E-Cigarette-Associated Acute Severe Asthma in a Smoking-Naïve Adolescent: A Case Report.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become a prevalent phenomenon among adolescents and young adults, particularly as a perceived less harmful alternative to traditional tobacco cigarettes. A number of potential health risks associated with e-cigarettes have been identified, including links to cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and cancer. Given that adolescents have not yet completed their physical development, they are particularly susceptible to adverse health effects associated with e-cigarettes. This case report details the presentation of a healthy 16-year-old female patient who developed her first episode of acute severe asthma and a concomitant lower respiratory tract infection in a primary care practice setting. Prior to the onset of her symptoms, the smoking-naïve patient intermittently shared a nicotine-containing e-cigarette with a friend over a three-day period. Following outpatient treatment with inhaled corticosteroids, beta-2 agonists, and antibiotics, the asthma and lower respiratory tract infection were found to be reversible within the first week of treatment initiation. It is imperative that preventive measures at the political level be implemented to counteract the appeal and use of e-cigarettes among adolescents.

Heavy metal pollution in commonly consumed fish species: seasonal variations and health risks.

This study examined the concentrations of seven heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni, and Mn) in the muscle tissue of six commonly consumed fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Wallagu attu, Hypophthalmicthys molitrix, Channa punctuate, and Puntius sophore) from the River Indus in the Mianwali district Pakistan. Samples were collected during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons to assess the potential human health risks associated with these heavy metals. The levels of metals were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis. The results showed varying concentrations of heavy metals in the fish samples (mg/kg), ranging from 10.17-2.06 for Pb, 41.83-12.54 for Cu, 417.04-41.93 for Zn, 2.06-0.46 for Cr, 0.86-0.08 for Cd, 4.33-1.43 for Ni, and 50.16-8.74 for Mn. Notably, metal concentrations were generally higher during the pre-monsoon season, with Pb consistently exceeding standard limits in the muscle tissue of all fish species. ANOVA analysis revealed significant variations in heavy metal concentrations among different fish species. While the current consumption rate poses no significant health risks, ongoing monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in fish and their environmental sources is crucial to ensure consumer safety and sustainable aquatic ecosystems.

Cadmium exposure in infants and children: toxicity, health effects, dietary risk assessment and mitigation strategies.

As a non-essential metal, cadmium (Cd) poses a significant threat to food safety and public health. This risk is particularly pronounced for infants and young children due to their high food consumption relative to body weight and immature physiological systems. This review examines the health risks associated with Cd exposure, particularly during the prenatal period through adolescence. It evaluates the prevalence of Cd-rich foods in children's diets and their intake levels across various countries. The review demonstrates that Cd exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, immune dysfunction, and cardiovascular diseases. It also highlights geographic differences in exposure, with some Asian countries, such as Thailand and China, exhibiting higher overall levels of Cd intake among children compared to other regions. This review presents several recommendations to mitigate Cd intake during early childhood, including reducing the Cd content in food, inhibiting Cd absorption, and promoting its excretion from the body. To minimize the risk of dietary Cd intake in children, it is recommended that stringent regulations of Cd limits in children's food be implemented, alongside a coordinated multi-stakeholder effort. This review provides important insights into effective public health policy development, laying the foundation for achieving broader public health goals.

Relative efficacy of cigarillo warning statements in text and pictorial formats: An experimental study among a sample of US young adults.

