The affective gap: a call for a comprehensive examination of the discrete emotions underlying affective polarization.

Bakker and Lelkes (2024) point at a critical gap in research on affective polarisation: the limited understanding of its affective components, mainly due to the reliance on a unidimensional operationalisation of affect in affective polarisation. They advocate for a broader approach to study affect, integrating explicit and implicit measures, and call on emotion specialists to address this gap. Acknowledging the complexity of affect in the ideological divide, we argue that the lack of a thorough examination of the distinct role of discrete emotions constitutes the primary "affective gap". Drawing from studies on the relationship between ideological groups and utilising a discrete emotions approach, we contest the prevailing assumption that hatred predominantly underlies affective polarisation. Instead, we propose that disappointment, better captures the intricate dynamics between ideological groups. We argue that such nuanced approach, regarding the affective component of affective polarisation enhances our understanding of the phenomenon and shed light on its implications for societies.

News media consumption and support for counter-terrorism measures: the role of hatred and fear.

Media are a key social agent shaping society's responses to measures implemented in the fight against terrorism. We argue that emotions elicited by media narratives on terrorist attacks are decisive to understand the link between the news media consumption and citizens' support for military intervention in the Middle East, as well as for security measures in the home country. In two studies conducted after the Brussels attacks (N = 250) and the Barcelona attacks (N = 633), we tested the explanatory role of emotions - specifically fear and hatred - in the association between media narratives and these two outcomes. The results of both studies show that hatred explained the positive relationship between news media consumption and support for military intervention, and to a lesser degree, agreement with security measures. In contrast, the positive relationship between news media consumption and agreement with security measures was explained by fear. This research underscores the need to consider how emotions are utilized in media discourse. We discuss practical implications of our findings for promoting ethical journalism.

Self-Hatred: The Unaddressed Symptom of Borderline Personality Disorder.

Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often report chronic, severe self-hatred. It is frequently experienced as immutable, seen as a barrier to recovery, and is associated with risk for self-injury and suicide attempts. Yet self-hatred remains a poorly understood, underdiagnosed, and undertreated presentation of BPD. In this concept article and review, we describe the nature of self-hatred in BPD and related disorders, propose a theory as to the development of self-hatred in BPD, review the assessments of and interventions for self-hatred, and consider next steps in the research, assessment, and treatment of self-hatred in BPD. Through increased awareness, understanding, and measures of self-hatred in BPD, new treatment paradigms can be developed to ensure more comprehensive recovery.

The Institutionalization of Hatred Politics in the Mediterranean: Studying Corpora of Online News Portals During the European 'Refugee Crisis'.

This paper aims to study the argumentative basis on which the prevention of migration is justified and hatred politics is institutionalised in three Mediterranean settings, namely Greece, Malta, and Italy, that were at the centre of the so-called 'refugee crisis' in 2015-2017. Following the rubric of corpus-assisted Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) to Critical Discourse Studies (CDS), we trace (a) the main meaningful patterns, and (b) discursive and argumentation strategies (topoi) in three balanced corpora of mainstream news portals aligned with centre-right and centre-left political views. Among our main findings, the mobilisation of migrant populations is construed as an extremely polarised issue both in national and EU contexts and claims in favour of its prevention are justified on topoi of danger/threat, numbers and burdening/weighing down.

The neurobiology of hatred: Tools of Dialogue© intervention for youth reared amidst intractable conflict impacts brain, behaviour, and peacebuilding attitudes.

Myths, drama, and sacred texts have warned against the fragile nature of human love; the closer the affiliative bond, the quicker it can turn into hatred, suggesting similarities in the neurobiological underpinnings of love and hatred. Here, I offer a theoretical account on the neurobiology of hatred based on our model on the biology of human attachments and its three foundations; the oxytocin system, the "affiliative brain", comprising the neural network sustaining attachment, and biobehavioural synchrony, the process by which humans create a coupled biology through coordinated action. These systems mature in mammals in the context of the mother-infant bond and then transfer to support life within social groups. During this transition, they partition to support affiliation and solidarity to one's group and fear and hatred towards out-group based on minor variations in social behaviour. I present the Tools of Dialogue© intervention for outgroup members based on social synchrony. Applied to Israeli and Palestinian youth and implementing RCT, we measured social behaviour, attitudes, hormones, and social brain response before and after the 8-session intervention. Youth receiving the intervention increased reciprocity and reduced hostile behaviour towards outgroup, attenuated the neural marker of prejudice and increased neural empathic response, reduced cortisol and elevated oxytocin, and adapted attitudes of compromise. These neural changes predicted peacebuilding support 7 years later, when young adults can engage in civil responsibilities. Our intervention, the first to show long-term effects of inter-group intervention on brain and behaviour, demonstrates how social synchrony can tilt the neurobiology of hatred towards the pole of affiliation.

