Boosting Acidic Hydrogen Evolution Kinetics Induced by Weak Strain Effect in PdPt Alloy for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers.

Strain engineering is an effective strategy for manipulating the electronic structure of active sites and altering the binding strength toward adsorbates during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the effects of weak and strong strain engineering on the HER catalytic activity have not been fully explored. Herein, the core-shell PdPt alloys with two-layer Pt shells (PdPt2L) and multi-layer Pt shells (PdPtML) is constructed, which exhibit distinct lattice strains. Notably, PdPt2L with weak strain effect just requires a low overpotential of 18 mV to reach 10 mA cm-2 for the HER and shows the superior long-term stability for 510 h with negligible activity degradation in 0.5 M H2SO4. The intrinsic activity of PdPt2L is 6.2 and 24.5 times higher than that of PdPtML and commercial Pt/C, respectively. Furthermore, PdPt2L||IrO2 exhibits superior activity over Pt/C||IrO2 in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers and maintains stable operation for 100 h at large current density of 500 mA cm-2. In situ/operando measurements verify that PdPt2L exhibits lower apparent activation energy and accelerated ad-/desorption kinetics, benefiting from the weak strain effect. Density functional theory calculations also reveal that PdPt2L displays weaker H* adsorption energy compared to PdPtML, favoring for H* desorption and promoting H2 generation.

Liquid phase transformation mechanism of ß-caryophyllonic acid initiated by hydroxyl radicals and ozone in atmosphere.

ß-caryophyllonic acid (BCA), as an important precursor of aqueous secondary organic aerosols (aqSOA), has adverse effects on the atmospheric environment and human health. However, the key atmospheric chemical reaction process in which BCA participates in the formation of aqueous secondary organic aerosols is still unclear. In this study, the reaction mechanism and kinetics of BCA with ·OH and O3 were investigated by quantum chemical calculations. The initiation reactions between BCA and ·OH include addition and H-abstraction reaction pathways, subsequent intermediates will also react with O2, ultimately undergo a cracking reaction to generate small molecular substances. The reaction of BCA with O3 can generate primary ozone oxides and the Criegee Intermediates oIM3, subsequent main reaction products include keto-BCA, as well as other small molecule aqSOA precursors. The entire reaction process increases the O/C ratio of aqSOA in the aqueous phase and generates products of small molecules such as 4-formylpropionic acid, which plays an important role in the formation of aqSOA. At 298K, the transformation rate constants of BCA initiated by ·OH and O3 are 1.47 × 1010 M-1 s-1 and 3.16 × 105 M-1 s-1, respectively, the atmospheric lifetimes of BCA reacting with ·OH range from 0.86 h-5.40 h, while the lifetimes of BCA reacting with O3 range from 0.44 h-10.04 years. This suggests that BCA primarily reacts with ·OH. However, under higher O3 concentrations, its ozonolysis becomes significant, promoting the formation of aqSOA. According to the risk assessment, the toxicity of most transformation products (TPs) gradually decreased, but the residual developmental toxicity could not be ignored. In this paper, the atmospheric liquid phase oxidation mechanisms of sesquiterpene unsaturated derived acid were studied from the microscopic level, which has guiding significance for the formation and transformation of aqSOA in atmosphere.

Effective waste management through Co-pyrolysis of EFB and tire waste: Mechanistic and synergism analysis.

Driven by the need for solutions to address the global issue of waste accumulation from human activities and industries, this study investigates the thermal behaviors of empty fruit bunch (EFB), tyre waste (TW), and their blends during co-pyrolysis, exploring a potential method to convert waste into useable products. The kinetics mechanism and thermodynamics properties of EFB and TW co-pyrolysis were analysed through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The rate of mass loss for the blend of EFB:TW at a 1:3 mass ratio shows an increase of around 20% due to synergism. However, the blend's average activation energy is higher (298.64 kJ/mol) when compared with single feedstock pyrolysis (EFB = 257.29 kJ/mol and TW = 252.92 kJ/mol). The combination of EFB:TW at a 3:1 ratio does not result in synergistic effects on mass loss. However, a lower activation energy is reported, indicating the decomposition process can be initiated at a lower energy requirement. The reaction model that best describes the pyrolysis of EFB, TW and their blends can be categorised into the diffusion and power model categories. An equal mixture of EFB and TW was the preferred combination for co-management because of the synergistic effect, which significantly impacts the co-pyrolysis process. The mass loss rate experiences an inhibitive effect at an earlier stage (320 °C), followed by a promotional impact at the later stage (380 °C). The activation energy needed for a balanced mixture is the least compared to all tested feedstocks, even lower than the pyrolysis of a single feedstock. The study revealed the potential for increasing decomposition rates using lower energy input through the co-pyrolysis of both feedstocks. These findings evidenced that co-pyrolysis is a promising waste management and valorisation pathway to deal with overwhelming waste accumulation. Future works can be conducted at a larger scale to affirm the feasibility of EFB and TW co-management.

