Binding and distribution regularity of water molecules in high-moisture textured Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) meat.

High-moisture extrusion technique with the advantage of high efficiency and low energy consumption is a promising strategy for processing Antarctic krill meat. Consequently, this study aimed to prepare high-moisture textured Antarctic krill meat (HMTAKM) with a rich fiber structure at different water contents (53 %, 57 %, and 61 %) and to reveal the binding and distribution regularity of water molecules, which is closely related to the fiber structure of HMTAKM and has been less studied. The hydrogen-bond network results indicated the presence of at least two or more types of water molecules with different hydrogen bonds. Increasing the water content of HMTAKM promoted the formation of hydrogen bonds between the water molecules and protein molecules, leading to the transition of the ß-sheet to the α-helix. These findings offer a novel viable processing technique for Antarctic krill and a new understanding of the fiber formation of high-moisture textured proteins.

A novel gelatin composite film with melt extrusion for walnut oil packaging.

Gelatin have excellent film-forming and barrier properties, but its lack of biological activity limits its application in packaging. In this study, fish gelatin incorporated with apple polyphenol/cumin essential oil composite films were successfully prepared by melt extrusion. The cross-linking existed in gelatin and apple polyphenol improved the thermal stability and oxidation resistance of the film. The synergistic effect of apple polyphenols and cumin essential oil decreased the sensitivity of the film to water, especially the water solubility decreased from 41.60 % to 26.07 %. The plasticization of essential oil nearly doubled the elongation at break while maintaining the tensile strength of the film (11.45 MPa). Furthermore, the FG-CEO-AP film can inhibit peroxide value to extend the shelf life about 20 days in the walnut oil preservation. In summary, the apple polyphenol/cumin essential oil of FG film exhibits excellent comprehensive properties and high preparation efficiency for utilization as an active packaging material.

Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes Complexes.

The Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes are DNA-binding molecular machines required to shape chromosomes into functional units and to safeguard the genome through cell division. These ring-shaped multi-subunit protein complexes, which are present in all kingdoms of life, achieve this by organizing chromosomes in three-dimensional space. Mechanistically, the SMC complexes hydrolyze ATP to either stably entrap DNA molecules within their lumen, or rapidly reel DNA into large loops, which allow them to link two stretches of DNA in cis or trans. In this chapter, the canonical structure of the SMC complexes is first introduced, followed by a description of the composition and general functions of the main types of eukaryotic and prokaryotic SMC complexes. Thereafter, the current model for how SMC complexes perform in vitro DNA loop extrusion is presented. Lastly, chromosome loop formation by SMC complexes is introduced, and how the DNA loop extrusion mechanism contributes to chromosome looping by SMC complexes in cells is discussed.

Effects of the extrusion conditions, the addition of oil and the food matrix on the physical and sensory characteristics of pre-extrusion flavored products.

Thermoplastic extrusion is important in processing a wide variety of food products. In this paper, the effects of different extrusion conditions, addition of vegetable oil and the food matrix itself on the physical and sensory characteristics of corn snacks and meat analogs were evaluated. Cysteine and butyric acid (cheese aroma precursors) and thiamine (a meat aroma precursor) were added to corn grits and soy protein concentrate, respectively, before extrusion. For each matrix, three combinations of moistures of the raw material and extrusion temperatures were used and, after extrusion, vegetable oil was added to one portion of each product and not to another one. The extrusion conditions and the addition of oil affected the physical properties and sensory characteristics of corn snacks more while they had less influence on the properties of the meat analogs. There were similar correlations between the physical and sensory variables, independent of the food matrix used. The sensory acceptance stood out for samples from intermediate and less severe extrusion conditions and with added oil, showing that these factors have an impact on the physical properties and sensory characteristics, with little effect from the food matrix. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-05985-3.

4D Printing of Multifunctional and Biodegradable PLA-PBAT-Fe3O4 Nanocomposites with Supreme Mechanical and Shape Memory Properties.

