Concentration of docosahexaenoic acid from tuna oil via a two lipase-catalyzed reaction.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was concentrated successfully in the glyceride fractions from tuna oil via a two-step enzyme reaction involving hydrolysis and ethanolysis. In the first step, Candida rugosa lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis was carried out to concentrate DHA in the glyceride fractions. The DHA content in the glyceride fraction after hydrolysis increased from 30% in the initial tuna oil to 46%. In the second step, Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed ethanolysis was conducted with the reaction mixture from the first step to further concentrate DHA in the glyceride fraction. In this step, the reaction mixture obtained from the first step was employed directly in Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed ethanolysis without additional steps needed to remove free fatty acid. Finally, DHA was concentrated from an initial content of 30% in the tuna oil to 68.4% in the glyceride fractions via a novel two-step enzyme reaction strategy.

Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in wastewater: biodiesel potential and wastewater remediation.

The present investigation has evaluated the use of effluents from a secondary municipal wastewater treatment plant for biomass production and potential of the biomass for biodiesel production. Cultivations of Chlorella vulgaris using wastewater, wastewater with supplementation, and WC medium were carried out. Effect of wastewater collected in different months on biomass productivity (BP) and lipid composition was studied. Methods based on NMR and GC-MS techniques were applied for determining the composition of the lipids and their fatty acid profile including poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Lipids extracted are comprised of both neutral (tri acyl glycerides, TAG; free fatty acids, FFA) and polar (glyco glycero/phospho) lipids. The TAG content of the extracted lipids was determined in the range of 22.5-41.3% w/w. The NMR and GC-MS compositional results of microalgal lipids of biomasses cultivated in wastewater without nutrient supplementation, collected in different months, showed potential for biodiesel production. The fatty acid profiles of neutral and polar lipids, which are mainly comprised of saturated and unsaturated long alkyl chain (C16-C22) fatty acids, are potential sources for the biodiesel and food industry. The concentration of nitrates (45-78 mg L-1) in wastewater without supplementation, collected in different months, was found to be optimum to enable cultivation of biomasses with reasonably good BP of 21.5-28.1 mg L-1 day-1. Similar results have been obtained in the present work as well as reported in the literature in the case of WC medium (nitrate, 69 mg L-1) with BP of 25.5-28.2 mg L-1 day-1, thus highlighted the significance of the presented work.

Glycerides of lauric acid supplementation in the chicken diet enhances the humoral and cellular immune response to infectious bronchitis virus.

Controlling pathogenic infections while reducing antibiotic usage is an important challenge during poultry production. In addition to vaccination strategies, several solutions to enhance the immune response against pathogens are evaluated. In this study, we aim to determine the effects of the glycerides of lauric acid (GLA) supplementation in chickens' diets on humoral and cellular immune response pathogenic infections, using an in vivo model of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). One-day-old Ross 308 broilers were vaccinated with live attenuated IBV and fed diets supplemented with or without GLA at 3 kg/ton. The levels of early (day 7) specific anti-IBV in sera were significantly increased in broilers fed GLA, compared to the control groups (P<0.05), showing a stronger primary humoral response. The secretion levels of main cytokines remained similar in spleens of all the experimental groups. However, the splenocytes from broilers fed GLA showed higher activation and effector abilities when measured by IFN-γ ELISpot in presence of N-261-280 IBV peptide or Concanavalin A (Con A), a pan T lymphocytes mitogen. In response to N-261-280 peptide, GLA group showed a 2-fold increase of spot numbers (P < 0.05) and 3-fold increase of spot surfaces (P < 0.01) compared to the control groups. Similarly, Con A stimulation showed a 2-fold increases in spot surfaces and numbers in the GLA supplemented group compared to the control group (P < 0.01). In summary, GLA supplementation in chicken feed enhances the primary humoral immune response and strengthen the T lymphocytes mediated cellular immune response. These findings demonstrate how GLA can improve chicken resilience against pathogenic challenges by enhancing their immune responses.

