EDAC-modified chitosan/imidazolium-polysulfone composite beads for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution.

To enhance the stability and adsorption performance of chitosan in Cr(VI)-contaminated acidic wastewater, a novel EDAC-modified-EDTA-crosslinked chitosan derivative (CSEC) was synthesized via a one-pot method with chitosan, 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC), and Na2EDTA as raw materials. To further improve the mechanical strength and separation performance of CSEC, a novel composite bead (CSEP) of CSEC and imidazolium-functionalized polysulfone (IMPSF) was prepared through a phase inversion method. The chemical composition and microstructure of CSEC and CSEP were characterized by FESEM, FTIR, NMR and XPS techniques. The maximum adsorption capacities of CSEC and CSEP for Cr(VI) were 145.96 and 135.82 mg g-1 at pH 3, respectively, and the equilibrium time for Cr(VI) adsorption by CSEC and CSEP was 5 min and 8 h, respectively. The adsorption process of Cr(VI) by both CSEC and CSEP was exothermic and spontaneous. Compared to CSEC, CSEP has significantly enhanced resistance to interference from coexisting anions. The removal mechanism of Cr(VI) by CSEP might involve redox reaction as well as electrostatic attraction between Cr(VI) oxyanions and various nitrogen cations, including protonated amino groups, guanidinium groups, protonated tertiary amine groups, and imidazolium cations. The CSEP beads have potential application value in the treatment of acidic wastewater containing Cr(VI).

Nanocellulose-alginate composite beads for improving Ciprofloxacin bioavailability.

Nanocellulose is a potential material utilized in numerous biomedical applications. However, its hydrophilic characteristic and uncontrolled encapsulated drug release hinders nanocellulose uses in oral drug administration. Thus, this work developed novel nanocellulose/alginate composite (CNC/Alg) beads for oral delivery and bioavailability enhancement of a model drug, Ciprofloxacin (CIP). CNC was green synthesized employing electrolysis process from sugarcane bagasse. CNC/Alg beads were formulated by dropwise adding CNC-Alg mixture in CaCl2 solution at room temperature. CIP was incorporated into CNC/Alg beads by adsorption technique. X-ray diffractometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectra images showed that the beads were effectively produced with high crystallinity of 75.5 %, and the typical bond of cellulose and alginate. Within 4 h of adsorption, CIP loading efficiency reached 45.27 %, with 87.2 % molecules in the zwitterionic state. The adsorption followed Elovich and pseudo-second-order models, indicating a multi-mechanism including both physical and chemical adsorptions. Importantly, in gastrointestinal tract, the beads could protect CIP from acidic stomach environment while releasing it sustainably in simulated intestinal condition (75.05 %). The beads also showed strong antibacterial activity against both Gram(-) and Gram(+) bacteria, as evidenced by low IC50 and minimum inhibitory concentration values. Finally, CNC/Alg beads could improve CIP bioavailability for effective oral drug delivery route.

Construction of attapulgite decorated cetylpyridinium bromide/cellulose acetate composite beads for removal of Cr (VI) ions with emphasis on mechanistic insights.

Eco-friendly and renewable composite beads were constructed for efficient adsorptive removal of Cr (VI) ions. Attapulgite (ATP) clay decorated with cetylpyridinium bromide (CPBr) was impregnated into cellulose acetate (CA) beads, which were formulated through a simple and cost-effective solvent-exchange approach. FTIR, XRD, SEM, Zeta potential, and XPS characterization tools verified the successful formation of ATP-CPBr@CA beads. The composite beads displayed a spherical and porous shape with a positively charged surface (26.6 mV) at pH 2. In addition, higher adsorption performance was accomplished by ATP-CPBr@CA composite beads with ease of separation compared to their components. Meanwhile, equilibrium isotherms pointed out that the Langmuir model was optimal for describing the adsorption process of Cr (VI) with a maximal adsorption capacity of 302 mg/g. Moreover, the D-R isotherm model verified the physical adsorption process, while adsorption data obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Further, XPS results hypothesized that the removal mechanism involves adsorption via electrostatic interactions, redox reaction, and co-precipitation. Interestingly, the ATP-CPBr@CA composite beads reserved tolerable adsorption characteristics with a maximum removal present exceeding 70% after reuse for seven successive cycles, proposing its feasible applicability as a reusable and easy-separable candidate for removing heavy metals from aquatic bodies.

