Enhanced electrochemical stability and ion transfer rate: A polymer/ceramic composite electrolyte for high-performance all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries.

All-solid-state (ASS) lithium-sulfur (LiS) batteries utilizing composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) represent a promising avenue in the domain of electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems, leveraging the combined benefits of polymer electrolytes (PEs) and ceramic electrolytes (CEs). However, the inherent weak interface compatibility between PEs and CEs often leads to phase separation, thereby impeding the transposition of Li+. In this study, the trimethoxy-[3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]silane (TM-MES) is introduced as a chemical agent to form bonds with polyethylene oxide (PEO) and Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS), resulting in the development of a novel composite polymer electrolyte (CPETM-MES). This innovative approach mitigates phase separation between PEs and CEs while concurrently enhancing the protective capabilities of LGPS against decomposition at the interfaces of both the Li anode and sulfur cathode. Moreover, the CPETM-MES exhibits superior mechanical toughness, an expanded electrochemical window, and elevated ionic conductivity. In the symmetric cell, it demonstrates an extended operational lifespan exceeding 1800 h, and the current density can reach up to 1.05 mA/cm2. Furthermore, the initial discharge capacity of ASS LiS batteries utilizing CPETM-MES attains 1227 mAh/g and maintains a capacity of 904 mAh/g after 100 cycles. Notably, a high-energy-density of 2454 Wh/kg is achieved based on the sulfur cathode.

Core-shell structured MgCo2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanorods as electrode materials for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors.

In the field of energy storage, supercapacitors have received extensive attention in recent years. However, achieving the expected electrochemical performance and energy density of supercapacitors is still a huge challenge. The design and synthesis of binder-free composite electrode with core-shell structure is an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. In this paper, a heterogeneous core-shell structured and binder-free electrode material MgCo2O4@Ni(OH)2 (MCO@NH) grown on nickel foam (NF) is prepared by a simple hydrothermal and oil bath method. The unique core-shell structure makes the MCO@NH have a large specific surface area, which provides abundant active sites for ion transport and storage, thereby improving the electrochemical performance. The MCO@NH/NF nanocomposite demonstrates a high specific capacitance (Cs) of 1583 F g-1 at 1 A/g. A solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) assembled with MCO@NH/NF and active carbon (AC) exhibits excellent energy density (45 Wh kg-1 at 457.5 W kg-1) and outstanding capacitance (89.51 %) and coulombic efficiency (97.8 %) after 12,000 cycles, evidencing its good operation stability and potential practical applications. Therefore, the prepared core-shell MCO@NH/NF electrode can be a promising candidate for energy storage devices.

Interfacial study and modulation of high-voltage layered cathode based all-solid-state batteries.

Employing layered materials as the cathodes for solid-state batteries (SSBs) is vital in enhancing the batteries' energy density, whereas numerous issues are present regarding the compatibilities between cathode electrode and modified solid electrolyte (ME) in this battery configuration. By investigating the electrochemical performance and interfacial properties of SSBs using various cathodes, the fundamental reason for the poor compatibility between layered cathodes, especially LiCoO2 with ME is revealed. Because of the Li(solvent)+ intercalation environments formed in the ME, the resultant weak-interacted TFSI- could be adsorbed and destabilized by Co ions on the surface. Besides, the high energy level offsets between LiCoO2 and ME lead to Li-ion transferring from the bulk electrode to the electrolyte, resulting in a pre-formed interface on the cathode particles before the electric current is applied, affects the formation of effective cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) film during electrochemical process and deteriorated overall battery performance. From this view, an interlayer is pre-added on the LiCoO2 surface through an electrostatic adsorption method, to adjust the energy level offsets between the cathode and ME, as well as isolate the direct contact of surface Co ions to TFSI-. The cycling properties of the SSB using modified LiCoO2 are greatly enhanced, and a capacity retention of 68.72 % after 100 cycles could be achieved, against 8.28 % previously, certifying the rationality of the understanding and the effectiveness of the proposed modification method. We believe this research could provide basic knowledge of the compatibility between layered cathodes and MEs, shedding light on designing more effective strategies for achieving SSBs with high energy density.