Associations of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 with Depression in a Sample of Italian Adolescents During COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: Many studies highlighted the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of depression, although not for every patient nor for every symptom. It is widely shared that stressors can increase inflammation and lead to depressive symptoms. Little is known about the symptom-specificity of the inflammation-depression link in adolescence, which we aimed to explore. The single symptom analysis is a core feature of the recent network approach to depression, supposing that psychiatric disorders consist of co-occurring symptoms and their tendency to cause each other. Patients and Methods: We recruited 52 adolescents diagnosed with a Depressive Disorder during the COVID-19 stressful period. We used regression analysis to measure associations between high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and depressive symptoms assessed by the Children's Depression Inventory 2 (CDI 2). For the study of symptom specificity, we selected 13 items from the CDI 2 Self Report corresponding with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder and we coded them as dichotomous variables to perform a regression analysis. Results: We found that a higher CDI 2-Parent Version total score was significantly predicted by higher hs-CRP (coefficient 3.393; p 0.0128) and IL-6 (coefficient 3.128; p 0.0398). The endorsement of the symptom self-hatred, measuring the DSM-5 symptom "feelings of worthlessness", was significantly predicted by hs-CRP (OR 10.97; 95% CI 1.29-93.08; p 0.0282). Conclusion: A novel symptom-specificity emerged, with hs-CRP significantly predicting the endorsement of the symptom self-hatred, recognized as a core feature of adolescent depression, following the network theory. We considered it a possible phenotypic expression of one depression endophenotype previously causally linked to inflammation. Due to the limited sample size, these preliminary findings require confirmation with future research focusing on the relationship between inflammation and self-hatred and other central nodes of the depression network, representing an opportunity for targeting interventions on crucial symptoms.

Moral Injury and Suicide Ideation Among Combat Veterans: The Role of Trauma-Related Shame and Collective Hatred.

Exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) among combat veterans has been acknowledged as a significant stressful combat event that may lead to mental health problems, including suicide ideation (SI). Several studies have examined the risk and protective factors that can explain the conditions in which PMIEs may contribute to the development and maintenance of SI. However, the contribution of social-emotional factors has yet to be examined. In the current study, we examined the association between PMIE-Self and SI among combat veterans and explored the mediating role of trauma-related shame and the moderation role of collective hatred in this association. A volunteer sample of 336 Israeli combat veterans was recruited, completing self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional study. Results indicated that PMIE-Self was positively associated with SI, and trauma-related shame mediated this association. Moreover, collective hatred moderated both their direct (PMIE-SI) and indirect (PMIE-Shame-SI) association. Notably, collective hatred had an inverse role for each of the associations. Thus, collective hatred was found to comprise both a risk and a protective factor for SI following PMIE-Self. The current findings highlight the crucial contribution of trauma-related shame and collective hatred to the association between moral injury and suicidality. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that even years after their military service release, combat veterans exposed to PMIEs may still feel consumed by painful memories and maintain premonitions of a foreshortened future. Furthermore, the findings help to better understand the dynamics of collective hatred and the challenge of modifying it.

A genome-wide association study of a rage-related misophonia symptom and the genetic link with audiological traits, psychiatric disorders, and personality.

