The association of different types of human milk with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.

Objective: To evaluate the association between different types of human milk feeds and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. Methods: Data on dispensed mother's own milk (MOM) and donor human milk (DHM) from Leipzig Milk Bank for hospitalized infants with a gestational age (GA) ≤32 weeks observed from birth to 36 weeks' postmenstrual age or prior discharge were used. BPD was assessed based on documented International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) diagnosis and on electronic hospital records (EHR) of data on ventilation and oxygen supplementation. Associations of dispensed milk feed variations with BPD were investigated using logistic regressions in crude and adjusted models. Results: 866 infants were included with a BPD prevalence of 15.4% (EHR) and 23.2% (ICD). The mean GA was 29.1 weeks. The majority (84.4%, n = 746) of infants were nurtured with a mix of MOM, DHM supplemented by formula or parenteral (other) nutrition during hospitalization. For which, MOM comprised the highest median [Q1-Q3] percentage proportion (53[31-81] %) of this mix. Exclusive fresh milk and exclusive MOM feeds were dispensed on a mean of 40 and 34% patient-days, respectively. Statistically significant associations with lower BPD incidence were only observed for 70-80% MOM vs. DHM, and 60% fresh vs. frozen milk, in crude and adjusted models. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a protective association of MOM and fresh milk with lower odds of BPD, which may be dependent on the proportion of MOM or fresh milk administered. These results highlight the importance of MOM as an ideal source of nutrition during early infancy.

Views on wet nursing and expressing breastmilk for sharing and human milk bank donation among mothers in two parenting social media communities in Vietnam.

Nutrition in early life plays a key role in shaping an infant's future health. There is limited understanding of the perspectives of Vietnamese mothers with children under 24 months of age regarding breastmilk expression, donation and use. In this cross-sectional study, an online survey was administered through two parenting social media communities to assess opinions on breastmilk expression, breastmilk donation including contributions from bereaved mothers and the use of donor human milk. A 4-point Likert scale was used to evaluate respondents' opinions, and demographic and breastfeeding information was collected. Among 375 respondents, almost 30% had received breastmilk from another woman, either through direct breastfeeding (14.7%), expressed breastmilk (12.5%) or from a human milk bank (2.7%). In this survey of 375 mothers, 84.0% indicated they would store excess breastmilk, while 75.7% and 69.6% would donate to a human milk bank or another mother, respectively. When faced with insufficient breastmilk, 88.5% of mothers would seek ways to increase supply, whereas 23.8% considered using commercial milk formula. Regarding milk expression among the 375 mothers, 78.4% preferred electric pumps, compared to 48.6% for manual pumps and 45.9% for hand expression. Additionally, 80.5% of the 375 mothers would suggest donating stored milk to bereaved peers and 85.6% would suggest mothers with mild COVID-19 to continue breastfeeding with precautions. These findings indicate that this sample has positive views on breastfeeding, breastmilk donation and the use of donor human milk.

New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks.

Infectious and toxicological risks are the main potential hazards that operators of Human Milk Banks (HMBs) encounter and must eliminate. HMBs are trying to implement procedures that allow to manage and sanitize human milk without altering significantly its nutritional and biologically protective components, obtaining a product characterized by a valid balance between safety and biological quality. The history of human milk processing is linked to the origins of HMBs themselves. And although other forms of sterilization were used originally, pasteurization soon became the recognized most effective means for sanitizing milk: all the milk that arrives at the HMB must be pasteurized. Holder pasteurization (HoP) is the most used methodology, and it is performed using low temperature and long time (+62.5°C for 30 min). With HoP some bioactive milk components are lost to varying degrees, but many other precious bioactive compounds are completely or partially preserved. To improve the quality of human milk processed by HMBs, maintaining in the meantime the same microbiological safety offered by HoP, new technologies are under evaluation. At present, High-Temperature Short-Time pasteurization (HTST) and High-Pressure Processing are the most studied methodologies. HTST is already utilized in some HMBs for daily practical activity and for research purposes. They seem to be superior to HoP for a better preservation of some nutritional and biologically protective components. Freeze-drying or lyophilization may have advantages for room temperature storage and transportation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the advancement regarding the processing of DHM with a literature search from 2019 to 2022. The effects of the new technologies on safety and quality of human milk are presented and discussed. The new technologies should assure microbiological safety of the final product at least at the same level as optimized HoP, with an improved preservation of the nutritional and bioactive components of raw human milk.

