Arid5a uses disordered extensions of its core ARID domain for distinct DNA- and RNA-recognition and gene regulation.

AT-rich interacting domain (ARID)-containing proteins, Arids, are a heterogeneous DNA-binding protein family involved in transcription regulation and chromatin processing. For the member Arid5a, no exact DNA-binding preference has been experimentally defined so far. Additionally, the protein binds to mRNA motifs for transcript stabilization, supposedly through the DNA-binding ARID domain. To date, however, no unbiased RNA motif definition and clear dissection of nucleic acid-binding through the ARID domain have been undertaken. Using NMR-centered biochemistry, we here define the Arid5a DNA preference. Further, high-throughput in vitro binding reveals a consensus RNA-binding motif engaged by the core ARID domain. Finally, transcriptome-wide binding (iCLIP2) reveals that Arid5a has a weak preference for (A)U-rich regions in pre-mRNA transcripts of factors related to RNA processing. We find that the intrinsically disordered regions flanking the ARID domain modulate the specificity and affinity of DNA binding, while they appear crucial for RNA interactions. Ultimately, our data suggest that Arid5a uses its extended ARID domain for bifunctional gene regulation and that the involvement of IDR extensions is a more general feature of Arids in interacting with different nucleic acids at the chromatin-mRNA interface.

Genome-wide study of glutathione transferases and their regulation in flufenacet susceptible and resistant black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.).

BACKGROUND: Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are enzymes with a wide range of functions, including herbicide detoxification. Up-regulation of GSTs and their detoxification activity enables the grass weed black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) to metabolize the very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis inhibitor flufenacet and other herbicides leading to multiple herbicide resistance. However, the genomic organization and regulation of GSTs genes is still poorly understood. RESULTS: In this genome-wide study the location and expression of 115 GSTs were investigated using a recently published black-grass genome. Particularly, the most abundant GSTs of class tau and phi were typically clustered and often followed similar expression patterns but possessed divergent upstream regulatory regions. Similarities were found in the promoters of the most up-regulated GSTs, which are located next to each other in a cluster. The binding motif of the E2F/DP transcription factor complex in the promoter of an up-regulated GST was identical in susceptible and resistant plants, however, adjacent sequences differed. This led to a stronger binding of proteins to the motif of the susceptible plant, indicating repressor activity. CONCLUSIONS: This study constitutes the first analysis dealing with the genomic investigation of GST genes found in black-grass and their transcriptional regulation. It highlights the complexity of the evolution of GSTs in black-grass, their duplication and divergence over time. The large number of GSTs allows weeds to detoxify a broad spectrum of herbicides. Ultimately, more research is needed to fully elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of GST expression. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

The Interactome of Protein, DNA, and RNA.

Proteins participate in many processes of the organism and are very important for maintaining the health of the organism. However, proteins cannot function independently in the body. They must interact with proteins, DNA, RNA, and other substances to perform biological functions and maintain the body's health. At present, there are many experimental methods and software tools that can detect and predict the interaction between proteins and other substances. There are also many databases that record the interaction between proteins and other substances. This article mainly describes protein-protein, protein-DNA, and protein-RNA interactions in detail by introducing some commonly used experimental methods, the software tools produced with the accumulation of experimental data and the rapid development of machine learning, and the related databases that record the relationship between proteins and some substances. By this review, we hope that through the analysis and summary of various aspects, it will be convenient for researchers to conduct further research on protein interactions.

Discovery of a novel transcriptional regulator of sugar catabolism in archaea.

The haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii degrades D-glucose via the semiphosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway and D-fructose via a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Here, we report the identification of GfcR, a novel type of transcriptional regulator that functions as an activator of both D-glucose and D-fructose catabolism. We find that in the presence of D-glucose, GfcR activates gluconate dehydratase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase and also acts as activator of the phosphotransferase system and of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, which are involved in uptake and degradation of D-fructose. In addition, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase are activated by GfcR in the presence of D-fructose and also during growth on D-galactose and glycerol. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicate that GfcR binds directly to promoters of regulated genes. Specific intermediates of the degradation pathways of the three hexoses and of glycerol were identified as inducer molecules of GfcR. GfcR is composed of a phosphoribosyltransferase (PRT) domain with an N-terminal helix-turn-helix motif and thus shows homology to PurR of Gram-positive bacteria that is involved in the transcriptional regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis. We propose that GfcR of H. volcanii evolved from a PRT-like enzyme to attain a function as a transcriptional regulator of central sugar catabolic pathways in archaea.

Quantitative analyses of interactions between SpoVG and RNA/DNA.

The Borrelia burgdorferi SpoVG protein has previously been found to be a DNA- and RNA-binding protein. To aid in the elucidation of ligand motifs, affinities for numerous RNAs, ssDNAs, and dsDNAs were measured and compared. The loci used in the study were spoVG, glpFKD, erpAB, bb0242, flaB, and ospAB, with particular focus on the untranslated 5' portion of the mRNAs. Performing binding and competition assays yielded that the 5' end of spoVG mRNA had the highest affinity while the lowest observed affinity was to the 5' end of flaB mRNA. Mutagenesis studies of spoVG RNA and ssDNA sequences suggested that the formation of SpoVG-nucleic acid complexes are not entirely dependent on either sequence or structure. Additionally, exchanging uracil for thymine in ssDNAs did not affect protein-nucleic acid complex formation.

Quantitative analyses of interactions between SpoVG and RNA/DNA.

The Borrelia burgdorferi SpoVG protein has previously been found to be a DNA- and RNA-binding protein. To aid in the elucidation of ligand motifs, affinities for numerous RNAs, ssDNAs, and dsDNAs were measured and compared. The loci used in the study were spoVG, glpFKD, erpAB, bb0242, flaB, and ospAB, with particular focus on the untranslated 5' portion of the mRNAs. Performing binding and competition assays yielded that the 5' end of spoVG mRNA had the highest affinity while the lowest observed affinity was to the 5' end of flaB mRNA. Mutagenesis studies of spoVG RNA and ssDNA sequences suggested that the formation of SpoVG-nucleic acid complexes are not entirely dependent on either sequence or structure. Additionally, exchanging uracil for thymine in ssDNAs did not affect protein-nucleic acid complex formation.

Identification and Characterization of Transcription Factors Regulating Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus.

Biosynthesis of the therapeutically valuable terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus, is one of the most elaborate and complex metabolic processes. Although genomic and transcriptomic resources have significantly accelerated gene discovery in the TIA pathway, relatively few genes of transcription factors (TFs) have been identified and characterized thus far. Systematic identification of TFs and elucidation of their functions are crucial for understanding TIA pathway regulation. The successful discovery of TFs in the TIA pathway has relied mostly on three different approaches, (1) identification of cis-regulatory motifs (CRMs) present in the pathway gene promoters as they often provide clues on potential TFs that bind to the promoters, (2) co-expression analysis, based on the assumption that TFs regulating a metabolic or developmental pathway exhibit similar spatiotemporal expression as the pathway genes, and (3) isolation of homologs of TFs known to regulate structurally similar or diverse specialized metabolites in different plant species. TFs regulating TIA pathway have been isolated using either an individual or a combination of the three approaches. Here we describe transcriptome-based coexpression analysis and cis-element determination to identify TFs in C. roseus. In addition, we describe the protocols for generation of transgenic hairy roots, Agrobacterium infiltration of flowers, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The methods described here are useful for the identification and characterization of potential TFs involved in the regulation of special metabolism in other medicinal plants.

Discovering the DNA-Binding Consensus of the Thermus thermophilus HB8 Transcriptional Regulator TTHA1359.