Synthesis of fenugreek gum-based metal-organic framework (FG/Zr-AIPA MOF) composite beads for sequestration of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a prominent class of materials due to their large surface area and customized structures. This gives them specificity and high adsorption capacity while they lack mechanical strength and reusability. Integrating MOFs with polysaccharide matrix may retain MOF characteristics along with imparting structural integrity. In the present study, zirconium MOF-based fenugreek composite (FG/Zr-AIPA) beads were synthesised by a single droplet method and utilised for removal of Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Fe(III) from aqueous solution. The structure, morphology and composition of beads were evaluated by FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, FESEM, EDX, XPS and zeta potential analysis. Adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics were studied for Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Fe(III) adsorption. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm study revealed that all the metal ions were adsorbed through a monolayer chemisorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity was 344.43, 270.02 and 223.21 mg g-1 for Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Fe(III), respectively, based on the Langmuir isotherm study. The thermodynamics study revealed that the interaction between the metal ions and the composite beads was spontaneous and endothermic. The FG/Zr-AIPA composite beads exhibited good reusability for the removal of Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Fe(III). The results open new possibilities for the preparation of polysaccharide MOF-based composite beads which exhibit substantial potential for water treatment applications.

Preparation of Activated Carbon-Reinforced Composite Beads Based on MnO2/MCM-41@Fe3O4 and Calcium Alginate for Efficient Removal of Tetracycline in Aqueous Solutions.

Tetracycline (TC) is a common antibiotic; when untreated TC enters the environment, it will cause a negative impact on the human body through the food chain. In the present study, MnO2/MCM-41@Fe3O4 (FeMnMCM) prepared using a hydrothermal and redox method and Camellia oleifera shell-activated carbon (COFAC) prepared through alkali activation were encapsulated using alginate (ALG) and calcium chloride as a cross-linking matrix to give the composite beads COFAC-FeMnMCM-ALG. The resultant COFAC-FeMnMCM-ALG composite beads were then carefully characterized, showing a high immobilization of MnO2/MCM-41@Fe3O4, with porous COFAC as an effective bioadsorbent for enriching the pollutants in the treated samples. These bead catalysts were subsequently applied to the oxidative degradation of TC in a Fenton oxidation system. Several parameters affecting the degradation were investigated, including the H2O2 concentration, catalyst dosage, initial TC concentration, and temperature. A very high catalytic activity towards the degradation of TC was demonstrated. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching results showed that ·OH and ·O2- were generated in the system, with ·OH as the main radical species. In addition, the COFAC-FeMnMCM-ALG catalyst exhibited excellent recyclability/reusability. We conclude that the as-prepared COFAC-FeMnMCM-ALG composite beads, which integrate MnO2 and Fe3O4 with bioadsorbents, provide a new idea for the design of catalysts for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and have great potential in the Fenton oxidation system to degrade toxic pollutants.

H2O2 modified peanut shell-derived biochar/alginate composite beads as a green adsorbent for removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution.

In this study, a novel composite bead (MPB-ALG) was prepared by encapsulating H2O2 modified peanut shell-derived biochar (MPB) into alginate matrix through a facile method. The structure and properties of prepared materials were characterized using FTIR, BET, SEM, and XPS. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to compare the Cu(II) adsorption performance of MPB, plain alginate beads (ALG), and MPB-ALG. The effect parameters of the components, solution pH, contact time, initial concentration, and coexisting ions were studied systematically. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of the optimized MPB-ALG-1 (MPB/alginate = 1:1 w/w%) was 117.4 mg g-1 at pH 5, which was much higher than that of MPB (37.4 mg g-1). The adsorption kinetics and isotherms data of Cu(II) on MPB-ALG-1 were well described by Elovich kinetic model and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Compared with plain ALG beads, MPB-ALG-1 exhibited better reusability and anti-interference of coexisting ions. Finally, the adsorption mechanisms of Cu(II) on MPB-ALG-1 beads were revealed by FTIR and XPS analysis. The experimental results demonstrated that MPB-ALG-1 beads can be used as an environmentally friendly and efficient adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) from wastewater.