Cost analysis of establishing and operating the first human milk bank at Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children in Vietnam: an activity-based costing ingredients study.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is the biological norm for feeding infants and young children. When mothers' breastmilk is unavailable, donor human milk (DHM) from a human milk bank (HMB) becomes the next option for small vulnerable newborns. A comprehensive cost analysis is essential for understanding the investments needed to establish, operate, and scale up HMBs. This study aims to estimate and analyze such costs at the first facility established in Vietnam. METHODS: An activity-based costing ingredients (ABC-I) approach was employed, with the cost perspective from service provision agencies (specifically, the project conducted at Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children and Development Partners). Estimated financial costs, based on actual expenditures, were measured in 2023 local currency and then converted to 2023 US dollars (USD). We examined three scenarios: 1) direct start-up costs + indirect start-up costs + implementation costs, 2) direct start-up costs + implementation costs, and 3) capital costs + implementation costs over the 6.5 years of operation. RESULTS: The total start-up cost was USD 616,263, with total expenditure on direct activities at USD 228,131 and indirect activities at USD 388,132. Investment in equipment accounted for the largest proportion (USD 84,213). The monthly costs of Da Nang HMB were USD 25,217, 14,565, and 9,326, corresponding to scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Over HMB's 6.5 years of operation, on average, the unit costs were USD 166, USD 96, and USD 62 for DHM received and USD 201, USD 116, and USD 74 for pasteurized DHM meeting specified criteria in the corresponding scenarios. Unit costs were highest in the initial six months, decreased, and reached their lowest levels after a year. Then, the unit costs experienced an increase in late 2020 and early 2021. CONCLUSION: Although the unit cost of DHM in Da Nang HMB is comparable to that in certain neighboring countries, intentional measures to reduce disposal rates, improve HMB efficiency, motivate more community-based donors, and establish an HMB service network should be implemented to lower costs.

Microbiological status of donor human milk - A single center study from Poland.

Human milk is considered the most suitable source of nutrition for infants. Donor human milk from human milk banks (HMB) is recommended as the best alternative for infants whose mothers' own milk is unavailable. Microbiological screening of milk donated to HMB is important to ensure the quality and safety of the pasteurised human milk. This article describes the microbiological status of human milk donated to the Regional Human Milk Bank in Torun, Poland. Statistical data regarding the microbiological analysis of milk from 292 donors were collected in the years 2013-2021. Total of 538 milk samples were tested. Only in 6% of human milk samples the bacteria level was above the required standard and/or the milk had potentially pathogenic bacteria. The main core of donors' breastmilk bacteria represents the skin microbiota, and the composition of the microbiota is strictly related to the surrounding environment. The most abundant genera detected in milk samples were the Staphylococcus group. Prolonged hospitalisation of infants' mothers and/or offsprings is associated with potentially pathogenic bacteria colonization in milk. The use of the modern identification method MALDI-TOF resulted in more accurate results compared to the biochemical methods. Our analysis indicates that most of the tested milk samples (94%), both expressing at home and in hospital environments, meet the criteria for admission to the human milk bank. Effective techniques for identifying microorganisms ensure that donor milk from human milk banks meets the guidelines set for these units.

Unlocking the Potential: A Systematic Literature Review on the Impact of Donor Human Milk on Infant Health Outcomes.

Human mother milk is considered the most healthy and best source of nutrition for both premature and full-term infants, as it possesses many health benefits and is associated with its consumption. Some of the mothers are not able to produce an adequate quantity of milk to meet the required needs of the infants, particularly in cases involving premature births or facing challenges in breastfeeding. Especially for the most vulnerable premature infants, donor human milk (DHM) provides a helpful bridge for effective breastfeeding. Even with the advancement in baby formulas, no other dietary source can match the bioactive matrix of benefits found in human breast milk. This literature review discusses the risks associated with prematurity and explores the use of DHM in the care of premature infants. It helps prevent substantial preterm complications, especially necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and late-onset sepsis, which are more commonly seen in infants who are given formulated milk made from cow's milk. It gives insights into the benefits of DHM, such as immunological and nutritional benefits, which is a basic infant's need. When medical distress prevents mothers from producing enough breast milk for their infants, pasteurized human donor breast milk should be made accessible as an alternative feeding option to ensure infants remain healthy and nourished. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases and other sources. A total of 104 articles were searched, of which 35 were included after identification, filters were applied, eligibility was checked, and references out of scope were excluded. Human milk banking should be incorporated into programs encouraging breastfeeding, highlighting lactation in mothers and only using DHM when required.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Medical and Paramedical Students Toward Human Milk Banks and Breast Milk Donation.