4D printing magneto-responsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) using biodegradable nanocomposites can overcome their low toughness and thermal resistance, and produce smart materials that can be controlled remotely without contact. This study presented the development of 3D/4D printable nanocomposites based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. The nanocomposites are prepared by melt mixing PLA-PBAT blends with different Fe3O4 contents (10, 15, and 20 wt%) and extruded into granules for material extrusion 3D printing. The morphology, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), mechanical properties, and shape memory behavior of the nanocomposites are investigated. The results indicated that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles are preferentially distributed in the PBAT phases, enhancing the storage modulus, thermal stability, strength, elongation, toughness, shape fixity, and recovery of the nanocomposites. The optimal Fe3O4 loading is found to be 10 wt%, as higher loadings led to nanoparticle agglomeration and reduced performance. The nanocomposites also exhibited fast shape memory response under thermal and magnetic activation due to the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The 3D/4D printable nanocomposites demonstrated multifunctional multi-trigger shape-memory capabilities and potential applications in contactless and safe actuation.

Significantly smaller lateral extrusion was observed within 24 weeks after all-inside suture repairs of radial tear in the middle segment of lateral meniscus compared to inside-out repairs.

Purpose: To evaluate the postoperative meniscal extrusion between all-inside suture (AIS) and trans-capsular suture (TCS) repair techniques. Methods: Thirteen patients (mean age, 19.4 years) underwent AIS repairs using only sutures (AIS group) for radial tears in the middle segment of the lateral meniscus (RTMLM), and seven patients (mean age, 20.3 years) underwent inside-out repairs among TCS (TCS group). For all cases, lateral (LE), anterior (AE) and posterior (PE) meniscal extrusions of the lateral meniscus were measured during preoperative and 3-, 12- and 24-week postoperative MRIs. Then, the change of each extrusion from preoperative to each postoperative period was calculated as ∆LE, ∆AE and ∆PE. Results: There was no significant difference between the AIS and TCS groups in the preoperative extrusions. As for postoperative extrusions, only ∆LEs in the AIS group was significantly smaller than those in the TCS group at all postoperative periods (-1.5 ± 1.7 vs. 0.9 ± 0.7 mm at 3-week, -0.9 ± 0.9 vs. 0.4 ± 0.9 mm at 12-week and -0.3 ± 1.0 vs. 0.6 ± 1.1 mm at 24-week postoperation). In ∆AEs and ∆PEs, at all three postoperative periods, there were no significant differences. Conclusion: Postoperative LE, AE and PE on MRIs after AIS and TCS repairs for RTMLM were investigated. Significantly smaller lateral extrusion was observed within 24 weeks after AIS repairs of RTMLM compared to TCS repairs, which could lead to stabilization of the repair site and prevent degenerative changes. Level of Evidence: Case-control study, retrospective comparative study, Level Ⅲ.

3D Nanofiber-Assisted Embedded Extrusion Bioprinting for Oriented Cardiac Tissue Fabrication.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology stands out as a promising tissue manufacturing process to control the geometry precisely with cell-loaded bioinks. However, the isotropic culture environment within the bioink and the lack of topographical cues impede the formation of oriented cardiac tissue. To overcome this limitation, we present a novel method named 3D nanofiber-assisted embedded bioprinting (3D-NFEP) to fabricate cardiac tissue with an oriented morphology. Aligned 3D nanofiber scaffolds were fabricated by divergence electrospinning, which provided structural support for printing of the low-viscosity bioink and structural induction to cardiomyocytes. Cells adhered to the aligned fibers after hydrogel degradation, and a high degree of cell alignment was observed. This technology was also demonstrated as a feasible solution for multilayer cell printing. Therefore, 3D-NFEP was demonstrated as a promising method for bioprinting oriented cardiac tissue with low-viscosity bioink and is expected to be applied for structured and cardiac tissue engineering.

A Review of Non-Powder-Bed Metal Additive Manufacturing: Techniques and Challenges.

Metal additive manufacturing has significantly evolved since the 1990s, achieving a market valuation of USD 6.36 billion in 2022, with an anticipated compound annual growth rate of 24.2% from 2023 to 2030. While powder-bed-based methods like powder bed fusion and binder jetting dominate the market due to their high accuracy and resolution, they face challenges such as lengthy build times, excessive costs, and safety concerns. Non-powder-bed-based techniques, including direct energy deposition, material extrusion, and sheet lamination, offer advantages such as larger build sizes and lower energy consumption but also encounter issues like residual stress and poor surface finish. The existing reviews of non-powder-bed-based metal additive manufacturing are restricted to one technical branch or one specific material. This survey investigates and analyzes each non-powder-bed-based technique in terms of its manufacturing method, materials, product quality, and summary for easy understanding and comparison. Innovative designs and research status are included.