Sugarcane bagasse derived biochar potential to improve soil structure and water availability in texturally different soils.

Low organic matter content is one of the main constraints in arid and semiarid regions. This constraint and its negative influences on soils and plant growth may be alleviated by biochar (BC). Furthermore, improving soil physical and hydraulic attributes by application of biochar has received increased attention. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on the structural stability, water availability, and pore-size distribution (PSD) of three texturally different calcareous soils collected from different agro-climatologically regions were examined during a long-term experiment. Low and high-temperature biochars, produced in a muffle furnace by the traditional slow pyrolysis method at 300 °C (BC300) and 600 °C (BC600) were evaluated. Pots (15 kg) were filled with three different silty-clay Inceptisols (SCInc), silty-clay-loam Alfisols (SCLAlf), and loam Aridisols (LArid) soils mixed with 0 (control), 1, 2, and 3 w/w% of BC300 and BC600 during 540 days of incubation. The high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) data was modeled using a modified van Genuchten function to quantify aggregate stability through stability ratio (SR) and structural stability index (SSI). The plant available water (PAW), least limiting water range (LLWR), and integral water capacity (IWC) were calculated with two matric suctions (h) of 330 cm for field capacity (FC) and 15,000 cm for permanent wilting point (PWP). Then the integral energy (EI) values were calculated (EIIWC). Results indicated that the incorporation of 3 w/w% biochar significantly (p < 0.01) increased SR (35 to 100%) and SSI (21 to 28%) indices in all three soils. Biochar significantly increased modal suction (MS) in LArid soils (5 to 158%); whereas, decreased MS of the other soils (3 to 43%). MS, SR, and SSI of BC300 and BC600-treated soils were not significantly different. PAW, LLWR, and IWC significantly decreased in the SCInc (18 to 61%, 8 to 44%, and 6 to 35%) and SCLAlf (8 to 44%, 18 to 35%, and 20 to 47%) soils and increased in LArid (4 to 54%, 3 to 61%, and 24 to 111%) soil with increasing biochar doses. There were no changes in EIIWC in biochar-treated LArid soil where PAW, LLWR, and IWC increased. Biochar increased EIIWC across the studied soil from 1% to 3.38 folds, thereby increasing the gradient of water potential to absorb the available water. Soil and soil-biochar mixtures exhibited heterogeneous and multimodal pore-size distribution (PSD). Biochar promoted the PSD peaks related to water-transmitting pores in SCInc and SCLAlf soils while decreased in LArid soil. In conclusion, results indicated that among the applied levels of biochar, the application of 3 w/w% biochar is suggested as a suitable way to improve soil physical behavior and structural stability.

Improving mortar properties using traditional ceramic materials ground to precisely controlled sizes.

The present work investigates the impact of particle size reduction of traditional ceramic materials as partial substitutes for Portland cement in mortars. Ceramic brick, ceramic tile, and stoneware were selected, with three particle sizes (D 50 of 1, 5, and 15 µm) achieved through grinding operations adapted to each material grindability. The reactivity of ceramic powders was assessed via dissolution in saturated lime solution. Mortars were prepared with 10 % and 20 % cement mass replaced by ceramic powders ground to each fineness. The packing density of mortars was evaluated using the Compressible Packing Model. Compressive strength was measured at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days, and pore size distribution was analyzed by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Results indicated that ceramic tile required less grinding energy than brick and stoneware. High-energy grinding slightly altered the crystalline structure and increased amorphous content, enhancing reactivity with lime. Increased cement replacement with finer ceramic powders (D 50 about 1 µm) improved strength, increased mesopores (50 nm), and reduced pore size threshold, attributed to filler and pozzolanic effects. A multiple linear regression model effectively described the influence of various variables on mortar strength with the interaction terms demonstrating the complexity of the interplay of the variables.