Background and objectives Human milk benefits for both mothers and babies are widely acknowledged. Human milk banks (HMBs) are essential in providing newborns who would not otherwise have access to pasteurized and stored human milk. The objective of this research was to investigate the understanding, opinions, and outlooks of medical and paramedical students regarding breast milk donation and the concept of an HMB. Material and methods A total of 398 professional female students specializing in physiotherapy, nursing, and medicine were given an online self-administered questionnaire as part of a descriptive cross-sectional study. Data on the characteristics, HMB knowledge, awareness levels, and attitudes toward HMB and breast milk donation were to be gathered through the questionnaire. Every student's answer to the survey was kept private and confidential. Result According to the survey, 188 students (47.24%) belong to the medical college, 126 students (31.66%) belong to the physiotherapy college, and the remaining 84 students (21.11%) are from the nursing college. A total of 294 students (74.12%) had heard about human milk banking before and received information from health professionals (195 students, 48.99%), the news (67 students, 16.83%), and family and friends (61 students, 15.33%). However, only 224 students (56.28%) are willing to feed their babies with HMB milk in the future. On the other hand, 216 students (54.27%) are ready to donate breast milk to HMB. The majority of students have a favorable opinion of breast milk donation. A staggering 394 students (98.99%) think that donating human milk can save babies. Furthermore, 379 students (95.23%) think that all the nutrients needed for a baby's healthy development are found in human milk. Merely 350 students (87.93%) think that breastfeeding does not result in malnourishment for either the mother or the baby. When there is an excess of milk, the majority of students (378 or 94.97%) think that there is nothing wrong with donating it. Moreover, 312 (80.41%) students are happy to donate milk in the future. A total of 373 students (93.71%) are overjoyed that a sick baby will survive because of their donated milk. Only 100 students (25.12%) will give milk, though, and only to the infants of their friends and relatives, never to complete strangers. Conclusion A dearth of knowledge pertaining to human milk banking is rampant among medical and paramedical female students, yet the gravity of the circumstances remains concealed. Consequently, it is imperative to extensively educate all Indian communities about the concept of human milk banking to gain widespread acceptance. This research sheds light on the issue and promotes scientific knowledge of HMB, as many students are unaware of it.

The acceptability of a donor human milk bank and donated human milk among mothers in Limpopo Province, South Africa.

Breastfeeding is a crucial public health approach that reduces infant morbidity and mortality by providing essential nutrients and antibodies, and breast milk is easily digested. Breastfeeding and donated milk serve as a preventative measure against necrotising enterocolitis. Additionally, they protect against viruses and nosocomial sepsis. When a birthing parent's own milk is unavailable, alternative enteral nutrition for preterm or low-birth-weight infants is either donor human milk (DHM) or artificial formula. This study aimed to understand mothers' acceptance of the donor human milk bank (DHMB) and DHM. A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study used purposive sampling to select 23 mothers in postnatal and neonatal wards. Data collection was via in-depth interviews using a semistructured interview guide. Manual data analysis using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) framework was used to coding. Concepts were grouped to generate themes. Three themes and nine subthemes were generated: (1) DHMBs (2) cultural perspective of DHMB, and (3) health considerations of DHM. Participants were unaware of the DHMB. Hesitancy in accepting DHM due to fear of contracting HIV was observed. Cultural beliefs are an influencing factor for use, while donation was driven by altruistic reasons, preventing waste, helping others and having previously benefited from DHM. The study found that mothers are willing to donate human milk. Willingness to donate can be increased by raising awareness about DHMB and addressing culture and safety concerns at antenatal clinics.

Protective Characteristics of Human Breast Milk on Early Childhood Otitis Media: A Narrative Review.

Introduction: Human breast milk (HBM) contains a complex and dynamically changing variety of factors that contribute to the infant's developing immune system's ability to fight upper respiratory tract infections, including otitis media (OM). We sought to summarize the current evidence on the protective characteristics of HBM, through direct or donated feeding, toward early childhood OM. Methods: For this narrative review, we performed a literature search on OM in the context of HBM feeding in the PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases, between January 1, 2008, and July 1, 2023. Results: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) provides a short-term immunity of 2-3 days against otopathogens causing OM. IgA-mediated immunity is effective against OM up to 7 months of age if breastfeeding continues. The role of transferred IgM and IgG in HBM is unclear. Although there is a potential protective value of microRNA, hormones, oligosaccharides, stem cells, and interleukins present in HBM, their role is unclear. Any duration of breastfeeding is superior to no breastfeeding in OM risk reduction, with a big variability among studies (odds ratio 0.23-0.81, depending on the duration). Duration of breastfeeding ≥6 months was found to be the most effective in OM risk reduction, but there was no evidence of continued benefits after 2 years of age. Expressed breastfeeding was not shown to be more beneficial. The protective values of donor HBM against OM are still undetermined. Conclusion: HBM has numerous components that contribute to protection against early childhood OM.