INTRODUCTION: Health warning labels (HWLs) communicate the health risks of cigar use and can decrease use when on cigar packages. This study assessed the relative efficacy of six FDA-proposed individual warning statements in text and pictorial format. METHODS: A sample of young adults (ages 18-29) were randomized to a text or pictorial warning condition on generic cigarillo packages. The warning statements were about lung cancer and heart disease; cancers of the mouth and throat; secondhand smoke; not a safe alternative; nicotine/addiction; and harm to baby. Negative emotional reactions, cognitive elaboration, and perceived message effectiveness (PME) were assessed for each warning using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Of the 661 participants, 47.3% reported ever cigarillo smoking, 32.7% current smoking, and 20% were susceptible. In the pictorial format, cancers of the mouth and throat elicited lower levels of anxiety compared to secondhand smoke, not a safe alternative, nicotine/addiction, and harm to baby (ps<0.001). Pictorial HWLs with human imagery induced high anxiety, sadness, fear, and guilt reactions (p<0.001) and higher PME (p=0.011) compared to pictorial HWLs with diseased body parts. Compared to the text HWL cancers of the mouth and throat, the text HWL harm to baby elicited higher anxiety (p=0.003), sadness (p=0.002) and PME (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pictorial HWLs depicting people or human imagery, rather than images of diseased organs or body parts, to represent health effects elicited the most negative emotional reactions, such as anxiety and guilt, and higher PME. Including such images and texts highlighting effects on vulnerable populations like babies can better communicate cigarillo health risks, aiming to curb cigarillo use among young people. IMPLICATIONS: The study suggests that pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) with human imagery significantly enhance the communication of cigarillo smoking risks compared to images of diseased organs. These HWLs evoke stronger emotional responses, particularly anxiety and guilt, and higher perceived message effectiveness by depicting a recognizable person. Furthermore, text-only warnings describing the smoking effect on vulnerable populations such as babies might have a higher impact on young adults. This evidence supports a strategic shift in FDA policies to include such impactful images and texts, which could potentially lead to a significant reduction in cigarillo use among young people. Our findings underscore the urgent need for continued research and implementation of these enhanced warning labels to improve public health outcomes.

Trajectory of antibiotic resistome response to antibiotics gradients: A comparative study from pharmaceutical and associated wastewater treatment plants to receiving river.

Pharmaceutical wastewater often contains significant levels of antibiotic residues, which continuously induce and promote antibiotic resistance during the sewage treatment process. However, the specific impact of antibiotics on the emergence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), microbiomes, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), as well as the dose-response relationship remain unclear. Herein, through metagenomic sequencing and analysis, we investigated the fate, transmission, and associated risk of ARGs over a ten-year period of exposure to a gradient of sulfonamide antibiotics at a pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant (PWWTP), an associated wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and the receiving river. Through abundance comparison and principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA), our results revealed distinct ARG, microbiome, and MGE profiles across different antibiotic concentrations. Notably, there was a decreasing trend in the abundance of ARGs and MGEs as the antibiotic concentrations were attenuated (p < 0.05). Further partial least squares path modeling analysis, Procrustes analysis and network analysis indicated that variation in MGEs and microbiomes were the driving forces behind the distribution of ARGs. Based on these findings, we proposed an antibiotic-microbiome-MGE-ARG dissemination paradigm, in which integrons as key drivers were closely associated with prevalent ARGs such as sul1, sul2, and aadA. With a focus on human pathogenic bacteria and the associated health risks of ARGs, we conducted pathogen source analysis and calculated the antibiotic resistome risk index (ARRI). Our findings highlighted potential risks associated with the transition from PWWTP to WWTP, raising concerns regarding risk amplification due to the mixed treatment of antibiotic-laden industrial wastewater and domestic sewage. Overall, the results of our study provide valuable information for optimizing wastewater treatment practices to better manage antibiotic resistance.

Comprehensive Analysis of Magnetic Flux Density and RF-EMF Exposure in Electric Buses: A Case Study from Samsun, Turkey.

This study investigates magnetic flux density (B) and radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) measurements on electric buses operating in Samsun, Turkey, focusing on two bus routes (called E1 and E4) during the morning and evening hours. Measurements were taken under diverse operational conditions, including acceleration, cruising, and braking, at locations of peak passenger density. Along the E1 route, the magnetic field intensity varied significantly based on the bus position, road slope, and passenger load, with notable increases during braking. In contrast, the E4 route showed a lower magnetic field intensity and RF-EMF values due to its straighter trajectory and reduced operational stops. The highest RF-EMF measurement recorded was 6.01 V/m, which is below the maximum levels established by the ICNIRP guidelines. In 11 out of the 12 different band-selective RF-EMF measurements, the highest contribution came from the downlink band of the base stations, while in only one measurement, the highest contribution originated from the uplink bands of the base stations. All data were subject to the Anderson-Darling test, confirming the generalized extreme value distribution as the best fit for both B and RF-EMF measurements. Additionally, the study assessed B levels inside and outside the bus during charging, revealing heightened readings near the pantograph. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of electromagnetic field exposure in electric bus environments, highlighting potential health implications and informing the development of targeted mitigation strategies.

Concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes in food and human dietary exposure: A review of the scientific literature.

In general, for most environmental persistent organic pollutants (POPs), dietary intake is the main way of exposure. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are a family of two-ringed aromatic compounds, which are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, being structurally similar to PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Although the production and use of PCNs were banned in the USA and Europe some decades ago, due to their persistent properties, PCNs remain still present in the environment, being able to enter the food chain. The present paper was aimed at reviewing the results of the studies focused on determining the levels of PCNs in foods. The human dietary intake of these compounds was also reviewed with the few available data. The information on the levels of PCNs in foodstuffs is currently more abundant than that found in a previous review (Domingo, 2004). Since then, China is the country that has contributed with the greatest number of studies. The results of most surveys seem to suggest that human health risks of PCNs due to dietary exposure should not be worrying. However, because of the important differences in the methodology of the published studies, the comparison of the results is not easy, although there seems to be a general trend towards a decrease in the levels of PCNs in foods. In the next few years, a continued reduction of the environmental levels of PCNs is still expected. Therefore, a direct repercussion of the concentrations of these pollutants in foodstuffs must be also noted. Consequently, a reduction of the dietary exposure to PCNs should be expected. Anyway, to establish the tolerable dietary intake of PCNs is a key issue for assessing human health risks of these pollutants.

Health consequences associated with poor diet and nutrition in persons with spinal cord injuries and disorders.

PURPOSE: To describe health consequences associated with poor diet in persons with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D). MATERIALS/METHODS: Descriptive qualitative design using in-depth interviews with SCI/D health providers. Audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants (n = 12) were from 11 nationwide VA hospitals. Participants were male (75%), white (67%), 26-49 years of age, and most were dietitians (75%) and physiatrists (17%). Seven key themes identified consequences associated with poor diet in persons with SCI/D, including (1) Weight gain and body composition changes, (2) cardiometabolic conditions, (3) bowel dysfunction, (4) pressure injuries/wounds, (5) other SCI/D secondary conditions/complications (renal/kidney; immune function/susceptibility to infections; autonomic dysreflexia; bone health/osteoporosis; pain), (6) physical fatigue, and (7) poor mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Excess weight, cardiometabolic conditions, SCI/D secondary conditions/complications (e.g., bowel dysfunction, pressure injuries), and poor mental health were identified as health consequences of inadequate nutrition. Health providers should make individuals with SCI/D aware of the risks and health consequences to incentivize healthier dietary behaviors. Efforts to identify nutrition shortcomings and to develop interventions and tailored care plans are needed to improve a myriad of health consequences due to poor diet and nutrition in persons with SCI/D.

Individuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D) have a heightened risk for chronic conditions and SCI/D secondary complications that are impacted by diet and nutrition.Inadequate nutrition has been documented among individuals with SCI/D.Poor diet/nutrition is a preventable risk factor, which unlike exercise, may be a feasible approach to health improvement that can reach a wide range of individuals with SCI/D.Health providers are well-positioned to bring awareness of risks and health consequences of poor nutrition to individuals with SCI/D in the health care and rehabilitation setting to incentivize positive eating behavior changes.

Exploring Potential Human Health Risks Linked to Heavy Metal(Loid)s in Dietary Fishes: Utilizing Data-Driven and Computational Modelling Approaches.