Introduction: People with misophonia experience strong negative emotional responses to sounds and associated stimuli-mostly human produced-to an extent that it may cause impairment in social functioning. The exact nature of the disorder remains a matter of ongoing research and debate. Here, we investigated the genetic etiology of misophonia to understand contributing genetic factors and shed light on individual differences in characteristics that are related to the disorder. Methods: For misophonia, we used an unpublished genome-wide association study (GWAS) from genetic service provider 23andMe, Inc., on a self-report item probing a single common misophonic symptom: the occurrence of rage when others produce eating sounds. First, we used gene-based and functional annotation analyses to explore neurobiological determinants of the rage-related misophonia symptom. Next, we calculated genetic correlations (r G) of this rage-related misophonia symptom GWAS with a wide range of traits and disorders from audiology (tinnitus, hearing performance, and hearing trauma), psychiatry, neurology, and personality traits. Results: The rage-related misophonia symptom was significantly correlated with tinnitus, major depression disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; 0.12 < r G < 0.22). Stronger genetic correlations (0.21 < r G < 0.42) were observed for two clusters of personality traits: a guilt/neuroticism and an irritability/sensitivity cluster. Our results showed no genetic correlation with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and psychotic disorders. A negative correlation with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was found, which may be surprising given the previously reported comorbidities and the sensory sensitivity reported in ASD. Clustering algorithms showed that rage-related misophonia consistently clustered with MDD, generalized anxiety, PTSD, and related personality traits. Discussion: We conclude that-based on the genetics of a common misophonia symptom-misophonia most strongly clusters with psychiatric disorders and a personality profile consistent with anxiety and PTSD.

Against the Disembraining Machine. What is Psychoanalysis (Still) Capable of?

With the intensification of the practices of social networks and the phobia of the internal world, operationalist thinking ends up presenting itself as a (false) universal and automatic response to the human need for meaning and sharing. What can psychoanalysis do in the face of such a hypothesis? What concepts does it have at its disposal to think about the psychic impoverishment and hatred that seem to crystallize the pain of thinking that characterizes our times?

"Operational" concepts in the phenomenon of Islamist radicalization: From the subject to the apocalypse.

Taken from interviews with men having been incarcerated on the charge of criminal association with the intent of committing or aiding and abetting to terrorist acts, the central question of this article has thus emerged: which part does Islamist radicalization play on the psychic level of the self? Therefore, we have selected several theorical concepts, to guide us in this research, that became operative concepts, such as hatred, drive, melancholy and symptom. These have a converging point that is linked with the clinic of boredom and emptiness, or named otherwise, "off language". The radicalization process seems to come as a way to fill this emptiness, and hence to avoid the risk of the collapsing of the self. However, this "solution" is only a lure, leading to destruction, while at the same time, the person is aiming to restore its identity.

Excessos, violência e expressões de ódio em tempos da ausência do outro / Excesses, violence, and expressions of hatred in days of the lack of the other / Excesos, violencia y expresiones de odio en tiempos de la ausencia del otro

As atuais expressões de ódio que circulam pelo mundo, em termos de racismo, preconceitos e injúrias, caracterizam a violência que surge na cena social como resultado do declínio do simbólico e a emergência do gozo, que evocam um Outro impreciso, cujo discurso totalitário visa à negação da alteridade, da diferença dos modos de gozar, revelando o mal-estar e a agressividade constituintes do humano. Este artigo pretende compreender, com base no ensino da psicanálise de orientação lacaniana, o que fundamenta esse fenômeno atual bem como os efeitos da violência presente nas expressões de ódio sobre o laço social. Assim, compreendemos que a violência é uma resposta ao Outro contemporâneo, constituído como sem falta e, portanto, ocasionando a aproximação do sujeito ao campo de um gozo ilimitado, sem lei, cujo efeito lhe parece dissociar de qualquer responsabilidade no laço social.

The current expressions of hate, which circulates around the world in terms of racism, prejudice and insults, characterizes the violence that emerges on the social scene as a result of the decline of the symbolic and the emergence of jouissance, which evoke an imprecise Other, whose totalitarian discourse aims at the denial of otherness, the difference in the modes of enjoyment, revealing the uneasiness and aggressiveness that constitute the human being. This paper intends to understand, from the teaching of Lacanian psychoanalysis, what underlies this current phenomenon, as well as the effects of the violence present in the expressions of hate on the social bond. Thus, we understand that violence is a response to the contemporary Other, constituted as without lack and, therefore, causing the subject to approach the field of unlimited jouissance, without law, whose effect seems to dissociate him from any responsibility in the social bond.