The global status of human milk banking.

Human milk provides essential nutrition for infants and holds many health benefits for infants and mothers. When a mother's own milk is not available for her infant, the World Health Organization recommends feeding donor human milk (DHM) from a human milk banking facility. DHM is human milk produced, collected then donated to a human milk bank (HMB). HMBs serve many vital functions, including screening donor mothers, then collecting, processing, storing, and allocating DHM to recipients. The first HMB opened in 1909, and today there are more than 700 HMBs globally. Unfortunately, HMB facilities are not present in all locales, with notable gaps in South Asia and Africa. Additionally, there are no global standards to guide HMB operational procedures. Even though most HMBs attempt to employ quality control systems to provide safe DHM, differences in community needs, resource availability, and a range of methods and policies to execute processes result in significant variations in DHM quality and HMB operations. Robust and collaborative systems that ensure safe and equitable access to DHM are needed. In this paper, we present a global snapshot of current human milk banking practices; review an interdisciplinary framework to guide and support HMB activities as an integrated part of health and newborn care systems; discuss factors that contribute to HMB sustainability; outline barriers to scaling HMBs worldwide; and highlight knowledge, policy, and research gaps. Developing global HMB guidance and rigorous, adaptable standards would strengthen efforts to improve newborn health.

International expert meeting on the donation and use of human milk: Brief report.

Where a mother's own milk is not available or is insufficient, donor human milk (DHM) processed by a human milk bank (HMB) is the recommended next best alternative. HMBs exist in over 65 countries. However, most countries have yet to establish national policies or programmes that support the provision of DHM. In July 2019, a group of international experts in fields relevant to human milk banking gathered at a meeting organised by the Institute of Biomedical Ethics, University of Zurich, and co-sponsored by the World Health Organisation. Prompted by the growing interest globally in creating and sustaining HMBs and addressing current safety and ethical concerns and standards, the aims of the meeting were to define knowledge gaps, determine the need for and scope of global guidelines and provide recommendations on steps that need to be taken at the international level. Following wide-ranging discussions that included the integration of milk banks into health care systems, strategy and policy, quality and safety, the use of DHM and associated ethical considerations, the overall conclusion of the meeting was that in the absence of global recommendations on the implementation, operation and regulation of HMBs, evidence-based guidance is urgently needed.

Reflexão sobre a organização do trabalho de Enfermagem no banco de leite: cuidado compartilhado e multiprofissional / Reflexión sobre la organización del trabajo de Enfermería en el banco de leche: cuidado compartido y multiprofesional / Reflection on the organization of Nursing work in the milk bank: shared and multidisciplinary care

Resumo Objetivo refletir sobre a organização do trabalho de Enfermagem no Banco de Leite Humano a partir das ações de cuidado compartilhado com a equipe multiprofissional. Método trata-se de um estudo teórico-reflexivo com base nos conceitos de campo e habitus de Pierre Bourdieu de modo a compreender o modus operandi dos seus agentes no campo e no subcampo da saúde. Resultados evidenciou-se que o Processo de Enfermagem faz parte dos procedimentos de cuidado em saúde nos diferentes espaços de atuação, todavia, é importante pontuar que há uma interdependência dos serviços prestados. Percebem-se a integralidade da proposta e a organização do trabalho do BLH a partir de uma equipe multiprofissional. Para a Enfermagem, o habitus está posto desde a formação inicial dos seus profissionais, pois há o reconhecimento do saber próprio do campo e que as ações são pautadas em conhecimentos teórico-científicos. Conclusão e implicações para a prática o cuidado compartilhado é reconhecido como importante fator de equalização da assistência e demais serviços realizados no campo do BLH. Ao mobilizar os conceitos de Pierre Bourdieu, é possível inferir o habitus nos modos de cuidar, considerando-se, ainda, aquele específico construído ao longo da história da Enfermagem.

Resumen Objetivo reflexionar sobre la organización del trabajo de Enfermería en el Banco de Leche Materna, a partir de acciones de cuidado compartido con el equipo multiprofesional. Método es un estudio teórico-reflexivo basado en los conceptos de campo y habitus de Pierre Bourdieu, con el fin de comprender el modus operandi de sus agentes en el campo y en el subcampo de la salud. Resultados mostraron que el Proceso de Enfermería es parte de los procedimientos de atención en salud en diferentes áreas de actuación, sin embargo, es importante señalar que existe una interdependencia de los servicios brindados. La integridad de la propuesta y la organización del trabajo del BLM se puede ver desde un equipo multiprofesional. Para la Enfermería, el habitus se establece a partir de la formación inicial de sus profesionales, pues se reconoce el conocimiento del campo y que las acciones se basan en conocimientos teórico-científicos. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica la atención compartida se reconoce como un factor importante en la igualación de la atención y otros servicios realizados en el campo del BLM. Mediante la movilización de los conceptos de Pierre Bourdieu, es posible inferir el habitus en los caminos de cuidado, teniendo en cuenta incluso el específico construido a lo largo de la historia de la Enfermería.