Multisite Crosslinked Poly(ether-urethane)-Based Polymer Electrolytes for High-Voltage Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

Utilizing solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) in high-voltage Li-metal batteries is a promising strategy for achieving high energy density and safety. However, the SPEs face the challenges such as undesirable mechanical strength, low ionic conductivity and incompatible high-voltage interface. Here, a novel crosslinked poly(ether-urethane)-based SPE with a molecular cross-linked structure is fabricated to create high-throughput Li+ transport pathway. The amino-modified Zr-porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks (ZrMOF) are introduced as multisite cross-linking nodes and polymer chain extenders. The abundant ether/ketonic-oxygen and Lewis acid sites in the SPE achieve high Li+ conductivity (5.7 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 30 °C) and Li+ transference number (0.84). The interpenetrating cross-linked structure of SPE with robust mechanical strength results in a record cycle life of 8000 h in Li||Li symmetric cell. The high structural stability of ZrMOF and abundant electron-withdrawing urethane/ureido groups in the SPE with high oxidation potential (5.1 V) enables a discharge capacity of 182 mAh g-1 at 0.3 C over 500 cycles in a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2||Li cell. Remarkably, a high energy density of 446 Wh kg-1 in a 1.5-Ah pouch cell is obtained with high loading cathode (≈4 mAh cm-2), demonstrating a great prospect of the current SPE for practical application in solid-state, high-voltage Li-metal batteries.

N18 ring: A building block for constructing 1D and 2D polymeric nitrogen frameworks.

Exploring the fundamental building block is essential for constructing functional materials with extended topological configurations. In the polymeric nitrogen system, no fundamental building blocks have been reported so far. Here, we successfully synthesize the buckled 1-dimensional (1D) band-shaped and 2-dimensional (2D) layered polymeric nitrogen frameworks with N18 ring as a fundamental building block for the first time. Furthermore, the dimensions of the polymeric nitrogen frameworks can be regulated by pressure conditions. Bader charge analyses indicate that the charge transfer from the La atom to the low-order bonded nitrogen atom plays a crucial role in stabilizing these two low-dimensional polymeric frameworks. Both LaN16 and LaN8 are promising high-energy-density materials (HEDMs). This study reveals that the N18 ring can serve as a fundamental building block, analogous to thesix-membered ring in carbon-based materials, enabling the construction of novel polymeric nitrogen materials with extended frameworks.

Bi-Functional Materials for Sulfur Cathode and Lithium Metal Anode of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Status and Challenges.

Over the past decade, the most fundamental challenges faced by the development of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) and their effective solutions have been extensively studied. To further transfer LSBs from the research phase into the industrial phase, strategies to improve the performance of LSBs under practical conditions are comprehensively investigated. These strategies can simultaneously optimize the sulfur cathode and Li-metal anode to account for their interactions under practical conditions, without involving complex preparation or costly processes. Therefore, "two-in-one" strategies, which meet the above requirements because they can simultaneously improve the performance of both electrodes, are widely investigated. However, their development faces several challenges, such as confused design ideas for bi-functional sites and simplex evaluation methods (i. e. evaluating strategies based on their bi-functionality only). To date, as few reviews have focused on these challenges, the modification direction of these strategies is indistinct, hindering further developments in the field. In this review, the advances achieved in "two-in-one" strategies and categorizing them based on their design ideas are summarized. These strategies are then comprehensively evaluated in terms of bi-functionality, large-scale preparation, impact on energy density, and economy. Finally, the challenges still faced by these strategies and some research prospects are discussed.