Thermoluminescence and ATR-FTIR study of UVC-irradiated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) food packaging.

This research aims to study the effects of ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) food packaging. Main objectives include evaluating LDPE degradation and detecting UVC radiation using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) placed under LDPE samples. Results confirm accurate UVC detection after one hour of exposure, providing a useful tool for optimize food treatment procedures. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy analysis revealed subtle alterations (<8 % transmittance relative) in UVC-irradiated LDPE samples, including possible CH breakage (2910 and 2848 cm-1) and potential CC bond vibrations (1470 cm-1), among others. However, observed variations may stem from LDPE properties rather than entirely from UVC radiation. A comparative study of UVC-induced thermoluminescence (TL) emissions provided insights into various TLDs materials. TL kinetic analysis, using computerised glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) method, unveiled trap charge activation due to UVC exposure, including partial ionization, bleaching effect and photo-transfer (PTTL) processes. LDPE samples amplified UVC-TL responses, revealing intensity differences between the TLDs attributed to the PTTL process, accentuated by the lack of an annealing treatment. Additionally, chemical composition of the TL detectors such as, type, concentration, number, oxidation states and ionic radii of their dopants may influence UVC-TL response. Consequently, TL intensity ratios follow as: GR-200 (LiF: Mg, Cu, P) > TLD-100 (LiF: Ti, Mg) > TLD-400 (CaF2: Mn) > TLD-200 (CaF2: Dy). Thus, GR-200 detects ionizing radiation but cannot distinguish between ionizing and non-ionizing UVC radiation, while TLD-100 has limited effectiveness as a UVC radiation detector. In contrast, TLD-400 is suitable for detecting UVC radiation and TLD-200 emerges as the most favorable UVC detector, showing consistent response levels and minimal PTTL effect placed under the LDPE samples without the need of a thermal annealing treatment that makes the TLD-200 to be reusable in a low-cost measurement protocol.

Purification and preparation of pure SiC with silicon cutting waste.

Recycling silicon cutting waste (SCW) plays a pivotal role in reducing environmental impact and enhancing resource efficiency within the semiconductor industry. Herein SCW was utilized to prepare SiC and ultrasound-assisted leaching was investigated to purify the obtained SiC and the leaching factors were optimized. The mixed acids of HF/H2SO4 works efficiently on the removal of Fe and SiO2 due to that HF can react with SiO2 and Si and then expose the Fe to H+. The assistance of ultrasound can greatly improve the leaching of Fe, accelerate the leaching rate, and lower the leaching temperature. The optimal leaching conditions are HF-H2SO4 ratio of 1:3, acid concentration of 3 mol/L, temperature of 50 °C, ultrasonic frequency of 45 kHz and power of 210 W, and stirring speed of 300 rpm. The optimal leaching ratio of Fe is 99.38%. Kinetic analysis shows that the leaching process fits the chemical reaction-controlled model.

High efficient preparation of low molecular weight galactomannan from Leucaena leucocephala galactomannan through the combination of hydrogen peroxide and oxalic acid.

Researchers have always been interested in polysaccharide degradation because of the increased biological activity and usability following degradation. In this work, low molecular weight galactomannan (LMW-GM) was produced through the degradation of galactomannan by H2O2 and oxalic acid (OA). The optimal reaction conditions were found by conducting the response surface optimization experiment based on single-factor experiment and kinetics analysis. Under these conditions, the LMW-GM yield was 69.48 ± 1.02 %. Ultimately, an analysis of the degradation process revealed that OA attacked GM indiscriminately, and H2O2 has a stronger effect on the removal of branched chains while degrading GM. Hence, the degradation steps were rearranged as H2O2 was added 20 min before OA at a constant total time. The LMW-GM yield was successfully increased to 76.49 ± 1.27 %. The goal of this work is hopefully to give a theoretical foundation for the low-cost preparation and industrial production of the degradation of galactomannan.