Abstract Objective reflect on the organization of nursing work in the Human Milk Bank based on shared care actions with the multi-professional team. Method this is a theoretical-reflexive study based on Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of field and habitus in order to understand the modus operandi of its agents in the field and subfield of health. Results it was evidenced that the Nursing Process is part of the health care procedures in the different performance spaces, however, it is important to point out that there is an interdependence of the services provided. The integrality of the proposal and the organization of the work of the HMB are perceived from a multi-professional team. For nursing, the habitus is set from the initial training of its professionals, since there is recognition of the knowledge of the field and that the actions are based on theoretical and scientific knowledge. Conclusion and implications for practice shared care is recognized as an important factor in equalizing care and other services performed in the field of HMB. By mobilizing the concepts of Pierre Bourdieu, it is possible to infer the habitus in the modes of care, considering also the specific habitus built throughout the history of Nursing.

Contaminación microbiológica y factores asociados en la leche materna del banco de leche humana de un Hospital en Perú / Microbiological contamination and associated factors in breast milk from the human milk bank of a Hospital in Peru

Objetivo: Estimar la contaminación microbiológica e identificar sus factores asociados en leche materna dentro del BLH de un Hospital en Perú. El estudio. Diseño transversal, donde se realizó evaluación física, química y microbiológica a muestras de leche materna. Hallazgos. Evaluamos 187 muestras de leche donadas por madres La acidez Dornic y crematocrito promedio fue de 5,2±1,6 y 2,7±0,9%, y la contaminación microbiológica representó el 3,7% del total de muestras evaluadas, aislándose Acynetobacter iwoffi, Moraxela lacunata, Pseudomona aeruginosa y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa. Se evidenció que el pH de la leche fue la única variable asociada a contaminación microbiológica (OR: 3.7 IC95: 1.5-8.8). Conclusión. El incremento de pH es un factor asociado a contaminación microbiológica en muestras de leche donadas en el BLH de un Hospital en Perú, por lo que es recomendable reevaluar los criterios de aceptabilidad del rango de pH de la leche materna donada.

Objetive: Estimate microbiological contamination and identify its associated factors in breast milk within the BLH of a Hospital in Peru. The study. Cross-sectional design, where a physical, chemical and microbiological evaluation was carried out on samples of breast milk. Findings. We evaluated 187 milk samples donated by mothers. The average Dornic acidity and crematocrit were 5.2 ± 1.6 and 2.7 ± 0.9%, and the microbiological contamination represented 3.7% of the total samples evaluated, isolating Acynetobacter iwoffi, Moraxela lacunata, Pseudomona aeruginosa and Staphylococcus negative coagulase. It was evidenced that the pH of the milk was the only variable associated with microbiological contamination (OR: 3.7 IC95: 1.5-8.8). Conclusion. The increase in pH is a factor associated with microbiological contamination in donated milk samples at the BLH of a Hospital in Peru, so it is advisable to re-evaluate the acceptability criteria of the pH range of donated breast milk.

Características y motivaciones de las mujeres donantes del banco de leche en el Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sótero del Río / Characteristics and motivations of donors to the human milk ba nk in Dr. Sótero del Rio Hospital, Chile

El propósito de este trabajo fue describir las características, motivaciones, barreras y fuentes de información de las mujeres donantes del Banco de Leche en el Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sótero del Río (CASR). MÉTODO: El diseño utilizado en este estudio correspondió a uno de tipo transversal descriptivo. Se realizó una encuesta telefónica con 15 preguntas a 82 mujeres que fueron donantes en al menos una oportunidad en el banco de leche del CASR desde el año 2015 a septiembre de 2017. Se estimaron proporciones para las variables categóricas y medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión para la edad Se calcularon intervalos de confianza al 95%. RESULTADOS: La edad media de las donantes fue de 31,3 años con una desviación estándar de 4,6. El 92,7% se encontraba casada o en convivencia y un 58,5% (IC 95% 47,1 - 69,3) cursó educación profesional superior completa. La principal motivación para donar fue la empatia (41,5% [IC 95% 30,7 - 52,9]) y las principales fuentes de conocimiento fueron internet/redes sociales 43,9% (IC 95% 33,0 - 55,3) y personal de salud 32% (IC 95% 22,9 - 44,2). CONCLUSIONES: La mujer donante del banco de leche del CASR, se encuentra principalmente casada o en convivencia, posee un alto nivel educacional y trabaja fuera del hogar. Estos resultados podrían orientar estrategias al fortalecimiento del banco de leche.