There are significant concerns about the risks to human health posed by metal(loid) contamination in dietary fishes in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate heavy metal(loid) contamination in fish and their associated health risks using published data from 2000 to 2022. Additionally, the safe limit of fish consumption was estimated using the target hazard quotient (THQ) followed by computational modelling and artificial neural networks (ANN). Results showed that freshwater and herbivorous fishes pose the least non-cancer risks, whereas saltwater and carnivorous fishes pose the highest non-cancer risks to Bangladeshi consumers. However, freshwater and omnivorous fish consumption pose the highest cancer risks compared to all studied metal(loid)s. In particular, among the heavy metal(loid)s, As, Cr, Hg, and Ni pose significant cancer and non-cancer risks to Bangladeshi consumers. On the contrary, the ANN and Decision tree regression (DTR) characterized the dataset, simulation model, or data testing condition, reaching 94.7% accuracy and allowing us to measure the safest fish consumption limit. The herbivorous fishes are less contaminated and allow greater consumption (175.09 g day-1). Contrarily, the allowable intake rates of carnivorous and omnivorous fishes are 153.05 and 168.63 g day-1, respectively. Besides, the safe consumption rate of saltwater fishes was 156.51 g day-1, which was lower than freshwater (180.59 g day-1) and euryhaline fishes (182.17 g day-1). Therefore, this study will assist fish consumers in selecting less contaminated fish, ensuring safe consumption levels, and ultimately reducing health risks associated with metal(loid) contamination in fish.

Identifying heavy metal sources and health risks in soil-vegetable systems of fragmented vegetable fields based on machine learning, positive matrix factorization model and Monte Carlo simulation.

Urban fragmented vegetable fields offer fresh produce but pose a potential risk of heavy metal (HM) exposure. Thus, this study investigated HM sources and health risks in the soil-vegetable systems of Chongqing's central urban area. Results indicated that Cd was the primary pollutant, with 28.33 % of soil samples exceeding the screening value. Amaranth was particularly problematic, exceeding thresholds for Cd, Hg, and Cr, and both amaranth and celery showed significantly higher HM accumulation (p < 0.05). The HM pollution level in the soil-vegetable system was moderate or above. The sources of HMs identified via Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model included agricultural activities (18.19 %), natural soil parent material (25.88 %), mixed metal smelting and transportation (30.72 %), and coal combustion (25.21 %). Furthermore, evaluations using the Random Forest (RF) model revealed an intricate interaction of factors influencing the presence of HMs, where enterprise density, population density, and road density played significant roles in HMs accumulation. Monte Carlo assessments revealed higher non-carcinogenic risks for children (Pb, As) and greater carcinogenic risks for adults (Cd). Therefore, the issue of HM pollution in soils and vegetables from fragmented fields in industrial urban areas need attention, given the potential for elevated health risks with long-term vegetable consumption.

Revealing the dual impact of VOCs on recycled rubber workers: Health risk and odor perception.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pose potential hazards to human health and contribute significantly to odor pollution. This study examined VOC emissions from a representative recycled rubber industry, evaluating the occupational health risks for frontline workers in various workshops. Variables such as gender and workshop-specific concentration variations were considered using Monte Carlo simulation methods. Employees in the five production workshops and office areas face noncarcinogenic health risks with hazard indices (HIs) greater than 1, with the rubber compounding phase presenting the highest risk. Acetaldehyde is identified as the primary noncarcinogenic health risk substance, with hazard quotient (HQ) values exceeding 1 in all workshops. Carcinogenic health risks vary by area, with the highest risks found in compounding and refining workshops. Formaldehyde poses the greatest risk in rubber grinding workshops and offices, with cumulative weights exceeding unacceptable levels of M80.58 % and W77.56 % in grinding and M94.98 % and W92.24 % in the office. Male workers face 4-7 % greater noncarcinogenic VOC health risks than females and 5-14 % greater carcinogenic risks from individual VOCs, increasing their susceptibility to health risks caused by VOCs. Additionally, our analysis of odor identification and intensity classification revealed that 53 VOCs are capable of causing odor pollution, with several substances reaching odor levels of 2 or higher. The predominant perceived odors, as reflected in the odor wheel, include categories such as "solvent/aromatic" and "sweet/fruit," with aldehydes being the primary odor-causing substances. In summary, emissions of VOCs from rubber industrial processes not only pose substantial health risks to workers but also contribute significantly to odor pollution. Consequently, enterprises must prioritize optimizing workplace conditions to ensure the occupational health and well-being of their employees.

Background radioactivity level estimation and passive shield optimization using adjoint Monte Carlo method.