Transcription regulatory proteins, also known as transcription factors, function as molecular switches modulating the first step in gene expression, transcription initiation. Cyclic-AMP receptor proteins (CRPs) and fumarate and nitrate reduction regulators (FNRs) compose the CRP/FNR superfamily of transcription factors, regulating gene expression in response to a spectrum of stimuli. In the present work, a reverse-genetic methodology was applied to the study of TTHA1359, one of four CRP/FNR superfamily transcription factors in the model organism Thermus thermophilus HB8. Restriction Endonuclease Protection, Selection, and Amplification (REPSA) followed by next-generation sequencing techniques and bioinformatic motif discovery allowed identification of a DNA-binding consensus for TTHA1359, 5'-AWTGTRA(N)6TYACAWT-3', which TTHA1359 binds to with high affinity. By bioinformatically mapping the consensus to the T. thermophilus HB8 genome, several potential regulatory TTHA1359-binding sites were identified and validated in vitro. The findings contribute to the knowledge of TTHA1359 regulatory activity within T. thermophilus HB8 and demonstrate the effectiveness of a reverse-genetic methodology in the study of putative transcription factors.

Determination and Dissection of DNA-Binding Specificity for the Thermus thermophilus HB8 Transcriptional Regulator TTHB099.

Transcription factors (TFs) have been extensively researched in certain well-studied organisms, but far less so in others. Following the whole-genome sequencing of a new organism, TFs are typically identified through their homology with related proteins in other organisms. However, recent findings demonstrate that structurally similar TFs from distantly related bacteria are not usually evolutionary orthologs. Here we explore TTHB099, a cAMP receptor protein (CRP)-family TF from the extremophile Thermus thermophilus HB8. Using the in vitro iterative selection method Restriction Endonuclease Protection, Selection and Amplification (REPSA), we identified the preferred DNA-binding motif for TTHB099, 5'-TGT(A/g)NBSYRSVN(T/c)ACA-3', and mapped potential binding sites and regulated genes within the T. thermophilus HB8 genome. Comparisons with expression profile data in TTHB099-deficient and wild type strains suggested that, unlike E. coli CRP (CRPEc), TTHB099 does not have a simple regulatory mechanism. However, we hypothesize that TTHB099 can be a dual-regulator similar to CRPEc.

Hit-to-lead optimization of a latency-associated nuclear antigen inhibitor against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infections.

The Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) plays a central role for the latent persistence of the Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV) in the human host and helps to establish lifelong infections. Herein, we report our efforts towards hit-to-lead generation starting from a previously discovered LANA-DNA inhibitor. By tethering the viral genome to the host nucleosomes, LANA ensures the segregation and persistence of the viral DNA during mitosis. LANA is also required for the replication of the latent viral episome during the S phase of the cell cycle. We aim to inhibit the interaction between LANA and the viral genome to prevent the latent persistence of KSHV in the host organism. Medicinal chemistry-driven optimization studies and structure-activity-relationship investigation led to the discovery of an improved LANA inhibitor. The functional activity of our compounds was evaluated using a fluorescence polarization (FP)-based interaction inhibition assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Even though a crystal structure of the ligand protein complex was not available, we successfully conducted hit optimization toward a low micromolar protein-nucleic acid-interaction inhibitor. Additionally, we applied STD-NMR studies to corroborate target binding and to gain insights into the binding orientation of our most potent inhibitor, providing opportunities for further rational design of more efficient LANA-targeting anti KSHV agents in future studies.

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay and Dimethyl Sulfate Footprinting for Characterization of G-Quadruplexes and G-Quadruplex-Protein Complexes.