Analysis of Copper Welding Parameters during the Manufacture of Tubular Profiles Using Unconventional Extrusion Processes.

In recent years, there has been a lack of information in the literature regarding the extrusion and connection of closed profiles from oxygen-free copper in bridge dies. Available studies contain information on the processes of extrusion and connection of profiles from aluminium alloys and various types of steel. However, there is a lack of detailed data on the values of technological parameters for which copper is joined in the extrusion process. Therefore, one of the goals of this work is to fill the gap in the literature regarding the extrusion of oxygen-free copper in bridge dies. In this work, the authors determined the thermo-mechanical conditions at which oxygen-free copper will be joined. This paper describes the effects of charge temperature and hydrostatic pressure in the weld zone of a bridge die on copper bonding in the fabrication of tubular profiles. Physical tests of the welding process under the conditions of upsetting a material consisting of two parts were carried out using the Gleeble 3800 metallurgical process simulator with the PocketJaw module in the standard configuration for SICO (strain-induced crack opening) tests. For the numerical simulations, the commercial computer programme FORGE®NxT 2.1. using the finite element method (FEM) was used. Based on the analysis of the test results obtained, it was found that complete material bonding during the extrusion process could be achieved for a charge temperature higher than 600 °C and a hydrostatic pressure of 45-65 MPa.

Comparative Study on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Evolution of Mg-3Zn-1Mn/Sn Alloy through Ca-La-Ce Addition.

This study systematically investigates the influence of the composite addition of Ce, La, and Ca elements on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg-3Zn-1Mn/Sn (wt.%) alloys. It indicates that the strength of Mg-Zn-Mn series alloys is superior to that of Mg-Zn-Sn series alloys, due to the stronger restriction of nanosized Mn particles on the recrystallization process and grain growth compared with Mg2Sn phases. The addition of the Ca-La-Ce elements significantly enhances the strength of the Mg-3Zn-1Sn alloy (YS increased by approximately 92.5%, UTS increased by approximately 29.2%, and EL decreased by nearly 52.2%), while for the Mg-3Zn-1Mn alloy, a balanced effect on both the strength and performance can be achieved. This difference mainly lies in the more pronounced refined effect on the grain size and the formation of a bimodal grain structure with strip-like un-DRXed grains and surrounding fine DRXed grains for the Mg-3Zn-1Sn alloy. In contrast, the addition of the Ca-La-Ce elements has a less obvious hindrance on the recrystallization process in the Mg-Zn-Mn series alloy, while significantly weakening the extrusion texture while refining the grains. Through in-depth characterization and experimental analysis, it is found that Sn and Ca can promote the formation of brittle and fine secondary phases. A nanoscale Sn phase (Mg2Sn phase) is more likely to accumulate at the grain boundaries, and the size of the nanoscale Ca2Mg6Zn3 in Mg-Zn-Mn series alloys is finer and more dispersed than that in Mg-Zn-Sn series alloys, thus strongly hindering recrystallization and refining the recrystallized structure of the alloy.

Textural improvement of pea protein-based high-moisture extrudates with corn zein and rice starch.

High moisture extrusion allows the production of plant protein-based products, including meat analogues. Building upon our previous findings showing that zein mixed with rice starch provides the necessary textural properties to formulations, different pea protein-based formulations with varying amounts of zein and rice starch or wheat gluten (as control) were produced using high moisture extrusion and the rheological, textural, and microstructural characteristics were evaluated and associated with the secondary structure of proteins. Samples containing wheat gluten presented desirable rheological and mechanical properties in terms of texturization, which was evidenced by the generation of a layered and three-dimensional viscoelastic network. The addition of rice starch to zein significantly increased the viscoelasticity of the samples due to enhanced development of non-covalent interactions that led to higher and more stable ß-sheets content and to the formation of a fibrous and layered microstructure and a 3D network nearly like those obtained with gluten. The sole replacement of pea protein by zein was not enough to develop these desired characteristics, demonstrating the importance of the non-covalent interactions between rice starch and zein for the generation of these properties. Overall, zein and rice starch improved texturization of pea protein-based gluten-free analogues made by high moisture extrusion.