A low-temperature SPR-based assay for monoclonal antibody galactosylation and fucosylation assessment using FcγRIIA/B.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are powerful therapeutic tools in modern medicine and represent a rapidly expanding multibillion USD market. While bioprocesses are generally well understood and optimized for MAbs, online quality control remains challenging. Notably, N-glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of MAbs as it affects binding to Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), impacting the efficacy and safety of MAbs. Traditional N-glycosylation characterization methods are ill-suited for online monitoring of a bioreactor; in contrast, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) represents a promising avenue, as SPR biosensors can record MAb-FcγR interactions in real-time and without labeling. In this study, we produced five lots of differentially glycosylated Trastuzumab (TZM) and finely characterized their glycosylation profile by HILIC-UPLC chromatography. We then compared the interaction kinetics of these MAb lots with four FcγRs including FcγRIIA and FcγRIIB at 5°C and 25°C. When interacting with FcγRIIA/B at low temperature, the differentially glycosylated MAb lots exhibited distinct kinetic behaviors, contrary to room-temperature experiments. Galactosylated TZM (1) and core fucosylated TZM (2) could be discriminated and even quantified using an analytical technique based on the area under the curve of the signal recorded during the dissociation phase of a SPR sensorgram describing the interaction with FcγRIIA (1) or FcγRII2B (2). Because of the rapidity of the proposed method (<5 min per measurement) and the small sample concentration it requires (as low as 30 nM, exact concentration not required), it could be a valuable process analytical technology for MAb glycosylation monitoring.

Microencapsulation of green coffee oil by complex coacervation of soy protein isolate, sodium casinate and polysaccharides: Physicochemical properties, structural characterisation, and oxidation stability.

This study developed a combination method between protein-polysaccharide complex coacervation and freezing drying for the preparation of green coffee oil (GCO) encapsulated powders. Different combinations of soy protein isolate, sodium caseinate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and sodium alginate were utilised as wall materials. The occurrence of complexation between the biopolymers were compared to the final emulsion of the individual protein and confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. The mean diameter and estimated PDI of GCO microcapsules were 72.57-295.00 µm and 1.47-2.02, respectively. Furthermore, the encapsulation efficiency of GCO microcapsules was between 61.47 and 90.01 %. Finally, oxidation kinetics models of GCO and its microcapsules demonstrated that the zero-order model of GCO microcapsules was found to have a higher fit, which could better reflect the quality changes of GCO microcapsules during storage. Different combinations of proteins and polysaccharides exhibited effective oxidative stability against single proteins because of polysaccharide addition. This research revealed that soy protein isolate, sodium caseinate combined with polysaccharides can be used as a promising microencapsulating agent for microencapsulation of GCO, especially with sodium carboxymethylcellulose and sodium alginate, and provided useful information for the potential use of GCO in the development of powder food.

TitrationAnalysis: a tool for high throughput binding kinetics data analysis for multiple label-free platforms.

Label-free techniques including Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) are biophysical tools widely used to collect binding kinetics data of bimolecular interactions. To efficiently analyze SPR and BLI binding kinetics data, we have built a new high throughput analysis tool named the TitrationAnalysis. It can be used as a package in the Mathematica scripting environment and ultilize the non-linear curve-fitting module of Mathematica for its core function. This tool can fit the binding time course data and estimate association and dissociation rate constants ( k a and k d respectively) for determining apparent dissociation constant ( K D) values. The high throughput fitting process is automatic, requires minimal knowledge on Mathematica scripting and can be applied to data from multiple label-free platforms. We demonstrate that the TitrationAnalysis is optimal to analyze antibody-antigen binding data acquired on Biacore T200 (SPR), Carterra LSA (SPR imaging) and ForteBio Octet Red384 (BLI) platforms. The k a, k d and K D values derived using TitrationAnalysis very closely matched the results from the commercial analysis software provided specifically for these instruments. Additionally, the TitrationAnalysis tool generates user-directed customizable results output that can be readily used in downstream Data Quality Control associated with Good Clinical Laboratory Practice operations. With the versatility in source of data input source and options of analysis result output, the TitrationAnalysis high throughput analysis tool offers investigators a powerful alternative in biomolecular interaction characterization.