DNA G-quadruplexes are globular nucleic acid secondary structures which occur throughout the human genome under physiological conditions. There is accumulating evidence supporting G-quadruplex involvement in a number of important aspects of genome functions, including transcription, replication, and genomic stability, and that protein and enzyme recognition of G-quadruplexes may represent a key event to regulate physiological or pathological pathways. Two important techniques to study G-quadruplexes and their protein interactions are the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dimethyl sulfate (DMS) footprinting assay. EMSA, one of the most sensitive and robust methods for studying the DNA-protein interactions, can be used to determine the binding parameters and relative affinities of a protein for the G-quadruplex. DMS footprinting is a powerful assay for the initial characterization of G-quadruplexes, which can be used to deduce the guanine bases involved in the formation of G-tetrads under physiological salt conditions. DMS footprinting can also reveal important information in G-quadruplex-protein complexes on protein contacts and regional changes in DNA G-quadruplex upon protein binding. In this paper, we will provide a detailed protocol for the EMSA and DMS footprinting assays for characterization of G-quadruplexes and G-quadruplex-protein complexes. Expected outcomes and references to extensions of the method will be further discussed.

Identification and Characterization of Preferred DNA-Binding Sites for the Thermus thermophilus HB8 Transcriptional Regulator TTHA0973.

Advances in genomic sequencing have allowed the identification of a multitude of genes encoding putative transcriptional regulatory proteins. Lacking, often, is a fuller understanding of the biological roles played by these proteins, the genes they regulate or regulon. Conventionally this is achieved through a genetic approach involving putative transcription factor gene manipulation and observations of changes in an organism's transcriptome. However, such an approach is not always feasible or can yield misleading findings. Here, we describe a biochemistry-centric approach, involving identification of preferred DNA-binding sequences for the Thermus thermophilus HB8 transcriptional repressor TTHA0973 using the selection method Restriction Endonuclease Protection, Selection and Amplification (REPSA), massively parallel sequencing, and bioinformatic analyses. We identified a consensus TTHA0973 recognition sequence of 5'-AACnAACGTTnGTT-3' that exhibited nanomolar binding affinity. This sequence was mapped to several sites within the T. thermophilus HB8 genome, a subset of which corresponded to promoter regions regulating genes involved in phenylacetic acid degradation. These studies further demonstrate the utility of a biochemistry-centric approach for the facile identification of potential biological functions for orphan transcription factors in a variety of organisms.

P-element Somatic Inhibitor Protein Binding a Target Sequence in dsx Pre-mRNA Conserved in Bombyx mori and Spodoptera litura.

Bombyx mori doublesex (Bmdsx) functions as a double-switch gene in the final step of the sex-determination cascade in the silkworm Bombyx mori. The P-element somatic inhibitor (PSI) protein in B. mori interacts with Bmdsx pre-mRNA in CE1 as an exonic splicing silencer to promote male-specific splicing of Bmdsx. However, the character of the interaction between BmPSI and Bmdsx pre-mRNA remains unclear. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) results showed that the four KH_1 motifs in BmPSI are all essential for the binding, especially the former two KH_1 motifs. Three active sites (I116, L127, and IGGI) in the KH_1 motif were found to be necessary for the binding through EMSA, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The PSI homologous protein in S. litura (SlPSI) was purified and the binding of SlPSI and CE1 was verified. Compared with BmPSI, the mutant SlPSI proteins of I116 and IGGI lost their ability to bind to CE1. In conclusion, the binding of PSI and dsx pre-mRNA are generally conserved in both B. mori and S. litura. These findings provide clues for sex determination in Lepidoptera.

Single-Molecule and Ensemble Methods to Probe Initial Stages of RNP Granule Assembly.

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are membraneless organelles, consisting of high local concentrations of RNA and proteins bearing intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). They are formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). In neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS, mutations in granule proteins such as FUS and TDP-43 accelerate abnormal liquid to solid transition of RNP granules, leading to formation of fiber-like structures. Methods to study granules must be carefully selected based on the stage of granule's life. Here we describe a strategic combination of single-molecule biophysical and ensemble biochemical techniques that may be employed to extract insightful information about early stages of RNP granule formation. Protein-RNA interaction and stoichiometry of the complex in the early soluble stage of RNP assembly can be probed by single-molecule FRET (smFRET) assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), respectively. RNP-RNP interaction that likely contributes to RNP nucleation can be reported on by a smFRET-based RNA annealing assay. The next stage in the assembly pathway, that is, phase separation from diffused to liquid-like droplets, may be monitored by a phase separation assay. Finally, RNP granules isolated from mammalian cells can be investigated using a unique single-molecule pull-down (SiMPull) assay.