Las actuales expresiones de odio, que circulan por el mundo en términos de racismo, prejuicios e insultos, caracterizan la violencia que emerge en la escena social como resultado del declive de lo simbólico y la emergencia del goce, que evocan un Otro impreciso, cuyo discurso totalitario apunta a la negación de la alteridad, de la diferencia de los modos de goce, revelando el malestar y la agresividad que son constitutivos del ser humano. Este artículo pretende comprender, desde la enseñanza del psicoanálisis lacaniano, cuál es la base de este fenómeno actual, así como los efectos de la violencia presente en las expresiones de odio sobre el vínculo social. Así, entendemos que la violencia es una respuesta al Otro contemporáneo, constituido como sin falta y, por lo tanto, provocando la aproximación del sujeto al campo de un goce ilimitado, sin ley, cuyo efecto parece desvincularlo de toda responsabilidad en el lazo social.

Mobilizing collective hatred through humour: Affective-discursive production and reception of populist rhetoric.

This research examines the mobilization of populist rhetoric of the 2019 Finns Party election video. By focusing on both the FP's election video (production) and Youtube users' comments (reception), we examine the constructions and uses of social categories and humour as well as responses to their rhetorical deployment among like-minded supporters and opponents. The multimodal analysis of the production of a populist campaign video demonstrates the construction of social categories and humour through the five steps of collective hate. These humorous messages are differently received by like-minded and opposing YouTube users. Two supportive affective-discursive practices - glorification and schadenfreude - both express shared joy and laughter, but while glorification emphasizes the positive self-understanding of the in-group, schadenfreude belittles the 'political Other'. Two opposing affective-discursive practices - irritation and scorn - place FP voters in subject positions of morally and intellectually inferior fascists, racists, and idiots. The populist message fosters expressions of social anger and polarization between FP supporters and opponents. Humour entangled with hatred encourages a sense of moral superiority in both groups. This study contributes to the current knowledge of mobilizing populist rhetoric and polarization, and responds to the call to broaden analysis of political communication in the field of multimodality.

O ódio na cultura e na clínica psicanalítica contemporâneas / Hatred in contemporary culture and psychoanalytic clinic / La haine dans la culture contemporaine et dans la clinique psychanalytique / El odio en la cultura y en la clínica psicoanalítica contemporáneas

Neste artigo procuramos demonstrar como a agressividade foi considerada pela psicanálise desde os primeiros ensaios freudianos até a releitura de Lacan que, partindo de uma agressividade do sujeito dirigida ao outro semelhante, avança rumo à concepção do ódio ao Outro. Enfatizamos, quanto a isso, o último momento de seu ensino, no qual sobressai o conceito de Real, crucial para compreendermos a gênese do ódio na constituição subjetiva. Mostramos como tal referência passa a influenciar a maneira como a cultura - e sobretudo a clínica - são consideradas, convocando o sujeito a se haver com o Real da existência.

This article aims to show how aggressiveness was taken into account by psychoanalysis from the first Freudian essays to Lacan's reinterpretation, which, starting from aggressiveness of the subject directed to a similar other, evolves to the concept of hatred of the Other. In this regard, we emphasize the last stage of Lacan's teaching, which highlights the concept of Real, crucial to understand the inception of hatred in the subjective constitution. We show how this reference starts to influence the way culture - and especially the clinic - are affected, summoning the subject to deal with the Real of existence.

Dans cet article, nous cherchons à démontrer comment l'agressivité était considérée par la psychanalyse depuis les premiers essais freudiens jusqu'à la réinterprétation de Lacan qui, partant d'une agressivité du sujet dirigée vers un autre semblable, avance vers la conception de la haine envers l'Autre. À cet égard, nous soulignons le dernier moment de son enseignement, dans lequel le concept de Réel se démarque, crucial pour comprendre la genèse de la haine dans la constitution subjective. Nous montrons comment cette référence commence à influencer la manière dont la culture - et surtout la clinique - sont envisagées, convoquant le sujet à faire face au Réel de l'existence.