Inhibition of aflatoxins on UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs).

Aflatoxins have been recognized as the most harmful mycotoxins leading to various toxic effects. The present study aims to determine the inhibition behavior of aflatoxins on the activity of the important phase II metabolizing enzymes, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), based on in vitro incubation system of recombinant human UGTs-catalyzed glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). 100 µM AFB1 and AFG1 exhibited extensive inhibition towards UGT isoforms especially UGT1A7 and UGT1A8, with the inhibition ratios to be 71.38%, 72.95% and 72.79% for AFB1 to UGT1A7, AFB1 to UGT1A8 and AFG1 to UGT1A8, respectively. Molecular docking results showed that hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts of the particular structure consisting of double furan ring with double bond contributed to the interaction of aflatoxins and UGTs. Kinetics analysis, including inhibition types and kinetics parameters (Ki), and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) indicated that there might be a medium possibility of inhibition on UGTs by aflatoxins in vivo. In conclusion, the present study indicated that aflatoxins could possibly disturb endogenous metabolism by inhibiting the activity of UGTs so as to exhibit toxic effects.

Comparing the effect of electron beam, beta and ultraviolet C exposure on the luminescence emission of commercial dosimeters.

This paper reports on the luminescence characterization of TLD-100 (LiF: Ti, Mg), TLD-200 (CaF2: Dy), TLD-400 (CaF2: Mn) and GR-200 (LiF: Mg, Cu, P) dosimeters exposed to electro beam, beta and ultraviolet C radiation -UVC-. All of them show high sensitivity to radiation regardless of whether it is ionizing or partially ionizing radiation based on their luminescence properties (cathodoluminescence -CL- or thermoluminescence -TL-). CL emission differs significantly among them in shape and intensity due to their chemical compositions. LiF samples display three maxima at: (i) 300-450 nm linked to intrinsic and structural defects, (ii) a green waveband probably due to F3+ centres or the presence of hydroxyl groups and (iii) the red-infrared emission band associated with F2 centres. However, CL spectra from the CaF2 dosimeters display meaningful differences due to the dopant. TLD-200 is characterized by an emission with four sharp individual peaks in the green-IR spectral region (due to the Dy3+), whilst TLD-400 exhibits a broad maximum peaked at Ì´500 nm (linked to the Mn2+). On the other hand, the variation in the TL glow curves allows to discriminate the TLDs exposed to beta and UVC radiation since they give rise to different chemical-physical processes and that have been studied from the estimation of the kinetic parameters by means of the Computerised Glow Curve Deconvolution (CGCD) method.

A kinetics mechanism of NOX formation and reduction based on density functional theory.

NOX are serious pollutants emitted during combustion, which are greatly harmful to human health and the environment. However, previous studies have not accurately elucidated the NOX conversion mechanism in complicated combustion reactions. To reveal the micro-chemical mechanism of NOX conversion and obtain accurate kinetics data, advanced quantum chemistry methods are employed in this study to systematically explore the pathways of NOX formation and reduction, and determine the new rate coefficients. An energy barrier analysis revealed that during NOX formation (N2 → N2O → NO→NO2), NO is primarily produced by a sequence of reactions (N2 + O → N2O → NO) rather than the traditional reaction (O + N2 → NO+N). Meanwhile, NO2 formation (NO→NO2) largely depends on the O and HO2 radicals, while the active O atom can promote both the formation and destruction of NO2. During NOX reduction (NO2 → NO→N2O → N2), NO2 reduction (NO2 → NO) is closely related to H, CO, and O, whereas CO plays a critical role in NO2 destruction. However, NO reduction (NO→N2O) is unfavourable because of a high energy barrier, while N2O reduction (N2O → N2) is strongly affected by the O atom instead of CO. HONO is mainly formed when NO2 reacts with the HO2 and H radicals, and when NO reacts with OH radicals; thus, HONO consumption largely depends on OH and H radicals. Based on the transition state theory, we obtained new kinetic parameters for NOX conversion, which supplement and correct critical kinetics data obtained from the current NOX model. Performance assessment of the proposed NOX kinetic mechanism reveals that it can improve the existing NOX kinetic mode, which is in good agreement with experimental data.