Engineering sodium alginate-SiO2 composite beads for efficient removal of methylene blue from water.

The lack of sufficient active binding sites in commonly reported sodium alginate (SA)-based porous beads hampers their performances in adsorption of water contaminants. To address this problem, porous SA-SiO2 beads functionalized with poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS) are reported in this work. Due to the porous properties and the existence of abundant sulfonate groups, the obtained composite material SA-SiO2-PAMPS shows excellent adsorption capacity toward cationic dye methylene blue (MB). The adsorption kinetic and adsorption isotherm studies reveal that the adsorption process fits closely to pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, respectively, suggesting the existence of chemical adsorption and monolayer adsorption behavior. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir model is found to be 427.36, 495.05, and 564.97 mg/g under 25, 35, and 45 °C, respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicate that MB adsorption on SA-SiO2-PAMPS is spontaneous and endothermic.

Polysaccharides-Calcium Phosphates Composite Beads as Bone Substitutes for Fractures Repair and Regeneration.

The tendency of population aging is continuously increasing, which is directly correlated with a significative number of associated pathologies. Several metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis or chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders involve a high risk of fractures. Due to the specific fragility, bones will not self-heal and supportive treatments are necessary. Implantable bone substitutes, a component of bone tissue engineering (BTE) strategy, proved to be an efficient solution for this issue. The aim of this study was to develop composites beads (CBs) with application in the complex field of BTE, by assembling the features of both biomaterials' classes: biopolymers (more specific, polysaccharides: alginate and two different concentrations of guar gum/carboxymethyl guar gum) and ceramics (more specific, calcium phosphates), in a combination described for the first time in the literature. The CBs prepared by double crosslinking (ionic and physically) showed adequate physico-chemical characteristics and capabilities (morphology, chemical structure and composition, mechanical strength, and in vitro behaviour in four different acellular simulated body fluids) for bone tissue repair. Moreover, preliminary in vitro studies on cell cultures highlighted that the CBs were free of cytotoxicity and did not affect the morphology and density of cells. The results indicated that the beads based on a higher concentration of guar gum have superior properties than those with carboxymetilated guar, especially in terms of mechanical properties and behaviour in simulated body fluids.

Chitosan-Functionalized-Graphene Oxide (GO@CS) Beads as an Effective Adsorbent to Remove Cationic Dye from Wastewater.

In this study, the preparation of graphene oxide@chitosan (GO@CS) composite beads was investigated via continuous dropping techniques to remove methylene blue (MB)-dye from an aqueous media. The prepared beads were characterized using various techniques before and after the adsorption of MB. The experimental results showed that the adsorption processes fit the kinetic pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models. Moreover, the GO@CS beads achieve maximum adsorption capacities of 23.26 mg g-1, which was comparable with other adsorbents in the literature. An important advantage of our adsorbent is that the GO@CS can remove 82.1% of the real sample color within 135 min.

Liver tissue-derived ECM loaded nanocellulose-alginate-TCP composite beads for accelerated bone regeneration.

Guided bone regeneration with osteoinductive scaffolds is a competitive edge of tissue engineering due to faster and more consistent healing. In the present study, we developed such composite beads with nanocellulose reinforced alginate hydrogel that carriedß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) nano-powder and liver-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) from porcine. Interestingly, it was observed that the beads' group containing ECM-ß-TCP-alginate-nanocellulose (ETAC) was more cytocompatible than the others comprised ofß-TCP-alginate-nanocellulose (TAC) and alginate-nanocellulose (AC). Cell attachment on ETAC beads was dramatically increased with time. In parallel within vitroresults, ETAC beads produced uniform cortical and cancellous bone in the femur defect model of rabbits within 2 months. Although the group TAC also produced noticeable bone in the defect site, the healing quality was improved and regeneration was faster after adding ECM. This conclusion was not only confirmed by micro-anatomical analysis but also demonstrated with x-ray microtomography. In addition, the characteristic moldable and injectable properties made ETAC a promising scaffold for clinical applications.