En este artículo buscamos demostrar cómo fue considerada la agresividad por el psicoanálisis desde los primeros ensayos freudianos hasta la reinterpretación de Lacan que, desde una agresividad del sujeto dirigida hacia otro similar, avanza hacia la concepción del odio hacia el Otro. En este sentido, destacamos el último momento de su enseñanza, en el que sobresale el concepto de lo Real, que es crucial para comprender el origen del odio en la constitución subjetiva. Mostramos cómo esta referencia empieza a influir en la forma en la que se considera la cultura y, sobre todo, la clínica, convocando al sujeto a enfrentarse con lo Real de la existencia.

ISIS' grammar of persuasion of hatred in the article 'The Kafir's blood is halal for you, so shed it' published in the Rumiyah magazine.

This study is to reveal the types of mood and their speech function realizations in a text (an article) issued in Rumiyah magazine entitled 'The Kafir's blood is halal for you, so shed it'. A discourse analysis with a qualitative approach is applied. The results of the analysis are then correlated with Kellermann and Cole's classification of compliance-gaining strategy to see the persuasion strategies applied. The results show that Rumiyah, in this text, mainly employs declarative mood to function as statements of opinion, statements of fact, and indirect directives. In terms of Kellermann and Cole's classification, the speech function realizations indicates six strategies of persuasion: The 'nature of situation' to deliver its opinions; the 'authority appeal' to present that the opinions and arguments come from very powerful sources; the 'duty' to show that hating and killing mushrikin (non-Muslims) is an honorable obligation of a Muslim; the 'logical empirical' to clarify and explain Allah's or the Prophet's words or statements; the 'assertion' to state forcefully an obligation or a prohibition of doing something; and the 'moral appeal' to get the readers' compliance by appealing to their moral standards. In this text, the statement of fact (TSSS technique) becomes the key element in persuading the readers.

Film, psychotherapy, and the taming of rage at the mother.

In this essay, I show how difficult emotions, like aggression and murderous rage, are grappled with in horror movies. Patients' reactions to viewing these films can take place in a safe, creative, therapeutic space that allows for even the darkest themes. I discuss three patients who related to intense rage at the mother when viewing the films Joker and Jurassic Park. One patient watched Jurassic Park 50 times and shared his thoughts about the significance this film, and films in general, held for him throughout his life. It is theorized that when patients bring films into the clinical arena, they create a third space that exists between therapist and patient, a safe transitional space within which to explore difficult and otherwise unacceptable feelings.

From emotional exhaustion to cynicism in academic burnout among Korean high school students: Focusing on the mediation effects of hatred of academic work.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of academic hatred, referring to the hatred of academic work, on the developmental process of the core dimensions of academic burnout, namely, emotional exhaustion and cynicism. Data were collected from 1015 (57.3% female) senior high school students in South Korea. The results showed that emotional exhaustion, cynicism and academic hatred were stable across three waves. An autoregressive cross-lagged model showed that emotional exhaustion was predictive of future academic hatred, which in turn was associated with future cynicism. Significant mediation pathways were also identified, with academic hatred mediating the longitudinal link between emotional exhaustion and cynicism. This longitudinal study can strengthen the understanding of academic hatred within the developmental process of academic burnout. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

O relato de uma experiência estranha: o surgimento do ódio no analista / An account of an uncanny experience: the emergence of hatred in the analyst / El relato de una experiencia extraña: el surgimiento del odio en el analista / Le récit d'une expérience étrange: la montée de la haine chez l'analyste

Neste artigo, apresentamos uma situação clínica na qual o analista viveu o seu ódio como uma experiência estranha (unheimlich). Discutimos como o ódio do analista se relacionou com a necessidade de proteção narcísica contra o perigo da indiferenciação entre o eu e o outro. Conjeturamos que o abalo das fronteiras do eu e a sensação de automatismo foram os dois fatores que levaram o analista a viver o seu ódio como um fenômeno estranho

A clinical situation is presented in which the analyst experienced hatred as an uncanny (Unheimliche) occurrence. We discuss how the analyst's hatred was related to a need for narcissistic protection against the danger of undifferentiation between Self and other. We conjecture that a disruption of the boundaries of Self and a feeling of automatism were the principal factors leading the analyst to experience hatred as an uncanny phenomenon.