Integration Host Factor Modulates the Expression and Function of T6SS2 in Vibrio fluvialis.

Vibrio fluvialis, an emerging foodborne pathogen of increasing public health concern, contains two distinct gene clusters encoding type VI secretion system (T6SS), the most newly discovered secretion pathway in Gram-negative bacteria. Previously we have shown that one of the two T6SS clusters, namely VflT6SS2, is active and associates with anti-bacterial activity. However, how its activity is regulated is not completely understood. Here, we report that the global regulator integration host factor (IHF) positively modulates the expression and thus the function of VflT6SS2 through co-regulating its major cluster and tssD2-tssI2 (also known as hcp-vgrG) orphan clusters. Specifically, reporter gene activity assay showed that IHF transactivates the major and orphan clusters of VflT6SS2, while deletion of either ihfA or ihfB, the genes encoding the IHF subunits, decreased their promoter activities and mRNA levels of tssB2, vasH, and tssM2 for the selected major cluster genes and tssD2 and tssI2 for the selected orphan cluster genes. Subsequently, the direct bindings of IHF to the promoter regions of the major and orphan clusters were confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Site-directed mutagenesis combined with reporter gene activity assay or EMSA pinpointed the exact binding sites of IHF in the major and orphan cluster promoters, with two sites in the major cluster promoter, consisting with its two observed shifted bands in EMSA. Functional studies showed that the expression and secretion of hemolysin-coregulated protein (Hcp) and the VflT6SS2-mediated antibacterial virulence were severely abrogated in the deletion mutants of ΔihfA and ΔihfB, but restored when their trans-complemented plasmids were introduced, suggesting that IHF mostly contributes to environmental survival of V. fluvialis by directly binding and modulating the transactivity and function of VflT6SS2.

17ß-estradiol regulates the expression of apolipoprotein M through estrogen receptor α-specific binding motif in its promoter.

BACKGROUND: We have previously demonstrated that estrogen could significantly enhance expression of apolipoprotein M (apoM), whereas the molecular basis of its mechanism is not fully elucidated yet. To further investigate the mechanism behind the estrogen induced up-regulation of apoM expression. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated either free 17ß-estradiol (E2) or membrane-impermeable bovine serum albumin-conjugated E2 (E2-BSA) could modulate human apoM gene expression via the estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) pathway in the HepG2 cells. Moreover, experiments with the luciferase activity analysis of truncated apoM promoters could demonstrate that a regulatory region (from-1580 to -1575 bp (-GGTCA-)) upstream of the transcriptional start site of apoM gene was essential for the basal transcriptional activity that regulated by the ER-α. With the applications of an electrophoresis mobility shift assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we could successfully identify a specific ER-α binding element in the apoM promoter region. CONCULSION: In summary, the present study indicates that 17ß-estradiol induced up-regulation of apoM in HepG2 cells is through an ER-α-dependent pathway involving ER-α binding element in the promoter of the apoM gene.

Stabilization of the p53-DNA Complex by the Nuclear Protein Dmp1α.

We recently reported the existence of a physical interaction between the Myb-like transcription factor Dmp1 (Dmtf1) and p53 in which Dmp1 antagonized polyubiquitination of p53 by Mdm2 and promoted its nuclear localization. Dmp1 significantly stabilized p53-DNA complexes on promoters that contained p53-consensus sequences, which were either supershifted or disrupted with antibodies to Dmp1. Lysates from mice injected with doxorubicin showed that Dmp1 bound to p21Cip1, Bbc3, and Thbs1 gene regulatory regions in a p53-dependent fashion. Our data suggest that acceleration of DNA-binding of p53 by Dmp1 is a critical process for Dmp1 to increase the p53 function in Arf-deficient cells.