Safety Assessment of Butyrospermum parkii (Shea)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 13 Butyrospermum parkii (shea)-derived ingredients, which are most frequently reported to function in cosmetics as skin and hair conditioning agents. The Panel reviewed the available data to determine the safety of these ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing similar constituents of concern, formulators are advised to be aware of these constituents and to avoid reaching levels that may be hazardous to consumers. Industry should use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities that could be present in botanical ingredients. The Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be non-sensitizing.

Glycerol Oligomerization over Titania-Based Catalyst Compositions.

The possibility of using TiO2 -based compositions: individual and sulfated titania, and their composites with carbon nanotubes as catalysts for glycerol oligomerization has been displayed. The effect of modification of TiO2 with sulfur and carbon nanotubes on acid-base and catalytic characteristics in the glycerol conversion was investigated. The activation of glycerol on the catalysts has been studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Only the samples based on sulfated titania are active over glycerol transformation, showing up to 58.7 % conversion. This is explained by the presence of strong base sites. Glycerides up to pentaglycerides, both linear and nonlinear structure are formed by glycerol oligomerization over TiO2 -S. The addition of nanotubes to the catalyst reduces both the glycerol conversion (up to 10.5 %) and the yield of glycerides. However, the spectrum of the resulting products is significantly narrowed, increasing the selectivity for short-chain glycerides: the portion of diglycerides reaches 72 %, and triglycerides 21 %. Herewith, glycerides of a linear structure only formed.

Effects of lipids from multiple sources on glyceride composition, concentration, and structure of infant formulas benchmarked to human milk.

The important parameters affecting the nutritional properties of lipids were analyzed and compared between human milk (HM), infant formulas (IFs), mammalian milk, and substitute fat, including molecular species, fatty acid composition, glyceride content, and important structural triacylglycerols (TAGs). The molecular species of triacylglycerols with functional fatty acids were significantly different between HM and IFs, and their contents in HM were significantly higher than those in IFs. Accordingly, the evaluation scores of fatty acid composition and glyceride content in IFs were less than 50 compared to HM. Although the introduction of vegetable oils effectively improved the unsaturation of IF lipid, the excessive addition of TAGs rich in oleic and linoleic acid resulted in an imbalance of TAG composition and structure. Only 36.84 % of IFs were supplemented with structured lipids, but those still lacked sn-2 palmitate TAGs. The adoption of multiple lipids and novel processing technologies is required for novel IFs to match the composition, content, positional structure and spherical membrane structure of HM as closely as possible.

Biophysical characterization of α-glucan nanoparticles encapsulating feruloylated soy glycerides (FSG).

Water insoluble α-glucans that were enzymatically synthesized using glucansucrase that was cloned from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1118 were previously shown to form nanoparticles via high pressure homogenization. These α-glucan nanoparticles were previously shown capable of encapsulating a small hydrophobic molecule. This work demonstrates that the same α-glucan can be formed into nanoparticles that encapsulate feruloylated soy glycerides from modified soybean oil, a product of interest to the cosmetic and skin care industries because of the UV absorbance and antioxidant properties of the feruloyl moiety. It is demonstrated that the feruloylated soy glyceride/α-glucan nanoparticles have distinct size, zeta potential and thermal profiles from that of nanoparticles made from α-glucan alone or feruloylated soy glyceride alone. Thermal analysis also demonstrates the release of feruloylated soy glycerides from the α-glucan nanoparticles.

Peanut Glycerides.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed updated information that has become available since their original assessment from 2001, along with updated information regarding product types, and frequency and concentrations of use, and reaffirmed their original conclusion that Peanut Glycerides is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the practices of use and concentration as described in this report.

Lard and Lard-Derived Ingredients.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed information that has become available since their original assessment from 2001, along with updated information regarding product types, and frequency and concentrations of use, and reaffirmed their original conclusion that Lard, Hydrogenated Lard, Lard Glyceride, Hydrogenated Lard Glyceride, Lard Glycerides, and Hydrogenated Lard Glycerides are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentration as described in this report.

Nonlinear viscoelasticity and crystallization behavior of anhydrous milk fat/palm stearin/oleogel blends.