Pyrolysis Kinetics Analysis and Prediction for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites.

Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites have poor high temperature resistance and are prone to thermal damage during service in the aerospace field. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites and reasonably predict their thermal decomposition under arbitrary temperature conditions. The kinetic analysis was conducted on the thermal decomposition of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites (USN15000/9A16/RC33, supplied by Weihai GuangWei Composites Co., Ltd. Weihai City, Shandong Province, China) under a nitrogen environment, and an improved model of pyrolysis prediction suitable for the arbitrary temperature program was developed in this work. The results showed that the carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites begin to degrade at about 500 K, and the peak value of the weight loss rate at the respective heating rate appears in the range of 650 K to 750 K. A single-step reaction can characterize the thermal decomposition of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites in a nitrogen atmosphere, and a wide variety of isoconversional approaches can be used for the calculation of the kinetic parameters. The proposed model of pyrolysis prediction can avoid numerous limitations of temperature integration, and it shows good prediction accuracy by reducing the temperature rise between sampling points. This study provides a reference for the kinetic analysis and pyrolysis prediction of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites.

Thermal Degradation and Product Analysis of 3-iodo-2-propyl-butylcarbamate as a Wood Preservative.

The thermal degradation kinetics and degradation products of IPBC during the heating process are investigated herein. Experiments were conducted at isothermal conditions from 60 °C to 150 °C. The remaining IPBC content was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at specific time intervals for each test, and the kinetic model of IPBC thermal degradation was established. The thermal degradation products of IPBC were studied by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that thermal degradation of IPBC occurred at 70 °C, and the degradation rate increased significantly from 70 °C to 150 °C. The thermal degradation kinetics of IPBC conformed to the first-order reaction and k=3.47×1012e-111125/RT from 60 °C to 150 °C. Seven degradation products such as prop-2-yn-1-yl ethylcarbamate and methyl N-butylcarbamate were identified and the degradation reaction pathway and the mechanism of IPBC were proposed, which involved deiodination, demethylation, deethynylation, deethylation, and hydroxylation processes.

Regulating Oxygen Configuration in Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanosheets for High-Rate and Durable Na+ Storage.

Surface oxygen functionalities (particularly C-O configuration) in carbon materials have negative influence on their electrical conductivity and Na+ storage performance. Herein, we propose a concept from surface chemistry to regulate the oxygen configuration in hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets (HPCNS). It is demonstrated that the C-O/C=O ratio in HPCNS reduces from 1.49 to 0.43 and its graphitization degree increases by increasing the carbonization temperature under a reduction atmosphere. Remarkably, such high graphitization degree and low C-O content of the HPCNS-800 are favorable for promoting its electron/ion transfer kinetics, thus endowing it with high-rate (323.6 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1 and 138.5 mAh g-1 at 20.0 A g-1 ) and durable (96 % capacity retention over 5700 cycles at 10.0 A g-1 ) Na+ storage performance. This work permits the optimization of heteroatom configurations in carbon for superior Na+ storage.

Synchronous removal of ammonia nitrogen, phosphate, and calcium by heterotrophic nitrifying strain Pseudomonas sp. Y1 based on microbial induced calcium precipitation.

Pseudomonas sp. Y1, a strain with superior synchronous removal ability of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), phosphate (PO43--P), and calcium (Ca2+) was isolated, with the removal efficiencies of 92.04, 99.98, and 83.40 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was degraded by 90.33 %. Through kinetic analysis, the optimal cultivated conditions for heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HNAD) and biomineralization were determined. The growth curves experimental results of different nitrogen sources indicated that strain Y1 could remove NH4+-N through HNAD. The results of excitation-emission matrix (EEM) proved that the appearance of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) promoted the precipitation of phosphate minerals. Finally, the characterization results of the bioprecipitates showed that the HNAD process produced the alkalinity required for microbial induced calcium precipitation (MICP), resulting in the removal of PO43- via adsorption and co-precipitation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of microorganisms to achieve synchronous nutrient removal and phosphorus recovery in wastewater.