Functional characterisation of Burkholderia pseudomallei biotin protein ligase: A toolkit for anti-melioidosis drug development.

Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is the causative agent of melioidosis. The bacterium is responsible for 20% of community-acquired sepsis cases and 40% of sepsis-related mortalities in northeast Thailand, and is intrinsically resistant to aminoglycosides, macrolides, rifamycins, cephalosporins, and nonureidopenicillins. There is no vaccine and its diagnosis is problematic. Biotin protein ligase (BirA) which is essential for fatty acid synthesis has been proposed as a drug target in bacteria. Very few bacterial BirA have been characterized, and a better understanding of these enzymes is necessary to further assess their value as drug targets. BirA within the Burkholderia genus have not yet been investigated. We present for the first time the cloning, expression, purification and functional characterisation of the putative Bp BirA and orthologous B. thailandensis (Bt) biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) substrate. A GFP-tagged Bp BirA was produced and applied for the development of a high-throughput (HT) assay based on our differential scanning fluorimetry of GFP-tagged proteins (DSF-GTP) principle as well as an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Our biochemical data in combination with the new HT DSF-GTP and biotinylation activity assay could facilitate future drug screening efforts against this drug-resistant organism.

Structural insights of SmKDAC8 inhibitors: Targeting Schistosoma epigenetics through a combined structure-based 3D QSAR, in vitro and synthesis strategy.

A predictive structure-based 3D QSAR (COMBINEr 2.0) model of the Schistosoma mansoni lysine deacetylase 8 enzyme (SmKDAC8) was developed, validated and used to perform virtual screening (VS) of the NCI Diversity Set V database (1593 compounds). Three external datasets (with congeneric structures to those experimentally resolved in complexes by X-ray and previously reported as SmKDAC8 inhibitors) were employed to compose and validate the most predictive model. Two series characterized by 104 benzodiazepine derivatives (BZDs) and 60 simplified largazole analogs (SLAs), recently reported by our group as human KDAC inhibitors, were tested for their inhibition potency against SmKDAC8 to probe the predictive capability of the quantitative models against compounds with diverse structures. The SmKDAC8 biochemical results confirmed: (1) the benzodiazepine moiety as a valuable scaffold to further investigate when pursuing SmKDAC8 inhibition; (2) the predictive capability of the COMBINEr 2.0 model towards non-congeneric series of compounds, highlighting the most influencing ligand-protein interactions and refining the structure-activity relationships. From the VS investigations, the first 40 top-ranked compounds were obtained and biologically tested for their inhibition potency against SmKDAC8 and hKDACs 1, 3, 6 and 8. Among them, a non-hydroxamic acid benzothiadiazine dioxide derivative (code NSC163639), showed interesting activity and selectivity against SmKDAC8. To further elucidate the structure-activity relationships of NSC163639, two analogs (herein reported as compounds 3 and 4) were synthesized and biologically evaluated. Results suggest the benzothiadiazine dioxide moiety as a promising scaffold to be used in a next step to derive selective SmKDAC8 inhibitors.

Review of Methods to Study Gene Expression Regulation Applied to Asthma.

Gene expression regulation is the cellular process that controls, increasing or decreasing, the expression of gene products (RNA or protein). A complex set of interactions between genes, RNA molecules, protein, and other components determined when and where specific genes are activated and the amount of protein or RNA produced. Here, we focus on several methods to study gene regulation applied to asthma and allergic research such as: Western Blot to identify and quantify proteins, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to study protein interactions with nucleic acids, and RNA interference (RNAi) by which gene expression could be silenced.