The crystallization behavior of anhydrous milk fat (AMF)/palm stearin (POs)/diacetyl tartaric acid ester of mono(di)glycerides (DATEM) oleogel blends was investigated, moreover, the linear and nonlinear rheological behavior of systems was analyzed by small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). The addition of DATEM oleogels inhibited the growth rate of crystals of blends at 4 °C and reduced the average size of crystalline nanoplatelet. Moreover, the DATEM oleogels promoted the transition of blends to more stable ß polymorphism. The nonlinear rheological response of blends was qualitatively analyzed by normalized Lissajous-Bowditch curves. The addition of DATEM oleogels made blends more resistant to large deformations and slowed down viscous losses while reducing the rearrangement behavior of the crystal microstructure under high strain. These findings could open up the possibility of developing low-saturated fat products and further broaden the application of oleogels.

Butyrate Glycerides Protect against Intestinal Inflammation and Barrier Dysfunction in Mice.

This study investigates the attenuating effects of butyrate glycerides (BG) on intestinal inflammatory responses and barrier dysfunction induced by LPS stimulation. An initial dose-response test was carried out to identify the optimal dose of BG for further testing. The mice were given intragastric administration of BG at different doses followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneal injection. The small intestinal morphology and cytokine mRNA expression were measured. With 1.5 g/kg BW BG administration, it was possible to alleviate the injury of duodenal morphology, attenuate ileum villus height reduction and promote IL-10 mRNA expression. Therefore, the optimal dosage of 1.5 g/kg BW BG was selected for the main experiment. The ultrastructure image of jejunum and ileum epithelial cells, mRNA expression, the level of cytokine and immunofluorescence in the ileum were analyzed. The results showed that BG maintain the ileac brush border, tight junction structures and protein expression. BG attenuated the increased inflammatory cytokines, TLR4 and JNK mRNA expression. Taken together, 1.5 g/kg BW BG administration maintained intestinal barrier function and reduced intestinal and body inflammation responses induced by LPS in mice. The mechanism by which BG alleviated intestinal inflammatory response and maintained intestinal barrier function may be related to the JNK signaling pathway.

Toxicity Investigations of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate Glycerides In Vitro and in Male and Female Rats.

TCN006, a formulation of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate glycerides, is a promising ingredient for enhancing ketone intake of humans. Ketones have been shown to have beneficial effects on human health. To be used by humans, TCN006 must be determined safe in appropriately designed safety studies. The results of a bacterial reverse mutation assay, an in vitro mammalian micronucleus study, and 14-and 90-day repeat dose toxicity studies in rats are reported herein. In the 14- and 90-day studies, male and female Wistar rats had free access to drinking water containing 0, 75,000, 125,000 or 200,000 ppm TCN006 for 92 and 93 days, respectively. TCN006 tested negative for genotoxicity and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for toxicity in the 14- and 90-day studies was 200,000 ppm, the highest dose administered. In the longer term study, the mean overall daily intake of TCN006 in the 200,000 ppm groups was 14,027.9 mg/kg bw/day for males and 20,507.0 mg/kg bw/day for females. At this concentration, palatability of water was likely affected, which led to a decrease in water consumption in both males and females compared to respective controls. This had no effect on the health of the animals. Although the rats were administered very high levels of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate glycerides, there were no signs of ketoacidosis.

The Effects of Sodium Butyrate, Coated Sodium Butyrate, and Butyric Acid Glycerides on Nutrient Digestibility, Gastrointestinal Function, and Fecal Microbiota in Turkeys.

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of sodium butyrate (SB), coated sodium butyrate (CSB), and butyric acid glycerides (BAG) in turkey nutrition based on an analysis of nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal function, and fecal bacterial populations. A total of 400 1-day-old female BIG 6 turkeys were divided into 4 groups, with 5 replicates per group and 20 birds per replicate, to determine the effects exerted by various forms of butyric acid (SB, CSB, and BAG). The addition of CSB and BAG to turkey diets improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR, p < 0.05), increased the values of the European Efficiency Index (EEI, p < 0.01) and duodenal villus height (p < 0.05), and decreased the fecal populations of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens (p < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with BAG increased protein digestibility (p < 0.05). The analyzed forms of butyrate added to turkey diets increased the butyric acid concentration in the cecal digesta (p < 0.01). The results of this study indicate that protected forms of butyric acid can be valuable feed additives in turkey nutrition.