This study sought to describe characteristics, motivations, barriers, and sources of information of human milk donors to the milk bank at Dr. Sótero del Río Hospital, Chile. METHODS: A descriptive and cross - sectional study was carried out. We conducted a 15-question telephone survey in 82 women who were at least one-time milk donors between 2015 and 2017. Statistical analysis included frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and measures of central tendency and dispersion for quantitative variables. We calculated 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The mean age of donors was 31.34,6 years; 92.7% were married or were living with their partner and 58.5% (95% CI of 47.1- 69.3) had completed higher education. The main motivation for donating was helping others (41.5% [95% CI of 30.7- 52.9]). The primary sources of knowledge on milk donations were the internet and social networks (43.9% [IC 95% 33.0- 55.3]), followed by health personnel 32% (95% CI of 22.9- 44.2). CONCLUSIONS: The donor profile in CASR's milk bank is a young woman, with a stable partner and high educational level. These results could provide useful information to improve strategies for human milk donation.

Banco de leite humano: mulheres com dificuldades na lactação / Banco de leche humana: mujeres con dificultades en la lactancia / Human milk bank: women with lactation difficulties

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer as dificuldades das mulheres que procuram atendimento no Banco de Leite Humano. Método: trata-se de um estudo documental, retrospectivo, utilizando amostra de 292 formulários de puérperas que buscaram o serviço especializado do Banco de Leite Humano em Hospital Universitário no Nordeste do Brasil. Realizado de janeiro a agosto de 2017. Foram utilizados testes de Qui quadado e medidas de Odds Ratio. Resultados: amostra composta por mulheres com Ensino Superior Completo 118 (40,4%), 198 (67,81%) realizaram partos em serviço de saúde privado, por cirurgia cesariana 209 (71,58%) e 118 (40,41%) não recebeu informações sobre amamentação em nenhum momento. Dificuldades de amamentação: pega 167 (57,19%), fissura mamilar 96 (32,88%), confusão de bicos 69 (23,63%), insegurança materna 65 (22,26%) e ingurgitamento mamário 61 (20,89%). Conclusão: orientações realizadas pelos profissionais voltadas para a prática do aleitamento materno e acompanhamento adequado à mulher no período gravídico puerperal resultam no sucesso da amamentação.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: conocer las dificultades de las mujeres que procuran atención en el Banco de Leche Humana. Método: se trata de un estudio documental y retrospectivo con una muestra de 292 formularios de puérperas que se acercaron al servicio especializado del Banco de Leche Humana de un Hospital Universitario en el nordeste de Brasil. Se realizó en el período de enero a agosto de 2017. Se utilizaron pruebas de Chi-cuadrado y medidas de Odds Ratio. Resultados: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 118 (40,4%) mujeres con Enseñanza Superior Completa, 198 (67,81%) tuvieron sus partos en servicios privados de salud, 209 (71,58%) por cirugía cesárea, y 118 (40,41%) no recibieron información alguna sobre lactancia en ningún momento. Dificultades de lactancia: agarre 167 (57,19%), fisura mamilar 96 (32,88%), confusión de pezones 69 (23,63%), inseguridad materna 65 (22,26%), y congestión mamaria 61 (20,89%). Conclusión: las pautas orientadoras proporcionadas por los profesionales dirigidas a la práctica de la lactancia materna y al adecuado acompañamiento de la mujer en el período de embarazo puerperal derivan en una lactancia exitosa.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the difficulties experienced by women who seek care at the Human Milk Bank. Method: This is a documentary, retrospective, and quantitative study with a sample of 292 forms from postpartum women who sought specialized care at the Human Milk Bank of a university hospital in Northeastern Brazil. The present study was conducted from January to August 2017. Chi-square tests and odds ratio values were used. Results: The study population consisted mainly of women with a complete higher education degree (118; 40.4%). Additionally, 198 (67.81%) of the childbirths took place in private health facilities, and 209 (71.58%) were by Cesarean section. Moreover, 118 (40.41%) mothers did not receive information on breastfeeding at any time. The most common breastfeeding difficulties were latch-on (167; 57.19%), nipple fissure (96; 32.88%), nipple confusion (69; 23.63%), maternal insecurity (65; 22.26%), and breast engorgement (61; 20.89%). Conclusion: Professional guidance on breastfeeding and proper maternal follow-up during pregnancy and postpartum result in successful breastfeeding.