Novel reusable amine-functionalized cellulose acetate beads impregnated aminated graphene oxide for adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions.

In this study, a multi-featured adsorbent was developed for the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) ions. Herein, aminated graphene oxide (GO-NH2) was firstly synthetized and incorporated into cellulose acetate beads (CA) which were followed by surface amine-functionalization process. Varies characterization tools such as FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, XRD, BET, XPS and zeta potential were employed to ensure the successful fabrication of GO-NH2@CA-NH2 composite beads. An enhancement in the adsorption performance was attained, while the adsorption equilibrium was closely gotten within only 60 min. Therefore, the adsorption capacity was boosted with increasing GO-NH2 ratio in the beads matrix from 10 to 25%. Furthermore, the adsorption process agreed with Freundlich isotherm model with a supreme adsorption capacity of 410.21 mg/g at pH 2, while data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Besides, thermodynamic studies denoted that the adsorption process was endothermic, randomness and spontaneous. The composite beads retained better adsorption characteristics for seven sequential cycles with ease of separation. The proposed adsorption of Cr6+ onto GO-NH2@CA-NH2 surface occurred via the electrostatic interactions, reduction process and coordinate-covalent bonds. These findings hypothesize that the fabricated GO-NH2@CA-NH2 beads could be act as easy-separable and reusable adsorbent for efficient adsorption of Cr6+ ions.

Acetaminophen removal by calcium alginate/activated hydrochar composite beads: Batch and fixed-bed studies.

The occurrence of acetaminophen in surface water has been reported worldwide, indicating the need of alternative wastewater treatments. Activated hydrochar (AHC) is efficient for pharmaceuticals removal. Powdered AHC presents challenges that hamper its expansion. However, these issues can be overcome by adding polymers, such as alginate, in composite beads. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop and characterize alginate/brewer's spent grain AHC beads, applying them to acetaminophen adsorption in batch and fixed-bed experiments. The adsorbent presented a high surface area (533.42 m2 g-1) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that alginate assigned new functional groups to the composite. Batch studies revealed an endothermic behavior and maximum adsorption capacity of 165.94 mg g-1, with an equilibrium time of 240 min. The fixed-bed maximum adsorption capacity was 127.01 mg g-1, with a mass transfer zone of 5.89 cm. The importance of alginate for the adsorbent development has been successfully proven.

Amidoxime modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity/alginate composite hydrogel beads for efficient adsorption of cationic dyes from aqueous solution.

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) has demonstrated great potential in adsorption and separation fields. In this study, PIM-1 was structured into an applicable and efficient adsorbent using a facile way. PIM-1 was first modified by amidoxime, and then the amidoxime modified PIM-1 (AOPIM-1) was mingled into alginate (Alg) hydrogel to obtain composite hydrogel beads. The AOPIM-1/Alg composite beads were further employed for removal of malachite green (MG) from aqueous solution and the effects of doped ratio, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial dye concentration on the MG adsorption performance were systematically investigated. The MG adsorption capacity of pure Alg beads was substantially enhanced after incorporating AOPIM-1. Furthermore, isothermal, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed to explore the fundamental adsorption behavior. Both Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm models can fit the adsorption isotherm data well, and the adsorption kinetics is well described by Pseudo-second-order. The adsorption process is feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. In addition, mixed dyes adsorption measurements indicate that AOPIM-1/Alg beads are highly selective to adsorb cationic dyes from anionic/cationic mixed dyes solution. The regeneration test shows that above 90% of the adsorption capacity of the composite beads can be maintained after 10 cycles of MG adsorption/desorption. These findings point that AOPIM-1/Alg composite hydrogel beads are an efficient, up-and-coming and recyclable adsorbent for cationic dyes adsorption from aqueous solution.

A chitosan-based composite for adsorption of uranyl ions; mechanism, isothems, kinetics and thermodynamics.