Effects of Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Glycerides on Nutrient Metabolism and Energy Utilization in Weaned Piglets.

Weaning stress induces the depressed digestive and absorptive capacity and insufficient intestinal energy supply. Medium-chain fatty acid glycerides have shown to improve the growth performance and intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets in the previous study. This study was aimed to investigate the regulation of medium-chain fatty acid glyceride on the nutrient absorption and energy utilization of weaned piglets. Nighty healthy weaned piglets were randomly assigned into five treatments: NP (Normal protein, normal-protein diet no antibiotics included); NC (Negative control, low-protein diet no antibiotics included); PC (Positive control, low-protein diet +75 mg/kg quinocetone, 20 mg/kg virginiamycin and 50 mg/kg aureomycin); MCT (tricaprylin + tricaprin group, low-protein diet + tricaprylin + tricaprin); GML (glycerol monolaurate group, low-protein diet + glycerol monolaurate). The results showed that GML treatment increased the ALP activity, concentrations of serine and methionine, MCT treatment increased concentrations of serine and 3-methyl-histidine but decreased TG concentration in serum. MCT and GML supplementations significantly promoted the lipase activity in the jejunum and ileum, as well as the AMP content in the ileal mucosa. GML addition significantly decreased the contents of butyric acid, isobutyric acid and total volatile fatty acid. In addition, medium chain fatty acid glycerides altered gene expressions involved in lipid metabolism, which showing the increases of AMPK2, CD36 and CGI58 and the decreases of MGAT2 and DGAT2 in the liver, as well as the increases of CD36, CGI58, MGAT2 and DGAT2 in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. These findings showed that medium-chain fatty acid glyceride can effectively improve the absorption of nutrients and lipid metabolism of piglets to meet the energy demand of weaned piglets, and then regulate the growth and development of weaned piglets.

The Effects of Different Forms of Butyric Acid on the Performance of Turkeys, Carcass Quality, Incidence of Footpad Dermatitis and Economic Efficiency.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of butyric acid glycerides (BAG), sodium butyrate (SB) and coated sodium butyrate (CSB) in turkey nutrition based on the growth performance of birds, carcass yield, meat quality, the dry matter (DM) content of faeces, the incidence of footpad dermatitis (FPD), and economic efficiency. A 105-day experiment was conducted on 400 BIG 6 female turkeys (4 treatments, 5 replications, 20 birds per replication). The addition of CSB and BAG to turkey diets improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR, p ≤ 0.05) and increased the values of the European Efficiency Index (EEI, p ≤ 0.01). The analysed forms of BA in turkey diets increased the concentration of DM in faeces (p ≤ 0.01) and decreased FPD incidence (p ≤ 0.01), which may suggest that all forms of butyrate improved litter quality and inhibit the risk for diarrhoea. The results of this study indicate that all forms of butyric acid can be valuable feed additives in turkey nutrition.

Possible Charged Residue Switch for Acylglycerol Selectivity of Lipase MAS1.

The amino acid residues lining the substrate binding pocket play quite an important role during the lipase catalytic process. The conversion of those residues might cause a dramatic change in the lipase properties, such as the substrate selectivity of lipase. In our study, T237 residue sitting on the entrance of the catalytic pocket in lipase MAS1 was important for the catalytic performance. When replacing polar Thr with the positively charged Arg, the synthesis ratio of partial glycerides/triglycerides increases to 6.32 rather than 1.21 of MAS1 wild type (WT), as the substrate ratio of glycerol and fatty acids is 1:3. And the fatty acid preference shifted to long-chain substrates for mutant T237R rather than middle-chain substrates for MAS1 WT. Molecular docking analysis revealed that hydrophobic and side chain properties of Arg might contribute to the change of the MAS1 lipase catalytic performance. This work would pave a way for the accurate rational transformation of the lipases to produce value lipid for industrial application.