The current study proposes a procedure to estimate the activity concentration of natural radionuclides and to optimize passive shielding solutions for HPGe detectors using adjoint Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique of Geant4 for the first time. The background spectrum is acquired for 1.56 × 106 s using an HPGe detector model (GC3020), set inside a shielding solution, during 2021-2022 to estimate the activity concentration of natural radionuclides inside the shielding. While, a background spectrum for 65,000 s is acquired with shielding removed to estimate the concentration of natural radionuclides in the building materials of the laboratory. The detector design used in the simulations is validated by comparing computed and measured Full Energy Peak Efficiency (FEPE) for point sources 241Am, 152Eu, 137Cs, 133Ba, and 60Co. Adjoint MC simulations are used to compute the activity concentration of natural radionuclides assuming an isotropic distribution. The activity concentration of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in the building material is found to be 524 ± 140, 83 ± 20 and 65 ± 18 Bqkg-1, respectively. The computed values are found in good agreement with the published data. The natural radioactivity levels of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th measured in lead shielding are 155.7 ± 0.1 mBqkg-1, 24 ± 13 mBqkg-1 and 33 ± 17 mBqkg-1 respectively. The radiological risks arising due to natural radioactivity is assessed by calculating radium equivalent activity (Raeq), indoor radiation hazard index (Hin) and annual effective dose equivalent. All the radiological parameters are found below their permissible limits and building materials may be considered radiologically safe. The optimal lead shield thickness for the detector is determined to be 12 cm, resulting in reduction of background signal by two orders of magnitude compared to an unshielded detector. The adjoint MC simulations in Geant4 are 103-104 times more rapid as compared to normal simulations for shield optimization of HPGe detectors and therefore, are identified as viable computing solution to calculate the activity of the background radiation.

Precise management and control around the landfill integrating artificial intelligence and groundwater pollution risks.

The Landfill plays an important role in urban development and waste disposal. However, landfill leachate may also bring more serious pollution and health risks to the surrounding groundwater environment. Compared with other areas, the area around the landfill needs more precise management. To solve this problem, based on the "pressure-state-response" framework, a method for the identification and evaluation of groundwater pollution around the landfill was constructed. The LPI method was used to assess the contamination potential of the leachate. The comprehensive quality of groundwater was evaluated by the entropy-AHP water quality assessment method, sodium adsorption ratio and sodium percentage. The probabilistic health risks of groundwater were assessed based on a Monte Carlo algorithm. The sources of pollutants were identified by comprehensively using the PCA-APCS-MLR model and the PMF model. Finally, the self-organizing map algorithm and the Kmeans algorithm were integrated to enhance the precision of groundwater management and control measures. The results showed that the leachate of the landfill was in the mature stage, and the concentration of inorganic substances was relatively high. Leachate had the potential to contaminate surrounding groundwater. The groundwater quality of 68.14% of the study area was in the poor or lower level. The groundwater near the landfill was unsuitable not only for drinking but also for irrigation purposes. Cl- was the main non-carcinogenic risk factor. Reducing pollutant concentration and controlling exposure time are effective strategies for mitigating health risks caused by high-concentration pollutants (Cl-, NO3-) and low-concentration pollutants (F-), respectively. The groundwater around the landfill was jointly affected by six pollution sources. The PMF model has better analytical ability in mixed pollution areas. The groundwater in the study area was divided into five clusters, of which cluster Ⅰ was significantly affected by leachate, and cluster Ⅴ had the lowest pollution and health risk.

Public perceptions and discussions of synthetic nicotine on Twitter.