The present paper describes a green and cost-effective approach to investigate chitosan-sepiolite (Ch-Sep) composite as an adsorbent for removal of UO22+ ions in aqueous solution. The Ch-Sep composite was prepared as a beads using with two cross-linking agents: tripolyphosphate (TPP) and epichlorohydrin (ECH). Their adsorption properties for the removal of UO22+ ions in aqueous solution by batch experimental conditions were studied. The adsorptive removal processes of UO22+ ions from aqueous solution were evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models, and was found to be perfectly fit to the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.971). The maximum adsorption capacity was 0.220 mol kg-1 at 25 °C from Langmuir isotherm model. Adsorption energy was 12.1 kJ mol-1 indicating that the adsorption process was chemical. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo second order and intra particle diffusion models. The thermodynamics parameters of UO22+ ions removal from aqueous solution was confirmed spontaneous, endothermic and possible at higher temperatures behavior of adsorption process. The adsorption mechanism of UO22+ ions onto Ch-Sep composite beads was investigated by FT-IR and SEM analysis. These findings revealed the effectiveness and potential of the newly synthesized Ch-Sep composite beads for the removal of UO22+ ions.

Simultaneous selective removal of cesium and cobalt from water using calcium alginate-zinc ferrocyanide-Cyanex 272 composite beads.

Composite beads consisting of Ca alginate mixed with zinc ferrocyanide (ZnFC) and Cyanex 272 were synthesized in order to selectively adsorb Cs+ and Co2+ from water. Their physicochemical properties of the synthesized composite beads were characterized using various techniques, including FESEM, EDX, FTIR, and TGA. The ZnFC/Cyanex 272/alginate (ZCA) composite beads were then tested as an adsorbent for the selective removal of Cs+ and Co2+ from an aqueous solution. The adsorption capacity increased with increasing ZnFC and Cyanex 272 contents. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The ZCA composite beads exhibited excellent selectivity toward Cs+ and Co2+ even in the presence of competitive cations (K+, Na+, Fe2+, and Ni2+). The adsorption capacity of the ZCA composite beads for Cs+ and Co2+ was almost maintained after three times of adsorption-desorption process.

Hollow cellulose-carbon nanotubes composite beads with aligned porous structure for fast methylene blue adsorption.

Polysaccharide based beads with unique porous structure have gained considerable interests due to their specific adsorption behaviors and biodegradability. The purpose of this paper was to develop hollow cellulose/carbon nanotubes composite beads with aligned porous structure which have potential applications in fast adsorption field. The composite beads were fabricated by ice template and freeze-drying technology. Different characterizations have proved that the carbon nanotubes and magnetic nanoparticles have been incorporated into the cellulose beads. Higher concentration of carbon nanotubes and cellulose would result in a larger diameter of the composite beads. The composite beads can effectively adsorb the methylene blue (MB). The pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm were best fitted to the adsorption. The composite beads showed a fast adsorption behavior towards MB with a t1/2 of 1.07 min obtained from pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 285.71 mg g-1 at pH 7.0. The composite beads also showed good reusability and biodegradability. We anticipate that different polysaccharides based composite beads with aligned porous structure can be obtained through the similar methods and applied in adsorption fields.

In-situ dual effect of Ag-Fe-TiO2 composite for the photocatalytic degradation of Ciprofloxacin in aqueous solution.

Industrial waste materials such as Fly Ash (FA), Foundry Sand (FS) were used as support material by mixing them with clay to fix the catalyst. Where FA and FS served as an iron (Fe) source to induce the photo-Fenton process. The presence of Fe in FA and FS was affirmed by SEM-EDS characterization. UV-DRS was performed to analyze the bandgap of the composite which reduced from 2.96 to 2.82 eV after doping TiO2 with Ag. This composite was used to initiate photocatalysis. The fixing of catalyst on a support formed the Fe-Ag-TiO2 complex which led to the commencement of the in-situ dual process(i.e. photocatalysis and photo-Fenton) in fixed bed mode. After the optimization of several parameters such as H2O2 dose, the area covered by beads, A/V ratio, Flow rate, pH under solar irradiations for 60 min, 94.4% degradation of CIP was attained. XRD analysis was carried out to confirm the crystallographic phases of the composite anatase and rutile phases of TiO2 were present in the composite. The systematic leaching of iron took place in this process and was confirmed by iron estimation during the reaction process. To understand the elemental composition of the composite SEM-EDS was performed and the present of TiO2, Fe and Ag was affirmed. Composite beads were stable and active even after the 30 recycles as confirmed by SEM-EDS. The intermediate products were analyzed by GC-MS analysis whereas the toxicity of the treated samples was studied by the zone inhibition test.

