability worldwide resulting in a great loss for the global economy. The present study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of the biflavonoid amentoflavone (AMNT) in alleviating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in rats, and to elucidate the possible underlying mechanism of an experimental condition with similar circumstances to stroke. Cerebral ischemia was achieved through left common carotid artery occlusion for 60 min, followed by blood flow restoration. Sham-operated control rats subjected to the same surgical process except for brain IR. Rats were orally administered AMNT/ or vehicle for three days' prior surgical operation, and for another three days after left brain IR. Rats of all groups were assessed for neurological deficits 24 h following brain IR. Each group was divided into two subgroups one for the rotarod testing and biochemical assessment while the other subgroup to perform the activity cage testing, histopathological study, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression analysis. AMNT enhanced brain levels of GSH and CAT activities, suppressed neuroinflammation via reducing the inflammatory cytokines in the serum, and enhanced brain contents of TBK1 and IFNß. AMNT downregulated TLR4-/NF-κB signaling pathway as a result of the HMGB1 suppression. Moreover, AMNT blocked apoptotic cell death by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing the activation of caspase-3. These findings revealed that AMNT attenuates I/R-induced cerebral injury possibly by regulating the HMGB1-mediated TLR4/NF-kB pathway. Thus, AMNT could provide potential preventive and therapeutic option for cerebral stroke.

Evaluation of electroacupuncture as a non-pharmacological therapy for astrocytic structural aberrations and behavioral deficits in a post-ischemic depression model in mice.

Background: Ascending clinical evidence supports that electroacupuncture (EA) is effective in treating post-ischemic depression (PID), but little is known about how it works at the cellular level. Astrocytes are exquisitely sensitive to their extracellular environment, and under stressful conditions, they may experience aberrant structural remodeling that can potentially cause neuroplastic disturbances and contribute to subsequent changes in mood or behavior. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of EA on behavioral deficits associated with PID in mice and verify the hypothesis that astrocytic morphology may be involved in this impact. Methods: We established a PID animal model induced by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO, 20 min) and chronic restraint stress (CRS, 21 days). EA treatment (GV20 + ST36) was performed for 3 weeks, from Monday to Friday each week. Depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors and sociability were evaluated using SPT, FST, EPM, and SIT. Immunohistochemistry combined with Sholl and cell morphological analysis was utilized to assess the process morphology of GFAP+ astrocytes in mood-related regions. The potential relationship between morphological changes in astrocytes and behavioral output was detected by correlation analysis. Results: Behavioral assays demonstrated that EA treatment induced an overall reduction in behavioral deficits, as measured by the behavioral Z-score. Sholl and morphological analyses revealed that EA prevented the decline in cell complexity of astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the CA1 region of the hippocampus, where astrocytes displayed evident deramification and atrophy of the branches. Eventually, the correlation analysis showed there was a relationship between behavioral emotionality and morphological changes. Conclusion: Our findings imply that EA prevents both behavioral deficits and structural abnormalities in astrocytes in the PID model. The strong correlation between behavioral Z-scores and the observed morphological changes confirms the notion that the weakening of astrocytic processes may play a crucial role in depressive symptoms, and astrocytes could be a potential target of EA in the treatment of PID.

Temporary Occlusion of Common Carotid Arteries Does Not Evoke Total Inhibition in the Activity of Corticospinal Tract Neurons in Experimental Conditions.

Temporary occlusion of the common cervical artery is the reason for ischemic stroke in 25% of patients. Little data is provided on its effects, especially regarding neurophysiological studies verifying the neural efferent transmission within fibers of the corticospinal tract in experimental conditions. Studies were performed on 42 male Wistar rats. In 10 rats, ischemic stroke was evoked by permanent occlusion of the right carotid artery (group A); in 11 rats, by its permanent bilateral occlusion (B); in 10 rats, by unilateral occlusion and releasing after 5 min (C); and in 11 rats, by bilateral occlusion and releasing after 5 min (D). Efferent transmission of the corticospinal tract was verified by motor evoked potential (MEP) recordings from the sciatic nerve after transcranial magnetic stimulation. MEPs amplitude and latency parameters, oral measurements of temperature, and verification of ischemic effects in brain slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining (H + E) were analyzed. In all groups of animals, the results showed that five minutes of uni- or bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery led to alterations in brain blood circulation and evoked changes in MEP amplitude (by 23.2% on average) and latency parameters (by 0.7 ms on average), reflecting the partial inability of tract fibers to transmit neural impulses. These abnormalities were associated with a significant drop in the body temperature by 1.5 °C on average. Ten minutes occlusion in animals from groups A and B resulted in an MEP amplitude decrease by 41.6%, latency increase by 0.9 ms, and temperature decrease by 2.9 °C of the initial value. In animals from groups C and D, five minutes of recovery of arterial blood flow evoked stabilization of the MEP amplitude by 23.4%, latency by 0.5 ms, and temperature by 0.8 °C of the initial value. In histological studies, the results showed that ischemia was most prominent bilaterally in sensory and motor areas, mainly for the forelimb, rather than the hindlimb, innervation of the cortex, putamen and caudate nuclei, globulus pallidus, and areas adjacent to the fornix of the third ventricle. We found that the MEP amplitude parameter is more sensitive than the latency and temperature variability in monitoring the ischemia effects course following common carotid artery infarction, although all parameters are correlated with each other. Temporary five-minute lasting occlusion of common carotid arteries does not evoke total and permanent inhibition in the activity of corticospinal tract neurons in experimental conditions. The symptoms of rat brain infarction are much more optimistic than those described in patients after stroke, and require further comparison with the clinical observations.