Saberes sobre processo de enfermagem no banco de leite humano / El saber sobre el processo de enfermería en el banco de leche humano / Knowledge regarding the nursing process in the human milk bank

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os saberes dos enfermeiros sobre o processo de enfermagem como instrumento da Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem no Banco de Leite Humano. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório, qualitativo, realizado no segundo trimestre de 2015 em sete Bancos de Leite Humano do Estado do Espírito Santo. Com essa perspectiva foram entrevistadas nove enfermeiras atuantes no serviço de saúde. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Resultados: O processo de enfermagem pode ser considerado um organizador dos trabalhos, no espaço do Banco de Leite Humano. Tais saberes no cotidiano e o conhecimento da aplicabilidade do processo de enfermagem necessitam ser um pressuposto para sustentar as ações dos enfermeiros nos Bancos de Leite Humano. Conclusão: as análises indicaram que o trabalho do enfermeiro deve estar embasado em uma metodologia científica, mas há uma fragmentação na efetivação das etapas do processo de enfermagem. Faz-se necessária a elaboração de um instrumento que possibilite a efetivação da Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem, mediante o instrumento processo de enfermagem.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el saber de los enfermeros sobre el proceso de enfermería como instrumento de la Sistematización de la Asistencia de la Enfermería en el Banco de Leche Humano. Método: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio y cualitativo realizado en el segundo trimestre del 2015 en siete Bancos de Leche Humano del Estado de Espírito Santo. Con esa perspectiva se entrevistaron nueve enfermeras actuantes en el servicio de salud. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis del contenido en la modalidad temática. Resultados: el proceso de enfermería puede ser considerado como un organizador de los trabajos en el espacio del Banco de Leche Humano. Los conocimientos en lo cotidiano y en la aplicabilidad del proceso de enfermería necesitan ser un presupuesto para defender las acciones de los enfermeros en los Bancos de Leche Humano. Conclusión: los análisis mostraron que el trabajo del enfermero debe estar basado en una metodología científica, pero hay una fragmentación en la realización de las etapas del proceso de enfermería. Es necesaria la elaboración de un instrumento que posibilite la realización de la Sistematización de la Asistencia de Enfermería mediante el instrumento de proceso de la enfermería.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze nurses' knowledge regarding the nursing process as an instrument for Nursing Care Systematization in the Human Milk Bank. Method: descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study carried out in the second quarter of 2015 in seven Human Milk Banks in the State of Espírito Santo. With this perspective, nine nurses working in the health service were interviewed. The data were submitted to thematic content analysis. Results: the nursing process can be considered an organizer of work in the context of the Human Milk Bank. Such everyday knowledge and knowledge of the applicability of the nursing process needs to be an assumption in order to support the actions of nurses in the Human Milk Banks. Conclusion: the analyzes indicated that the nurses' work and activities must be based on a scientific methodology, however there is a fragmentation in the effectiveness in the steps of the nursing process. It is necessary to elaborate an instrument that enables the implementation of the Nursing Assistance Systematization, through the nursing process instrument.

Growth of very low birth weight infants fed with milk from a human milk bank selected according to the caloric and protein value

OBJECTIVE: To describe growth and clinical evolution of very low birth weight infants fed during hospital stay with milk from a human milk bank according to the caloric-protein value. METHOD: Forty very low birth weight infants were included: 10 were fed milk from their own mothers (GI), and 30 were fed human milk bank > 700 cal/L and 2 g/dL of protein. Growth curves were adjusted using nonlinear regression to the measured growth parameters. RESULTS: full enteral diet was reached in 6.3 days by GI and in 10.8 by GII; a weight of 2 kg was reached in 7.3 weeks for GI and in 7.8 for GII. In GI, 3/10 (33.3 percent) and in GII, 7/30 (23.3 percent) developed sepsis. Necrotizing enterocolitis did not occur in GI, but in 3/30 (10.0 percent) in GII. GI presented with urinary calcium > 4 mg/L in 1/10 (10.0 percent), urinary phosphorus (Pu) <1 mg/L in 10/10 (100 percent), and Ca/Cr >0.6 ratio in 1/10 (10.0 percent) of the cases; in GII, no children presented alterations of the urinary calcium or the Ca and Cr ratio, and Pu was <1 mg/L in 19/30 (63.3 percent). In terms of growth the 50th percentile for GI was a weight gain of 12.1 g/day (GI) vs. 15.8 g/day (GII), a length gain of 0.75 cm/week (GI) vs. 1.02 cm/week (GII), and a head circumference gain of 0.74 cm/week (GI) vs. 0.76 cm/week (GII). CONCLUSIONS: Human milk bank allowed a satisfactory growth and good clinical evolution for very low birth weight infants.