Chitosan, alginate and other macromolecules as activated carbon immobilizing agents: A review on composite adsorbents for the removal of water contaminants.

Activated carbon (AC) is widely used in water treatment, however, it has some technical disadvantages, such as its high cost and difficulty to recover. To overcome these drawbacks, AC particles have been encapsulated within a polymeric support, mainly chitosan and alginate-based. The use of these biological macromolecules results in composites with lower-cost, superior mechanical properties, and higher number of functional groups, advantages that have been attracted the attention of the scientific community. However, the number of publications is relatively low, demonstrating an important research gap yet to be investigated. Thus, this paper aims to review the recent studies concerning the use of chitosan, alginate and other macromolecules as AC immobilizing agents, describing the synthesis methods, characterization analyses and adsorption studies, focusing on the main advantages, disadvantages, gaps and future perspectives. Throughout the review it was verified that the composites were able to remove several water contaminants, mainly dyes and heavy metals, with high efficiency. Synergistic effects were detected, indicating the role of both polymers and AC, which increased the spectrum of contaminants capable of being adsorbed. Finally, it was observed a gap in column experiments, suggesting that future studies are essential to elucidate the applications in the industrial perspective.

As(V) sorption from aqueous solutions using quaternized algal/polyethyleneimine composite beads.

Composite beads (APEI*), obtained by the controlled interaction of algal biomass with PEI, followed by ionotropic gelation and crosslinking processes using CaCl2/glutaraldehyde solution, constitute efficient supports for metal binding. The quaternization of algal/PEI beads (Q-APEI*) significantly increases the sorption properties of the composite beads (APEI*) for As(V). The materials are characterized by SEM/EDX, TGA, BET, elemental analysis, FTIR, XPS, and titration. The sorption of As(V) is studied in function of pH while sorption mechanism is discussed in function of metal speciation and surface characteristics of the sorbent. Optimum sorption occurs at pH close to 7. Fast uptake kinetics, correlated to textural properties are successfully fitted by pseudo-first order rate equation and the Crank equation (for resistance to intraparticle diffusion); equilibrium is reached with 45-60 min. The Langmuir equation finely fits sorption isotherms; maximum sorption capacity reaches 1.34 mmol As g-1. Arsenic can be completely eluted using 0.5 M CaCl2/0.5 M HCl solutions; the sorbent maintains high sorption and desorption efficiencies for a minimum of 5 cycles. The sorbent is tested for the removal of As(V) from mining effluents containing high concentration of iron and traces of zinc. At pH 3, the sorbent shows remarkable selectivity for As(V) over Fe. After controlling the initial pH to 5, a sorbent dosage of 2 g L-1 is sufficient for achieving the complete recovery of As(V) from mining effluent (corresponding to initial concentration of 1.295 mmol As L-1).

Characterization and antibacterial effect of quaternized chitosan anchored cellulose beads.

Some thermoduric food spoilage bacteria pose great threat to beverage industry. To tackle the challenge, hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HTCC) grafted magnetic cellulose beads have been prepared via a dropping technology. Sodium periodate oxidation process was carried out to form dialdehyde functional groups on the regenerated cellulose beads mixed with maghemite nanoparticles. HTCC was anchored on the beads through Schiff base reaction. The structure and properties of HTCC anchored beads were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Thermal stability of the beads was estimated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal gravity (DTG), and the decomposition temperature of the beads were around 200-300 °C. A long-term antibacterial activities of the beads against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris were confirmed caused by the covalent bond between HTCC and the beads. The biodegradable HTCC grafted cellulose beads may provide a novel approach for food safety management.