Background: As alternative replacement products for tobacco-derived nicotine, synthetic nicotine products have recently emerged and gained increasing popularity. This study analyzes public perception and discussion of synthetic nicotine products on Twitter (now "X"). Methods: Through Twitter streaming API (Application Programming Interface), we have collected 2,764 Twitter posts related to synthetic nicotine from December 12, 2021, to October 17, 2022, using keywords related to synthetic nicotine. By applying an inductive approach, two research assistants manually determined the relevance of tweets to synthetic nicotine products and assessed the attitude of tweets as positive, negative, and neutral of tweets toward synthetic nicotine, and the main topics. Results: Among 1,007 tweets related to synthetic nicotine products, the proportion of negative tweets (383/1007, 38.03%) toward synthetic nicotine products was significantly higher than that of positive tweets (218/1007, 21.65%) with a p-value <0.05. Among negative tweets, major topics include the concern about addiction and health risks of synthetic nicotine products (44.91%) and synthetic nicotine as a policy loophole (31.85%). Among positive tweets, top topics include alternative replacement for nicotine (39.91%) and reduced health risks (31.19%). Conclusion: There are mixed attitudes toward synthetic nicotine products on Twitter, resulting from different perspectives. Future research could incorporate demographic information to understand the attitudes of various population groups.

Supporting the management of long-term health risk from night work.

Societal demands mean that many companies operate throughout the day to provide services. The impact of night work on long-term health is not clear, but there is sufficient evidence for closer monitoring of this as a concern and industry is not sure what more they need to do about this potential problem. There are many health conditions and potential interventions to reduce risks from night working, but there is no clarity on how to design and implement intervention programmes for long-term health issues. This paper reports on a rapid review of 24 articles to examine how interventions can minimise long-term health risk from night work. The analysis has identified eight types of intervention that have been used in relation to seven types of long-term health conditions but has highlighted weaknesses in evaluation, in relation to the current knowledge of the implementation and effectiveness of the interventions for long-term health.  Commentary is provided on how researchers and industry practitioners need to think about risk in different ways, improve implementation of interventions through a systemic approach to work design and organisation, and employ more participatory approaches to embed cultural change in organisations.

Antibiotic residue contamination in the aquatic environment, sources and associated potential health risks.

Antibiotic residues are widely recognized as major pollutants in the aquatic environment on a global scale. As a significant class of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), antibiotics are extensively consumed worldwide. The primary sources of these residues include hospitals, municipal sewage, household disposal, and manures from animal husbandry. These residues are frequently detected in surface and drinking waters, sewage effluents, soils, sediments, and various plant species in countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, Europe, the USA, Canada, and India. Antibiotics are used medicinally in both humans and animals, with a substantial portion excreted into the environment as metabolites in feces and urine. With the advancement of sensitive and quantitative analytical techniques, antibiotics are consistently reported in environmental matrices at concentrations ranging from nanograms per liter (ng/L) to milligrams per liter (mg/L). Agricultural soils, in particular, serve as a significant reservoir for antibiotic residues due to their strong particle adsorption capacities. Plants grown in soils irrigated with PhAC-contaminated water can uptake and accumulate these pharmaceuticals in various tissues, such as roots, leaves, and fruits, raising serious concerns regarding their consumption by humans and animals. There is an increasing need for research to understand the potential human health risks associated with the accumulation of antibiotics in the food chain. The present reviews aims to shed light on the rising environmental pharmaceutical contamination concerns, their sources in the environment, and the potential health risks as well as remediation effort. To discuss the main knowledge gaps and the future research that should be prioritized to achieve the risk assessment. We examined and summarized the available data and information on the antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment. As studies have indicated that vegetables can absorb, transport, and accumulate antibiotics in edible parts when irrigated with wastewater that is either inadequately treated or untreated. These residues and their metabolites can enter the food chain, with their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity contributing to drug resistance and adverse health effects in living organisms.

Deciphering the pollution risks, sources and their links of heavy metals in soils.