Impact of thermomechanical pretreatment by twin-screw extrusion on the properties of bio-based materials from sugarcane bagasse obtained by thermocompression.

The aim of this study was to produce binderless materials by thermocompression from lignocellulosic biomass pretreated using twin-screw extrusion. The impact of twin-screw extrusion pretreatment on sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was evaluated, along with the effects of two associated parameters: the liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio and the screw profile, using three different mechanical shear rates. It was shown that twin-screw extrusion pretreatment resulted in materials with improved properties as compared to those obtained with untreated SCB. The mechanical properties and water resistance of materials obtained after pretreatment were mainly impacted by the screw profile. The flexural modulus increased from 5.3 to 6.1GPa and the flexural strength from 39.0 to 55.5 MPa. Water absorption (WA) from the thermocompressed materials ranged from 25 to 62 %, and thickness swelling (TS) from 24 to 67 %. Materials obtained with a 0.4 L/S ratio had lower flexural strength but the best water resistance. For the same L/S ratio, the use of a more shearing screw profile improved the material properties, especially the water resistance. The best material was produced with pretreated SCB using a 1.25 L/S ratio with the most restrictive screw profile, resulting in materials with a 5.6GPa flexural modulus, 55.5 MPa flexural strength, and WA and TS values of 44 % and 42 %, respectively.

Scaling-Up for the Counter-Rotating Twin Screw Extrusion of Polymers.

A novel and original computer scaling-up system for the counter-rotating twin screw extrusion of polymers was developed. In the system, each scaling parameter (scaling criterion) may be considered as an objective function to be minimized for the single parameters or the functional relationships along the length of the screw. Scaling was based on the process simulation, which was performed using the comprehensive (or global) counter-rotating twin screw extrusion program called TSEM (Twin Screw Extrusion Model). The extrusion process was scaled by applying GASESTWIN (Genetic Algorithms Screw Extrusion Scaling) software developed for this purpose using genetic algorithms. Scaling up the extrusion process was carried out to enhance extrusion process throughput according to the scaling criteria specified by the single quantities of polymer melt temperature at the die exit and relative melting length, and by distributions along the screw length of the extrusion parameters of the polymer melt temperature and polymer plasticating. The global objective function had the lowest value for the selected extrusion parameters, which means the minimal differences between the values of the scaled-up processes and extrusion throughput was significantly increased. The solution to the problem of scaling the counter-rotating process presented in this paper complements the existing solutions for optimizing and scaling basic variants of the extrusion process, i.e., flood-fed and starve (metered)-fed single-screw extrusion, as well as co-rotating and counter-rotating twin-screw extrusion.

Evaluation of Additives on the Cell Metabolic Activity of New PHB/PLA-Based Formulations by Means of Material Extrusion 3D Printing for Scaffold Applications.

In this study, specific additives were incorporated in polyhydroxyalcanoate (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) blend to improve its compatibility, and so enhance the cell metabolic activity of scaffolds for tissue engineering. The formulations were manufactured through material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing (AM) technology. As additives, petroleum-based poly(ethylene) with glicidyl metacrylate (EGM) and methyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate (EMAG); poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) copolymer (Xibond); and bio-based epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) were used. On one hand, standard geometries manufactured were assessed to evaluate the compatibilizing effect. The additives improved the compatibility of PHB/PLA blend, highlighting the effect of EMAG and ELO in ductile properties. The processability was also enhanced for the decrease in melt temperature as well as the improvement of thermal stability. On the other hand, manufactured scaffolds were evaluated for the purpose of bone regeneration. The mean pore size and porosity exhibited values between 675 and 718 µm and 50 and 53%, respectively. According to the results, the compression stress was higher (11-13 MPa) than the required for trabecular bones (5-10 MPa). The best results in cell metabolic activity were obtained by incorporating ELO and Xibond due to the decrease in water contact angle, showing a stable cell attachment after 7 days of culture as observed in SEM.