Subclavian Artery-Carotid Artery Bypass for Subclavian Artery or Common Carotid Artery Severe Stenosis or Occlusion.

Various surgical treatments are available for occlusive subclavian and common carotid artery diseases. Nevertheless, to date, when cerebral endovascular treatment is utilized, revascularization via direct surgery may be required. This study reported five symptomatic cases of revascularization for CCA and SCA occlusive and stenotic lesions that were expected to be challenging to treat with endovascular treatment. We performed subclavian artery-common carotid artery or internal carotid artery bypass using artificial blood vessels or saphenous vein grafts in five patients with subclavian steal syndrome, symptomatic common carotid artery occlusion, and severe proximal common carotid artery stenosis. In this study, good bypass patency was achieved in all five cases. Although there were no intraoperative complications, one patient had a postoperative lymphatic leak. Moreover, there was no recurrence of stroke during postoperative follow-up for an average of 2 years. Conclusively, subclavian artery-common carotid artery bypass can be an effective surgical treatment for common carotid artery occlusion, proximal common carotid artery stenosis, and subclavian artery occlusion.

Combined Endovascular Antegrade and Direct Retrograde Carotid Artery Stenting for Chronic and Long Segment Common Carotid Artery Occlusion: Technical Note and Review of Literature.

Common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion (CCAO) is a rare cause of ischemic stroke and bypass surgery is the common treatment approach. However, safer alternatives should be developed to treat CCAO. A 68-year-old male was diagnosed with left-sided CCAO with decreased left visual acuity due to neck radiation therapy for laryngeal cancer. Recanalization therapy using a pull-through technique was initiated because cerebral blood flow progressively decreased during the follow-up period. First, after a short sheath was inserted into the CCA, the occluded CCA was retrogradely penetrated through the sheath. Second, a micro-guidewire was guided to the aorta from the femoral sheath where it was caught using a snare wire guided from the cervical sheath. Subsequently, the micro-guidewire was gently pulled out from the cervical sheath, penetrated the occluded lesion, and was secured to the femoral and cervical sheaths. Finally, the occluded lesion was dilated using a balloon, and the stent was placed. Five days postprocedure, the patient was discharged uneventfully and exhibited improved left visual acuity. In terms of reliable penetration of obstructive lesions and reduction of embolic and hemorrhagic complications, combined endovascular antegrade and direct retrograde carotid artery stenting is a versatile and minimally invasive treatment option for CCAO.

Effect of Mucuna pruriens on brain NMDA receptor and tau protein gene expression in cerebral ischemic rats.

Present study aimed to assess effect of pre-treatment with Mucuna pruriens seed extract and its bioactive molecule(s) on NMDAR and Tau protein gene expression in cerebral ischemic rodent model. Methanol extract of M. pruriens seeds was characterized by HPLC, and ß-sitosterol was isolated by flash chromatography. In vivo studies to observe the effect of pre-treatment (28 days) with methanol extract of M. pruriens seed and ß-sitosterol on the unilateral cerebral ischemic rat model. Cerebral ischemia induced by left common carotid artery occlusion (LCCAO) for 75 min (on day 29) followed by reperfusion for 12 h. Rats (n = 48) divided into four groups. GroupI (control,Untreated + LCCAO)-No pre-treatment + cerebral ischemia; GroupII(ß-sitosterol + Sham)-pre-treatment with ß-sitosterol, 10 mg/kg/day + sham-operated; GroupIII(ß-sitosterol + LCCAO)-pre-treatment with ß-sitosterol, 10 mg/kg/day + cerebral ischemia; GroupIV(methanol extract + LCCAO)-pre-treatment with methanol extract of M. pruriens seeds, 50 mg/kg/day + cerebral ischemia. Neurological deficit score was assessed just before sacrifice. Experimental animals were sacrificed after 12 h reperfusion. Brain histopathology was performed. Gene expression of NMDAR and Tau protein of left cerebral hemisphere (occluded side) was performed by RT-PCR. Results revealed that the neurological deficit score was lower in groups III and IV compared to group I. NMDAR and tau protein mRNA expression in left cerebral hemisphere were upregulated in Group I, downregulated in groups III and IV. Histopathology of left cerebral hemisphere (occluded side) in Group I showed features of ischemic brain damage. Groups III and IV, left cerebral hemisphere showed less ischemic damage compared GroupI. Right cerebral hemisphere showed no areas of ischemia-induced brain changes. Pre-treatment with ß-sitosterol and methanol extract of M. pruriens seeds may reduce ischemic brain injury following unilateral common carotid artery occlusion in rats.