Determinação de vitamina A no leite de mães doadoras do banco de leite humano (BLH) de Manaus/AM: efeito do processamento / Determination of vitamin A in the milk of donor mothers from the human milk bank (hmb) in Manaus/AM: Effect of processing

Esse estudo teve como objetivo determinar os teores de vitamina A no Leite Humano Materno (LHM), de 50 mães doadoras do Banco de Leite Humano (BLH), da Maternidade Ana Braga, em Manaus-AM. As amostras foram coletadas semanalmente e mantidas congeladas até a pasteurização. As análises de retinol e ß-caroteno no leite humano foram realizadas antes e após o tratamento (pasteurização), mediante o método cromatográfico. Foram retiradas alíquotas de 5 mL aproximadamente de leite de cada amostra. Os pesos dos bebês ao nascer das mães doadoras de leite incluídos no estudo foram > 2500g. A concentração de vitamina A no leite tanto antes quanto após o processamento, não foram suficientes para suprir o requerimento (46,75 ± 6,28 µg/dL e 31,55 ± 8,29 µg/dL, respectivamente), de crianças que se alimentam exclusivamente do leite do BLH, notadamente as pré-termo, cujos requerimentos de vitamina A são maiores e a capacidade de ingerir leite é menor do que os nascidos a termo. A perda de vitamina A pelo processamento, em nosso estudo foi de 32,51%. Para garantir a formação de reservas hepáticas e a proteção contra deficiência de vitamina A, seriam necessárias concentrações dessa vitamina no leite superiores a 80 µg/dL.

This study treats a transversal, descriptive, observational and analytical study with the objective of determining the Vitamin A chemical content in Human Maternal Milk (HMM) of 50 donor mothers from the Ana Braga Maternity Human Milk Bank (HMB), in Manaus, Amazonas. Samples were collected weekly and maintained frozen until pasteurization. Analyses of retinol and ß-carotene in human milk were undertaken before and after the treatment (pasteurization), chromatographic method. Aliquots of approximately 5 mL of milk were taken from each sample. The babies included in the study were weight > 2500g. The Vitamin A concentration in the milk, before and after the processing, was found to be insufficient for that required (46.57 ± 6.28 µg/dL and 31.55 ± 8.29 µg/dL respectively) for children who feed exclusively on HMB milk, notably premature babies, whose Vitamin A requirements are greater and whose capacity for ingesting milk is lower than that of fully born babies. The loss of Vitamin A through processing was, in this study, 32.51%. To guarantee hepatic reserves and protect against deficiencies, it would be necessary that the vitamin A concentration in the milk be higher than 80 µg/dL.

Perfil das doadoras do banco de leite humano do Hospital Universitário de Maringá, Estado do Paraná, Brasil / Human milk bank donors' profile at Hospital Universitário de Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil

Amamentação exclusiva até os seis meses de idade é fato importante para a saúde e para a relação mãe e filho. Quando essa amamentação é prejudicada, o desmame precoce pode ocorrer. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar o perfil das doadoras do Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital Universitário de Maringá, Estado do Paraná. Foram entrevistadas 48 nutrizes doadoras de leite humano durante os meses de outubro e novembro de 2004. O estudo foi observacional transversal e os dados foram coletados utilizando-se um questionário estruturado. Observou-se que 41,7% das nutrizes tinham entre 20 e 29 anos, 33,3% ensino médio completo e 66,6% receberam informações sobre amamentação. A falta de informação, contudo, sobre mama ingurgitada (20,8%), estimulação para produção de leite (29,1%) e outras funções do leite materno, além da alimentação (31,3%), foram relevantes. Apenas metade das nutrizes não tinha oferecido qualquer outro alimento para o bebê antes dos seis meses de vida. Dados apontam para importância de orientação das nutrizes de forma direcionada, ainda durante a gestação.

Exclusive maternal breast feeding until six months of age is an important practice for health and mother and son's relationship. However, when that exclusive maternal breast feeding is harmed, precocious weans may occur. This work aims at investigating the Human Milk Bank donors' profile at Hospital Universitário de Maringá, State of Paraná. Forty-eight nursing mothers were interviewed during two months: October and November, 2004. A transversal and observational study was carried out and the data were collected by means of individual interviews conducted by structured questionnaire. 41.7% of the women were aged between 20 and 29, 33.3% had concluded secondary school and 66.6% had received information on breast-feeding. The lack of information on engorged breast (20.8%), on stimulation for milk production (29.1%) and other maternal milk functions, besides feeding (31.3%), was also relevant. Only half of the breastfeeding women had not offered the baby any other food, except maternal milk. Data pointed out to the importance of these women?s direct orientation regarding breast feeding during gestation.