Tip effect of NiCo-LDH with low crystallinity for enhanced energy storage performance of yarn-shaped supercapacitors.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are considered promising materials for supercapacitor applications. However, the development of yarn-shaped supercapacitors (YSCs) with high electrochemical performance utilizing LDHs remains challenging. In this study, the NiCo-LDHs with various morphologies (nano-needles, nano-sheets, needle-sheet composites, and nano-flowers) were grown on carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-functionalized cotton yarn via a co-precipitation technique for YSC applications. Among these, the yarn incorporating nano-needle NiCo-LDHs exhibited reduced crystallinity yet demonstrated a superior areal capacitance compared to other morphologies, following a diffusion-controlled process. Finite element simulations were subsequently conducted to investigate this phenomenon, revealing that the lower-crystallinity nano-needle NiCo-LDHs accumulated a greater charge at their tips, thereby enhancing redox reactions and achieving higher energy storage capacitance. Subsequently, the yarns with nano-needle NiCo-LDHs were assembled into flexible quasi-solid-state symmetric YSCs, achieving a peak areal capacitance of 124.27 mF cm-2 and an exceptionally high energy density of 39.4 µWh cm-2 at a current density of 0.2 mA cm-2. Furthermore, our YSCs can be scaled up through serial or parallel connections and integrated into fabrics, making them suitable for wearable energy storage applications. This work provides an efficient method for fabricating high-performance YSCs and demonstrates significant potential for wearable energy storage devices.

Nanofibrous Covalent Organic Frameworks as the Cathode, Separator, and Anode for Batteries with High Energy Density and Ultrafast-Charging Performance.

To meet the demand for longer driving ranges and shorter charging times of power equipment in electric vehicles, engineering fast-charging batteries with exceptional capacity and extended lifespan is highly desired. In this work, we have developed a stable ultrafast-charging and high-energy-density all-nanofibrous covalent organic framework (COF) battery (ANCB) by designing a series of imine-based nanofibrous COFs for the cathode, separator, and anode by Schiff-base reactions. Hierarchical porous structures enabled by nanofibrous COFs were constructed for enhanced kinetics. Rational chemical structures have been designed for the cathode, separator, and anode materials, respectively. A nanofibrous COF (AA-COF) with bipolarization active sites and a wider layer spacing has been designed using a triphenylamine group for the cathode to achieve high voltage limits with fast mass transport. For the anode, a nanofibrous COF (TT-COF) with abundant polar groups, active sites, and homogenized Li+ flux based on imine, triazine, and benzene has been synthesized to ensure stable fast-charging performance. As for the separator, a COF-based electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite nanofibrous separator (BB-COF/PAN) with hierarchical pores and high-temperature stability has been prepared to take up more electrolyte, promote mass transport, and enable as high-temperature operation as possible. The as-assembled ANCB delivers a high energy density of 517 Wh kg-1, a high power density of 9771 W kg-1 with only 56 s of ultrafast-charging time, and high-temperature operational potential, accompanied by a 0.56% capacity fading rate per cycle at 5 A g-1 and 100 °C. This ANCB features an ultralong lifespan and distinguished ultrafast-charging performance, making it a promising candidate for powering equipment in electric vehicles.

High-Energy-Density All-V2O5 Battery.

Symmetrical batteries hold great promise as cost-effective and safe candidates for future battery technology. However, they realistically suffer low energy density due to the challenge in integrating high specific capacity with high voltage plateau from the limited choice of bipolar electrodes. Herein, a high-voltage all-V2O5 symmetrical battery with clear voltage plateau is conceptualized by decoupling the cathodic/anodic redox reactions based upon the episteme of V2O5 intercalation chemistry. As the proof-of-concept, a hierarchical V2O5-carboncomposite (VO-C) bipolar electrode with boosted electron/ion transport kinetics is fabricated, which shows high performance as both cathode and anode in their precisely clamped working potential windows. Accordingly, the symmetrical full-battery exhibits a high capacity of 174 mAh g-1 along with peak voltage output of above 2.9 V at 0.5C, remarkable capacity retention of 81% from 0.5C to 10C, and good cycling stability of 70% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 5C. Notably, its energy density reaches 429 Wh kg-1 at 0.5C estimated by the cathode mass, which outperforms most of the existing Li/Na/K-based symmetrical batteries. This study leaps forward the performance of symmetrical battery and provides guidance to extend the scope of future battery designs.

All-in-One Polymer Gel Electrolyte towards High-Efficiency and Stable Fiber Zinc-Air Battery.