Growth of Bifidobacterium species is inhibited by free fatty acids and bile salts but not by glycerides.

High-fat diets have been associated with lower gut and fecal abundances of genus Bifidobacterium. Here, we investigated whether commonly consumed dietary free fatty acids have any detrimental effect on the growth of B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. longum. We found that the presence of free fatty acids in the medium inhibits the growth of Bifidobacterium species to a varying degree, with capric (C10:0), oleic (C18:1), and linoleic (C18:2) acids displaying the largest effect. In comparison, free fatty acids did not affect the growth of Escherichia coli. When fats were added as a mixture of mono- and diacylglycerols, the inhibitory effect on Bifidobacterium growth was abolished.

Comprehensive comparative analysis of lipid profile in dried and fresh walnut kernels by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS.

Lipids are important nutrient components in walnuts. However, there has been a lack of comprehensive analysis of lipid composition in walnuts. Here, UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS was employed to qualify and quantify the lipid compounds in seven walnut varieties from Xinjiang. A total of 390 lipids were tentatively identified, which were classified into six categories and 30 subcategories. GL and GP were the two most abundant lipids in all walnuts. Compared with fresh walnuts (FW), dried walnuts (DW) showed significantly higher lipids; in the 30 subcategories, DW showed decreases in some MGDG and PC while increases in LPC and MePC, all of which were related to the moisture content of walnuts. Totally, 128 lipids can be used as potential markers to distinguish FW from DW. Besides, the lipid profile varied among different varieties of walnut kernels. These findings may facilitate walnut variety selection and processing based on the characteristic lipids.

Quantification of phospholipids and glycerides in human milk using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Human milk lipids, which are an important source of energy and affect growth and development of infants, require a comprehensive method for its qualitative and quantitative analysis. This work describes a method for the analysis of phospholipids, glycerides, free fatty acids and gangliosides in human milk by ultra-performance liquid chromatography using a C18 column with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS). The lipids were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and phospholipids were separated by solid phase extraction (SPE). The chromatographic columns with two different specifications (4.6 mm × 150 mm, and 3 mm × 50 mm) were used to detect phospholipids and glycerides in human milk, respectively. The sphingolipids and glycerides were analyzed in positive ion mode, and the glycerophospholipids and free fatty acids were analyzed in negative ion mode. Both internal and external standards were used for absolute quantification in this experiment. 483 species of lipids, including phospholipids, glycerides, free fatty acids and gangliosides, in human milk were analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS with high sensitivity and good linearity, with coefficient of correlation above 0.99, the relative standard deviation of accuracy and precision less than 10%. The results in a large number of human milk samples showed that this method was suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipids in human milk, even for other mammalian milk and infant formulae.

Extracts from European Propolises as Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors.

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the melanogenesis pathway. Melanin, the product of this process, is the main pigment of the human skin and a major protection factor against harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Increased melanin synthesis due to tyrosinase hyperactivity can cause hyperpigmentation disorders, which in consequence causes freckles, age spots, melasma, or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Tyrosinase overproduction and hyperactivity are triggered by the ageing processes and skin inflammation as a result of oxidative stress. Therefore, the control of tyrosinase activity is the main goal of the prevention and treatment of pigmentation disorders. Natural products, especially propolis, according to their phytochemical profile abundant in polyphenols, is a very rich resource of new potential tyrosinase inhibitors. Therefore, this study focused on the assessment of the tyrosinase inhibitory potential of six extracts obtained from the European propolis samples of various origins. The results showed the potent inhibitory activity of all tested propolis extracts towards commercially available mushroom tyrosinase. The four most active propolis extracts showed inhibitory activity in the range of 86.66-93.25%. Apart from the evaluation of the tyrosinase inhibition, the performed research included UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS (ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and tandem mass spectrometry) phytochemical profiling as well as antioxidant activity assessment using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2"-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfuric acid (ABTS) radical scavenging tests. Moreover, statistical analysis was used to correlate the tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of propolis extracts with their phytochemical composition. To summarise, the results of our research showed that tested propolis extracts could be used for skin cosmeceutical and medical applications.