Biochar amendment of aerobic composting for the effective biodegradation of heavy oil and succession of bacterial community.

Soil pollution caused by petroleum pollutants from production trade activities in petroleum-related factories contributes serious threat to the environment and human health. Composting is technically-feasible and cost-effective in the biodegradation of heavy oil pollutants. This composting experiment was developed with four rice husk biochar (RHB) concentrations of 0 wt% (CK), 5 wt% (S1), 10 wt% (S2) and 15 wt% (S3) for the degradation of heavy oil. The results showed that RHB amendment could strengthen the degradation performance of heavy oil, and the degradation efficiencies for CK, S1, S2 and S3 were 59.67%, 65.00%, 73.29% and 74.82%, respectively. Microbial community succession process was investigated through high-throughput sequencing technology, and the RHB addition regulated bacterial community succession and further effectively facilitated the biodegradation of heavy oil in composting. This study substantiated that biochar materials-amended aerobic composting would be a promising strategy for the biodegradation of petroleum pollutants.

Single-step removal of calcium, fluoride, and phenol from contaminated water by Aquabacterium sp. CZ3 via facultative anaerobic microbially induced calcium precipitation: Kinetics, mechanism, and characterization.

Confronting the complex contaminated water, Aquabacterium sp. CZ3 could perform microbially induced calcium precipitation (MICP) under facultative anaerobic condition using phenol as supplementary carbon source. Strain CZ3 exhibited a remarkable ability to remove nitrate, fluoride, calcium and phenol with removal rates of 100.00, 87.50, 66.24 and 100.00%, respectively. The Modified Gompertz model was used for kinetic analysis to determine the optimum conditions for denitrification and degradation of phenol. The mechanism of anaerobic MICP was enhanced by measuring the self-aggregation properties of the isolates. The mechanism of fluoride removal was identified as co-precipitation and adsorption by characterization analysis of the bioprecipitation. Furthermore, the changes in soluble metabolites under phenol stress explained the utilization of phenol as a co-substrate by microorganisms. This is a novel report on phenol degradation by anaerobic MICP, which provides a theoretical basis for expanding its practical application.

Auxiliary effect of CO2 on pyrolysis of oily sludge.

The efficient recovery and conversion of energy in oily sludge has great prospects. In this article, the main objective is to investigate the impact of the addition of CO2 during the pyrolysis of oily sludge on energy recovery and conversion by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and compare the effect with the traditional pyrolysis effect from the perspective of thermal conversion behavior, products composition, and kinetics analysis. The results of the experiment showed that in the CO2 atmosphere, the main weight loss temperature of oily sludge was mainly concentrated in the range of 300-500 °C, which is lower than the reaction temperature range of traditional pyrolysis. The yields of CO and H2 in the products have been greatly improved, and the highest proportion in the gas products can reach 19.29% and 22.38%, respectively. The Ea (activation energy) values of oily sludge were determined to be in the range of 40-120 kJ·mol-1 with the conversion between 0.2 and 0.8 via DAEM, KAS, Starink, and FWO methods, respectively, in which the FWO method has shown the strongest adaptability. The results of this study provide reference values for practical engineering applications.

Kinetics Analysis and ADRC-Based Controller for a String-Driven Vascular Intervention Surgical Robotic System.

Vascular interventional surgery is a typical method for diagnosing and treating cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. However, a surgeon is exposed to significant X-radiation exposure when the operation is conducted for a long period of time. A vascular intervention surgical robotic system for assisting the surgeon is a promising approach to address the aforementioned issue. When developing the robotic system, a high displacement accuracy is crucial, and this can aid in enhancing operating efficiency and safety. In this study, a novel kinetics analysis and active disturbance rejection control (ADRC)-based controller is proposed to provide high accuracy for a string-driven robotic system. In this controller, kinetics analysis is initially used to improve the accuracy affected by the inner factors of the slave manipulator. Then, the ADRC controller is used to further improve the operating accuracy of the robotic system. Finally, the proposed controller is evaluated by conducting experiments on a vascular model. The results indicate maximum steady errors of 0.45 mm and 6.67°. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed controller can satisfy the safety requirements of the string-driven robotic system.