Fiber zinc-air batteries are explored as promising power systems for wearable and portable electronic devices due to their intrinsic safety and the use of ambient oxygen as cathode material. However, challenges such as limited zinc anode reversibility and sluggish cathode reaction kinetics result in poor cycling stability and low energy efficiency. To address these challenges, we design a polydopamine-based all-in-one gel electrolyte (PAGE) that simultaneously regulates the reversibility of zinc anodes and the kinetics of air cathodes through polydopamine interfacial and redox chemistry, respectively. The intrinsic catechol and carboxylate groups in PAGE regulate the transport and solvation structure of Zn2+, facilitating dendrite-free zinc deposition with a lamellar stacking morphology. Additionally, the oxidation of redox-active catechol groups in PAGE replaces the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction on the air cathode and reduces the energy barrier for charging, enabling fiber zinc-air batteries to achieve a significantly improved energy efficiency of 95% and a longer lifespan of 40 hours. Further integration into self-powered electronic textiles underscores its potential for next-generation wearable systems.

Can early treatment of lisfranc injuries without planned re-intervention be safely performed.

The Lisfranc complex is a unique combination of ligamentous and osseous relationships between the medial cuneiform and second metatarsal base that is often injured by high energy mechanisms. Fixation for these injuries is often operative; however, the optimal timing of surgical treatment has been debated. All patients who underwent operative fixation of a Lisfranc injury at a single urban tertiary care center were reviewed. Patient were split into two groups based on timing to fixation with one group being less than 24 h from presentation and a second group being greater than 24 h. There were 58 patients who underwent what was planned as final operative stabilization of their Lisfranc injury in less than 24 h and 41 patients who underwent fixation after more than 24 h. The early treatment of Lisfranc injuries did not lead to significant increases in follow up time, infections, time to weight bearing, union rates, or time to union compared patients treated with delayed fixation. There was a higher rate of superficial infection in the early intervention group, but it did not reach statistical significance. We believe our findings demonstrate that delayed fixation is not superior to early treatment of Lisfranc injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3 Therapeutic retrospective comparative study.

Architecting Sturdy Si/Graphite Composite with Lubricative Graphene Nanoplatelets for High-Density Electrodes.

Densification of the electrode by calendering is essential for achieving high-energy density in lithium-ion batteries. However, Si anode, which is regarded as the most promising high-energy substituent of graphite, is vulnerable to the crack during calendering process due to its intrinsic brittleness. Herein, a distinct strategy to prevent the crack and pulverization of Si nanolayer-embedded Graphite (Si/G) composite with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) is proposed. The thickly coated GNP layer on Si/G by simple mechanofusion process imparts exceptional mechanical strength and lubricative characteristic to the Si/G composite, preventing the crack and pulverization of Si nanolayer against strong external force during calendering process. Accordingly, GNP coated Si/G (GNP-Si/G) composite demonstrates excellent electrochemical performances including superior cycling stability (15.6% higher capacity retention than P-Si/G after 300 cycles in the full-cell) and rate capability under the industrial testing condition including high electrode density (>1.6 g cm-3) and high areal capacity (>3.5 mAh cm-2). The material design provides a critical insight for practical approach to resolve the fragile properties of Si/G composite during calendering process.

Enhancing Long Stability of Solid-State Batteries Through High-Energy Ball Milling-Induced Decomposition of Sulfide-Based Electrolyte to Sulfur.

Metal sulfides are increasingly favored as cathode materials in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) due to their high energy density, stability, affordability, and conductivity. Metal sulfides often exhibit capacities exceeding their theoretical limits, a phenomenon that remains not fully understood. In this study, it reveals that this phenomenon is primarily due to the sulfur decomposition from sulfide-based electrolyte. By employing the high-energy ball milling (HEBM) technique, the deposition of sulfide-based electrolyte onto sulfur is intentionally promoted, resulting in higher charge capacities compared to the discharge capacities and surpass theoretical limits of metal sulfides. Using chromium sulfide (Cr2S3) as the active material, the sulfur decomposed from sulfide-based electrolyte transforms into lithium sulfide (Li2S) after discharge, resulting in an increased capacity by ≈439.6 mAh g-1 and improved cycling stability. Consequently, it demonstrates a specific capacity surpassing 1200 mAh g-1 with a capacity retention of over 80% after 650 cycles, maintaining cycling stability for more than 1900 cycles and achieving a Coulombic efficiency exceeding 99.9%. This versatile HEBM approach enables the fabrication of ASSBs utilizing various transition metal sulfides, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), niobium disulfide (NbS2), and iron disulfide (FeS2), all exhibiting over theoretical limited capacities and prolonged cycling capabilities.