Tenemos el objetivo de presentar una situación clínica en la que el analista vivió su odio como una experiencia extraña (Unheimliche). Discutimos cómo el odio del analista se relaciona con la necesidad de protección narcisista contra el peligro de la indiferenciación entre el Yo y el otro. Conjeturamos que la sacudida de las fronteras del Yo y la sensación de automatismo fueron los factores principales que llevaron al analista a vivir su odio como un fenómeno extraño.

Notre objectif est de présenter une situation clinique dans laquelle l'analyste a vécu sa haine comme une expérience étrange (Unheimliche). Nous discutons comment la haine de l'analyste établit une relation avec le besoin de protection narcissique contre le danger de l'indifférenciation entre le Soi et l'autre. Nous présumons que la secousse des frontières du Soi et le sentiment d'automatisme ont été les deux facteurs qui ont amené l'analyste à vivre sa haine comme un phénomène étrange.

Suportar o ódio, suportar o próprio ódio: a transferência negativa e os limites na clínica de Ferenczi / Enduring hatred, enduring self-hatred: negative transference and the limits of Ferenczi's clinic approach / Soportar el odio, soportar el propio odio: la transferencia negativa y los límites en la clínica de Ferenczi / Supporter la haine, supporter sa propre haine: le transfert négatif et les limites dans la clinique de Ferenczi

Este artigo é um convite ao questionamento das relações entre a transferência negativa, as situações-limite e a implicação do analista na dinâmica transferenciai. Parte-se de uma apresentação ampla das transferências negativas no campo psicanalítico para, em seguida, construir um percurso em Ferenczi com ênfase nos problemas clínicos que o levaram à sua teoria do trauma e da identificação ao agressor e à proposição da elasticidade da técnica psicanalítica. Para ilustrar a íntima relação entre construção teórica e investigação clínica e a implicação do analista na difícil tarefa de suportar o terror e o ódio na transferência, aborda-se o caso RN (Elisabeth Severn) do Diário clínico de Ferenczi.

This article invites questioning the relationships between negative transference, limit situations, and the analyst's implication in the transference field. Beginning with a broad description of negative transference in the psychoanalytic field, the article delineates a path through Ferenczi's work, with an emphasis on the clinical issues that led him to formulate his theory of trauma and identification with the aggressor, as well as to his proposition of elasticity in the psychoanalytic technique. To illustrate the close relationship existing between theoretical construction and clinical investigation and to address the analyst's implication in the difficult task of enduring terror and hatred in transference, the case of RN (Elisabeth Severn), from Ferenczi's Clinical Journal, is revisited.

Este artículo es una invitación al cuestionamiento de las relaciones entre transferencia negativa, situaciones límites y la implicación del analista en el campo transferencial. Se inicia con una presentación amplia de las transferencias negativas en el campo psicoanalítico para luego construir un recorrido en Ferenczi con énfasis en los problemas clínicos que le llevaron a su teoría del trauma y de la identificación al agresor y a la proposición de la elasticidad de la técnica psicoanalítica. Para ilustrar la íntima relación entre construcción teórica e investigación clínica y la implicación del analista en la difícil tarea de soportar el terror y el odio en la transferencia, se aborda el caso RN (Elisabeth Severn) del Diario Clínico de Ferenczi.

Cet article est une invitation à interroger les relations entre transfert négatif, situations limites et l'implication de l'analyste dans le champ transférentiel. Il commence par une large présentation des transferts négatifs dans le domaine psychanalytique, puis il construit un parcours chez Ferenczi en mettant l'accent sur les problèmes cliniques qui l'ont conduit à sa théorie du trauma et de l'identification de l'agresseur et à la proposition de l'élasticité de la technique psychanalytique. Pour illustrer la relation intime entre construction théorique et recherche clinique et l'implication de l'analyste dans la tâche difficile de supporter la terreur et la haine lors du transfert, le cas RN (Elisabeth Severi), extrait du Journal Clinique de Ferenczi, est abordé.