Efficacy of Artemisia annua Linné in improving cognitive impairment in a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced vascular dementia animal model.

BACKGROUND: Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Currently, no FDA-approved drugs are available for the treatment of VaD. Artemisia annua Linné (AA) is known to have antioxidant properties, but its effects and mechanisms of action on cognitive impairment are still unknown. PURPOSE: In this study, the improvement in cognitive impairment by AA in terms of protection against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and preservation of the integrity of the neurovascular unit (NVU) was assessed in an animal model of VaD with bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). METHODS: Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were allowed to adapt for four weeks, and BCCAO was induced at 12 weeks of age. The rats were randomly assigned into four groups, with seven rats in each group: sham group without BCCAO, VaD group that received oral administration of distilled water after BCCAO surgery, and two AA groups that received oral administration of 150 mg/kg or 750 mg/kg AA after BCCAO surgery for 8 weeks. Nine weeks after BCCAO surgery, the cognitive function of the rats was evaluated and accumulated oxidative stress was assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Damage to the components of the NVU was evaluated, and sirtuin (Sirt) 1 and 2 expression and nuclear factor-erythrocyte 2-associated factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1 (Keap1) activation were investigated to assess the reduction in cell signaling and antioxidant pathways. RESULTS: BCCAO-induced cerebral perfusion decreased memory function and induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. But AA treatment mitigated cognitive impairment and reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. AA extracts activated the Nrf2/Keap1/activating antioxidant response elements pathway and maintained Sirt 1 and 2, subsequently leading to the maintenance of neurons, improved construct of microvessels, increased platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta, and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 associated with the blood-brain barrier integrity. CONCLUSION: AA is effective in alleviating BCCAO-induced cognitive decline and its administration may be a useful therapeutic approach for VaD.

Data on common carotid artery occlusion inducing focalized stroke lesions after Pertussis toxin injection.

This article contains raw and processed data related to research published by Vega et al. (2022). This complementary dataset provides further insight into the experimental validation of a single common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) model upon pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX). We present data showing the extent of different PTX concentrations on neurological severity measured by Bederson score following CCAO. In addition, data indicate a protective effect of isoflurane on cerebral infarction and neurological deficits, as well as the consequences of PTX pretreatment on reperfusion after occlusion using time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. With these data, we aim to provide detailed experimental settings of this newly described model.

Short jump vein graft for the treatment of symptomatic Riles type 1A occlusion of common carotid artery: case report and review of literature.

A 62-year-old man was presented with transient ischemic attack 1 day after percutaneous coronary intervention. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated fresh cerebral infarction in the left hemisphere. Digital subtraction angiography showed left Riles type 1A common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO). Blood flow in the internal carotid artery (ICA) was derived from the external carotid artery, which came through the anastomosis between the left occipital artery and a muscular branch of left vertebral artery. We performed short jump graft from CCA to ICA using saphenous vein, followed by ligation of CCA. The graft remained patent at the 1-year follow-up.

A Case of Symptomatic Common Carotid Artery Occlusion Treated by a Bridging Bypass Using Short Saphenous Vein Graft.

An 86-year-old woman with initially asymptomatic severe right common carotid artery stenosis had frequent transient left hemiparesis 2 years after the initial diagnosis. Magnetic resonance angiography and three-dimensional computed tomography angiography demonstrated short-segment occlusion of the right carotid bifurcation with significant circumferential calcification, while magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated no ischemic lesions. No collateral blood flow through the anterior communicating artery and posterior communicating artery was observed. A bridging bypass from the distal common carotid artery to the proximal cervical internal carotid artery using a saphenous vein graft was made. There were no ischemic symptoms following the procedure. Bridging bypass using the short saphenous vein graft might be useful for short-segment common carotid artery occlusion.