Nitrogen and Sulfur Doped Porous Carbon Sheet with Trace Amount of Iron as Efficient Polysulfide Conversion Catalyst for High Loading Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

The major challenges in enhancing the cycle life of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are the polysulfide (PS) shuttling and sluggish reaction kinetics (S to Li2S, Li2S to S). To alleviate the above issues use of  hetero atom doped carbon as cathode host matrix is a low-cost and efficient approach as it works as a dual-functional framework for PS anchoring as well as electrocatalyst for faster redox kinetics. Here, the dual role of the Fe-containing heteroatom-doped carbon sheets (CS) in chemisorption of Li2S6 and catalyzing its faster conversion to Li2S  is established through UV-Vis, XPS and CV studies. To substantiate the catalytic effect composite cathodes were prepared by encapsulating sulfur in CS which is further blended with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form free-standing cathode. The electrochemical performance of the three cathodes viz., S@Fe-N-CS-CNT, S@Fe-S-CS-CNT and S@Fe-NS-CS-CNT were evaluated by constructing Li-S cells. Among all, the S@Fe-NS-CS-CNT delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 1017 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C rate and sustains 751 mAh g-1 capacity after 260 cycles with a capacity retention of 73.8 %. Even at high S-loading (12 mg cm-2), it delivers an initial discharge capacity of 892 mAh g-1 and it retained 575 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles.

Fracture Mapping in High-Energy Chest Trauma.

Background: High-energy chest trauma often results in rib fractures and associated chest injuries. This study explored fracture distribution patterns in high-energy chest trauma, using three-dimensional (3D) fracture mapping technology. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed cases of high-energy chest trauma with rib fractures treated at a Level 1 Trauma Center, from February 2012 to January 2023. Specifically, 3D computed tomography (CT) was used to reconstruct rib fractures and create fracture-frequency heat maps, analyzing the influence of other thoracic fractures on rib fracture distribution. Results: Rib fractures were frequently found in the anterior and posterior thoracic areas. On average, patients sustained 7 ± 3.87 rib fractures, with clavicle fractures in 25.5% and scapular fractures in 19.6% of cases. Scapular fractures led to more posterior rib fractures, while sternal fractures were associated with more anterior rib fractures. Clavicle fractures were linked to fractures of the first to third ribs. Conclusions: Rib fractures in high-energy chest trauma occurred most often in the anterior and posterior regions. Fractures of the scapula and sternum influence the positioning of the fracture lines. Clavicular fractures are associated with a higher incidence of upper rib fractures. These findings can help inform surgical decisions and complication management.

High-energy blunt pelvic ring injuries and pre-hospital pelvic binder applications - A retrospective assessment based on a prospective registry.