Heavy metals in soils pose serious ecological and health risks. To make efficient strategies for mitigating the underlying hazards, it is critical to reveal the pollution sources and their links with the risks. Researchers have investigated source identification and risk evaluation of heavy metals in soils, yet few have systematically deciphered the source-sink relationship of soil metals and the links between source apportionment and risk assessment. In the study, an integrated technological framework has been proposed to address the gaps, and applied to characterize the pollution risks, sources and their links of soil metals in a typical coal resource city in China. The assessment using geochemical tool and ecological risk index shows the soils in study area are polluted by Cd, Hg, Cr, As and Pb in varied degrees, and particularly, Cd and Hg present significant ecological risk. Two advanced receptor models (multivariate curve resolution-weighted alternating least-squares and multilinear engine 2) are comparatively applied for apportioning the potential sources of soil metals, and the results suggest the two models have identified similar sources (r2 > 0.90), including agricultural activities, atmospheric depositions and industrial discharges with contributions of 35.5 %-38.3 %, 30.3 %-35.1 %, and 26.6 %-34.1 %, respectively. Then, apportionment results of the two models are jointly employed for evaluating the source-specific health risks of metals in the environment using a probabilistic risk assessment model. The risk levels within the area are overall acceptable or tolerable, and relatively, the industrial discharges present higher contribution on the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of soil metals to public. Findings will help the managers to design targeted policies for reducing the risks of soil metals, and the framework proposed provides a useful guideline to better understand the source-risk relationship of soil metals in other environments worldwide.

Improving Identification of Gig Workers in National Health and Behavior Surveys.

This paper describes the work-related information collected in several important U.S. national health and behavior surveys, to highlight data gaps that prevent identifying responses by vulnerable workers in the gig economy, with emphasis on the growing digital platform sector of the work force. The national information systems used to understand health status and health behaviors, including drug use, rely on outdated census categories for self-employed workers. This paper describes the importance of understanding the needs of this growing part of the labor sector and describes how some of the most well-known and utilized national surveys fail to meet this need. For the agencies conducting national health and behavior surveys, we propose revisions to the categories used to classify type of worker and recommend adoption of a new Worker-Employer Relationship Classification model.

Caries Experience of People with Cystic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: Cystic Fibrosis is a multi-system disease, arising from a mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR). There is a lack of information regarding oral disease levels among people with cystic fibrosis. As part of an ongoing study assessing oral health in adults with cystic fibrosis at XXXXXXXXXX, a systematic review of available literature was conducted to ascertain the caries experience of people with cystic fibrosis. The objective was to systematically present and evaluate the literature comparing caries experience between people with cystic fibrosis and people without cystic fibrosis. METHODS: Five online databases were searched; Embase, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Medline Ebsco and Cochrane Library. Studies that reported caries experience in people with cystic fibrosis were included in this review. RESULTS: The initial search identified 1199 publications from online databases. Twenty-one studies were included for qualitative analysis. Fourteen studies reported a lower caries experience in children with CF compared to children without CF, five studies reported a higher caries experience in adults with CF, and two studies found inconclusive evidence regarding the association between caries experience and CF status. All studies had a risk of bias that may influence results. CONCLUSION: Despite a lack of complete unanimity between all studies, there is a general trend that children with cystic fibrosis have a lower caries experience than their healthy counterparts, whereas adults with cystic fibrosis have a higher caries experience. The review highlights the need for further studies involving adults with cystic fibrosis as the majority of studies primarily consist of paediatric populations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dental practitioners should be aware that adults with cystic fibrosis have higher caries experience. Tailored approaches to dental care specific to cystic fibrosis individuals should be developed.

Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of fluoride in surface water of urban typical rivers.

Recent research on fluoride in water primarily focuses on groundwater; however, the potential environmental risks of fluoride in urban rivers should not be overlooked. In 2023, this study collected 135 surface water samples from the Ershibu River in Hefei, China, during various flood periods. Through descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) modeling, hazard quotient (HQ) assessment, and Monte Carlo simulation analysis, the spatial and temporal distribution, potential sources, and health risks of fluoride were investigated. The results showed that fluoride concentrations in the Ershibu River ranged from 0 to 1.38 mg/L. According to the PCA-MLR calculations, industrial pollution (73.92 %) was identified as the main source, followed by hydrogeochemical evolution (16.10 %) and agricultural activities (9.98 %). The HQ analysis revealed that the average exceedance rates of HQ for the five exposed populations were as follows: infants (64.45 %) > young children (2.22 %) = adults (2.22 %) > children (0) = teenagers (0). Therefore, relevant authorities should improve defluoridation facilities to reduce fluoride levels in industrial and agricultural wastewater and implement measures to protect public health. Future research should investigate the migration processes and toxicity mechanisms of fluoride more thoroughly.