Modifying Cassava Starch via Extrusion with Phosphate, Erythorbate and Nitrite: Phosphorylation, Hydrolysis and Plasticization.

Extrusion processing of plasticized cassava starch, a prominent industrial crop, with chemical additives offers a thermo-mechanical approach to modify starch structures through physical and chemical interactions. This research investigates the interaction and morphology of thermoplastic cassava starch (TPS) blended with tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), sodium tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10), sodium hexametaphosphate (Na6(PO3)6), sodium erythorbate (C6H7O6Na), and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) via twin-screw extrusion. The effects of these additives on the chemical structure, thermal profile, water absorption, and solubility of the TPS were examined. The high temperature and shearing forces within the extruder disrupted hydrogen bonding at α-(1-4) and α-(1-6) glycosidic linkages within anhydroglucose units. Na4P2O7, Na5P3O10 and Na6(PO3)6 induced starch phosphorylation, while 1H NMR and ATR-FTIR analyses revealed that C6H7O6Na and NaNO2 caused starch hydrolysis. These additives hindered starch recrystallization, resulting in higher amorphous fractions that subsequently influenced the thermal properties and stability of the extruded TPS. Furthermore, the type and content of the added modifier influenced the water absorption and solubility of the TPS due to varying levels of interaction. These modified starch materials exhibited enhanced antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in polyester blends fabricated via extrusion, with nitrite demonstrating the most potent antimicrobial efficacy. These findings suggest that starch modification via either phosphorylation or acid hydrolysis impacts the thermal properties, morphology, and hydrophilicity of extruded cassava TPS.

Extrusion 3D Printing of Intrinsically Fluorescent Thermoplastic Polyimide: Revealing an Undisclosed Potential.

Thermoplastic polyimides (TPIs) are promising lightweight materials for replacing metal components in aerospace, rocketry, and automotive industries. Key TPI attributes include low density, thermal stability, mechanical strength, inherent flame retardancy, and intrinsic fluorescence under UV light. The application of advanced manufacturing techniques, especially 3D printing, could significantly broaden the use of TPIs; however, challenges in melt-processing this class of polymer represent a barrier. This study explored the processability, 3D-printing and hence mechanical, and fluorescence properties of TPI coupons, demonstrating their suitability for advanced 3D-printing applications. Moreover, the study successfully 3D-printed a functional impeller for an overhead stirrer, effectively replacing its metallic counterpart. Defects were shown to be readily detectable under UV light. A thorough analysis of TPI processing examining its rheological, morphological, and thermal properties is presented. Extruded TPI filaments were 3D-printed into test coupons with different infill geometries to examine the effect of tool path on mechanical performance. The fluorescence properties of the 3D-printed TPI coupons were evaluated to highlight their potential to produce intricately shaped thermally stable, fluorescence-based sensors.

Performance of Recycled Opaque PET Modified by Reactive Extrusion.

A comparative study of the structural integrity of an opaque recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET-O) has been carried out with two types of modified rPET-O by applying reactive extrusion techniques, namely (a) using a multi-epoxide reactive agent (REx-rPET-O) and (b) a 90/10 (wt/wt) rPET-O/polycarbonate (PC) blend. The chemical modifications introduced during reactive extrusion were confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheological dynamic analysis (RDA). For the quantification of the fracture parameters, an instrumented pendulum impact testing machine was used using specimens in SENB configuration. The structural modifications generated during reactive extrusion promote an increase of between 16 (REx-rPET-O) and 20% (rPET-O/PC) in the stress-intensity factor (KQ) compared to unmodified rPET-O. The most significant differences between both modifications are registered in the "specific work of fracture" (wf) (alternative parameter to the standardized impact strength), where an increase of 61% is reached for the case of rPET-O/PC and only 11% for REx-rPET-O. This trend can be attributed to the type of reactive modification that is generated, namely chain branching (REx-rPET-O) vs. the generation of a random copolymer "in situ" (rPET-O/PC). This copolymer decreases the crystallization capacity and degree of crystalline perfection of rPET-O, promoting an increase in the critical hydrostatic stress conditions for the generation of crazing and crack propagation.

Constructing polymorphonuclear cells: chromatin folding shapes nuclear morphology.