INTRODUCTION: Application of a pelvic binder in the pre-hospital settings is a crucial step of high-energy blunt pelvic ring injury (PRI) management protocols. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the percentage of pre-hospital pelvic binder's applications in high-energy blunt type B or C PRI patients managed at a single level I trauma center, and to assess its impact on the medical resource requirements and patients' outcomes. METHODS: The institutional Severely Injured Patients' Registry was screened for patients meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) high-energy blunt PRI; (2) admission between 2014.01.01 and 2022.12.31; (3) age ≥16 years; and (4) available computed tomography of the pelvis. Exclusion criteria were: (1) death before admission; (2) low-energy injury; (3) penetrating, blast and electrical injuries; and (4) secondary transfers. Study variables, including pre-hospital application of a pelvic binder and demographic, clinical, management and outcome data were extracted from the registry. Additionally, AO/OTA classifications were determined. RESULTS: A consecutive series of 262 patients was included into the final analysis. Of these, 58.8 % received a pre-hospital pelvic binder (PPB), increasing from type A (45.1 %) to type B (57.8 %) and type C (73.7 %). Pre-hospital hemodynamic instability was a major factor triggering the use of PPB in high-energy blunt type B PRI patients with PPB in 76.9 % of the cases with hemodynamic instability vs. 51.3 % of the cases without hemodynamic instability (p = 0.009). This difference was not statistically significant for high-energy blunt type C PRI patients (82.8 % vs. 64.3 %, p = 0.200). The presence of a physician on the trauma site contributed to the increased percentage of PRI managed with PPB from 43.5 % to 67.3 % in type B PRI (p = 0.011), and from 50 % to 77.1 % in type C PRI (p = 0.257). This study showed an increased need for packed red blood cells (PRBC) transfusions in subgroups treated with PPB and no statistically significant differences in term of intensive care unit (ICU) and total hospital length of stay and complications between high-energy blunt type B or C PRI patients with or without PPB. Comparison of mortality rates in patients with and without PPB showed a trend towards lower mortality rates with PPB in patients with AIS extremity participating in at least 50 % of the total ISS. CONCLUSION: In the ideal pre-hospital scenario, every high-energy blunt type B or C PRI patient should be managed with a PPB. Continuous pre-hospital team training and information is crucial to achieve this goal. The preparation of Emergency Department and ICU who admit a patient with PPB should include a sufficient number of PRBC ready for transfusion. Mortality rates did not seem to be affected by PPB, except for a trend towards lower mortality rates in patients in whom their PRI was the major component of the global severity of their injury. This might point out the critical and positive effect of PPB in high-energy blunt PRI patients.

Single-Site Pd Regulated by π-π Stacking for High-Selectivity Cyclopropanation Reaction.

Cyclopropane-based high-energy fuels possess high intramolecular energy and density, and their precise synthesis is a critical challenge. However, owing to the highest strain in the cyclopropane structure (compared to other four- or five-membered rings, etc.), metal-carbene intermediates form with difficulty, resulting in poor catalytic selectivity for its synthesis. Herein, through rational design of π-π stacking between the Pd organic complex and graphene, we report a single-site Pd catalyst for precise synthesis of multicyclopropane-based high-energy fuels. It is discovered that π-π stacking enhanced the electrophilicity of Pd through a weak metal-support interaction, thus promoting the formation of Pd═C carbene active intermediates. Meanwhile, the adsorption between the active centers and intermediates was enhanced via π-π stacking. These two respects led to almost twice selectivity for cyclopropanation reaction up to 80.5% as that without π-π stacking. This work provides an effective strategy of π-π noncovalent interactions for regulating C-C coupling reaction selectivity.

Iron-Free Anode Boosting High Energy Efficiency Aqueous Full Iron-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous iron-ion batteries with reversible storage of Fe2+ have undergone rapid development in recent years. Consistently throughout these studies, metallic iron is selected as the anode material. However, the large overpotential (250 mV) associated with the plating/stripping process of iron in aqueous solutions leads to unsatisfactory energy efficiency of the battery, although high capacity and Coulomb efficiency can be achieved. Herein, an iron-free anode material, 9,10-anthraquinone (AQ) is proposed in aqueous iron-ion batteries, which shows a low reaction potential and minimal polarization during storing iron ions. The organic anode exhibits favorable specific capacity of 106 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 and excellent cycling stability (92.6% retention after 500 cycles). In addition, an aqueous full iron-ion battery is constructed using AQ as the anode and 9,10-phenanthraquinone (PQ) as the cathode. The full battery demonstrates an enhanced energy efficiency of 72%, which is 206% higher than that of metal iron anode, and shows excellent cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency. This work provides a viable route to overcome the high polarization of metallic iron anode and promote the development of aqueous iron-ion batteries.