Immune cell fate decisions are regulated, at least in part, by nuclear architecture. Here, we outline how nuclear architecture instructs mammalian polymorphonuclear cell differentiation. We discuss how in neutrophils loop extrusion mechanisms regulate the expression of genes involved in phagocytosis and shape nuclear morphology. We propose that diminished loop extrusion programs also orchestrate eosinophil and basophil differentiation. We portray a new model in which competitive physical forces, loop extrusion, and phase separation, instruct mononuclear versus polymorphonuclear cell fate decisions. We posit that loop extrusion programs instruct the spatial organization of cytoplasmic organelles, including neutrophil granules, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Finally, we suggest that changing loop extrusion programs might allow the engineering of new nuclear shapes and artificial cytoplasmic architectures.

Root canal cleanliness and debris extrusion following retreatment of thermoplastic injection technique and bioceramic-based root canal sealer.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris and to determine the remaining filling material on the root canal walls by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), following the root canal retreatment of root canals filled with different obturation techniques (single cone technique, thermoplasticised injection technique) and the different root canal sealers [bioceramic-based, epoxy resin-based root canal sealer]. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 single rooted human premolar teeth were prepared with the ProTaper Gold system (Dentsply Maillefer) up to the F4 file and the samples were divided into 4 groups according to obturation procedures: Single cone technique + AH Plus sealer(epoxy resin-based root canal sealer, Dentsply International Inc., York, PA, USA); Single cone technique + Sure-Seal Root(bioceramic-based root canal sealer, Sure Dent Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea); thermoplastic injection technique[Calamus Dual Obturation System(Dentsply-Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK, USA)] + AH Plus(Dentsply International Inc.); Sure-Seal Root(Sure Dent Corporation) + Calamus Dual Obturation System (Dentsply-Tulsa Dental). The teeth were inserted into preweighed Eppendorf tubes and retreatment was performed. The tubes were kept in an incubator at 37 °C for 14 days to obtain the dry debris weight. Following the removal of the root canal fillings, the samples were scanned with a micro-CT device to analyse the volume of filling residues. RESULTS: Retreatment of samples obturated with epoxy-resin or bioceramic based root sealers combined with Calamus system resulted in higher amount of apical extrusion compared to their combination with single cone technique (p = 0.026 for Single cone technique + AH Plus sealer vs Calamus + AH Plus sealer and p = 0.005 for Single cone technique + Sure-Seal root sealer vs Calamus + Sure-Seal root sealer). The most debris was observed in the Calamus + Sure-Seal root sealer group, the least debris was observed in the Single cone technique + AH Plus sealer group. The percentage of residues was the highest in the Single cone technique + Sure-Seal root sealer and the lowest in the Calamus + AH Plus sealer group, but there were no significant differences between groups (p = 0.463). CONCLUSIONS: No correlation was observed among the groups in terms of extruded debris and remnants inside the root canal. When combined with bioceramic based sealer, thermoplasticised injection technique did not affect the cleanliness of root canal walls; however, it increased its apical extrusion potential during retreatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The obturation method does not play a role in the removability of bioceramic based root canal sealer, however the use of bioceramic-based root canal sealers with cold obturation techniques may be beneficial in preventing apical extrusion.

Pharmacy 3D printing.

A significant limitation of the 'one size fits all' medication approach is the lack of consideration for special population groups. 3D printing technology has revolutionised the landscape of pharmaceuticals and pharmacy practice, playing an integral role in enabling on-demand production of customised medication. Compared to traditional pharmaceutical processes, 3D printing has major advantages in producing tailored dosage forms with unique drug release mechanisms. Moreover, this technology has enabled the combination of multiple drugs in a single formulation addressing key issues of medication burden. Development of 3D printing in pharmacy applications and large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing has substantially increased in recent years. This review focuses on the emergence of extrusion-based 3D printing, particularly semi solid extrusion, fused deposition modelling and direct powder extrusion, which are currently the most commonly studied for pharmacy practice. The concept of each technique is summarised, with examples of current and potential applications. Next, recent advancements in the 3D printer market and pharmacist perceptions are discussed. Finally, the benefits, challenges and prospects of pharmacy 3D printing technology are highlighted, emphasising its significance in changing the future of this field.