A case of intra-abdominal gossypiboma diagnosed preoperatively by endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle-aspiration.

Gossypiboma is an extremely rare adverse event occurring post-surgery, where surgical gauze is left within the body. If aseptically retained, it can lead to the formation of granulation tissue through chronic inflammation and adhesion with surrounding tissues, potentially persisting asymptomatically for many years. While diagnosis of this condition has been reported through various imaging modalities such as abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography, cases not presenting with typical findings are difficult for preoperative diagnosis, and instances where it is discovered postoperatively exist. Particularly when in contact with the gastrointestinal tract within the abdominal cavity, differentiation from submucosal tumors of the digestive tract becomes problematic. This report describes the imaging characteristics of endoscopic ultrasound and the usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound-fine-needle-aspiration for tissue diagnosis in the preoperative diagnosis of intra-abdominal gossypiboma.

Marvin Minsky: The Visionary Behind the Confocal Microscope and the Father of Artificial Intelligence.

Marvin Lee Minsky, a pioneering figure in artificial intelligence (AI), was born on August 9, 1927, in the city of New York. His father, Henry, was an eye surgeon, while his mother, Fannie, was involved in Zionist activities. Minsky was instrumental in establishing the AI laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and authored numerous influential works on AI and philosophy. Among his many accolades was the prestigious Turing Award, which he received in 1969. Minsky was an exceptionally brilliant, creative, and charismatic individual, whose intellect and imagination were evident in his work. His ideas played a pivotal role in shaping the computer revolution that has profoundly transformed modern life in recent decades. In 1957, Minsky patented the confocal microscope, a significant invention that was a forerunner to today's confocal laser scanning microscopes. This innovation significantly improved image clarity and contrast by focusing light on a specific depth within a sample, unlike traditional microscopes, which allow light to penetrate deeper layers. The influence of his contributions continues to resonate in contemporary efforts to develop intelligent machines, one of the most thrilling and significant undertakings of our time.

Comparative Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Different Rotary Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) Files After Autoclaving: An Atomic Force Microscopic Study.

Introduction Canal preparation is a critical step in endodontic therapy. Introducing nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments has significantly reduced the likelihood of errors in curved canals. However, due to their price, these instruments are often reused following autoclaving. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the surface characteristics of two designs of rotary NiTi files used in curved canals and subjected to multiple autoclaving cycles, utilizing an atomic force microscope for detailed analysis. Methods A total sample size of 24 files was taken, 12 files of Hyflex EDM (Coltene/Whaledent, Germany) files and WaveOne Gold (Dentsply Sirona, USA) files were then divided into four groups (n=6) as follows: Group I: Hyflex EDM control group; Group II: WaveOne Gold control group; Group III: Hyflex EDM experimental group; Group IV: WaveOne Gold experimental group. Sterilization using an autoclave was performed thrice for Groups I and II files. The files in Groups III and IV were used in simulated curved canals three times and autoclaved after each use. Atomic force microscopy was used to assess the surface roughness of the files after the first and third autoclave cycles. Results The results showed that, without statistical significance, Hyflex EDM exhibited the highest surface roughness after the first usage among the two file systems. Conclusion It can be concluded that both Hyflex EDM and WaveOne Gold files produced similar levels of surface changes when subjected to multiple usage and autoclaving cycles.

Flexible inner surface of polysulfone membranes prevents platelet adhesive protein adsorption and improves antithrombogenicity in vitro.

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether the condition of the inner surface of hollow fibers affects the blood compatibility of hemodialyzers. METHODS: We used scanning probe microscope/atomic force microscopy (SPM/AFM) to investigate the height of the swelling and flexible layers (thickness and softness) on the inner surfaces of the hollow fibers. Next, we tested the blood compatibility between dialyzers comprising a hollow fiber membrane, in which the other dialyzers, except for PVP, were additionally coated using PS membranes coated with other materials. After blood was injected into the dialyzer and plugged, dynamic stimulation was performed by slightly rotating the dialyzer for 4 h, although there was no blood circulation. RESULTS: The vitamin E-coated polysulfone (PS) membrane showed a higher thickness and softness of the flexible layer than the asymmetric cellulose triacetate membrane without polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and the PS membranes with PVP. We found that the dialyzer with vitamin E coating significantly suppressed the decrease in platelets, increase in ß-TG, and increase in PF4 compared to those coated with NV polymer. Additionally, as the adsorbed protein on the inner surface, the total protein, fibronectin, and vWF levels were significantly lower in the vitamin E-coated dialyzer. CONCLUSION: The thickness and softness of the flexible layer of the inner surface of the hollow fiber membrane in vitro affect differences in blood coagulation performance in clinical research. Future clinical trials are required to confirm our results.

Marginal adaptation of customized gutta percha cone with calcium silicate based sealer versus MTA and biodentine apical plugs in simulated immature permanent teeth (an in vitro study).

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the marginal adaptation of a single customized gutta percha cone with calcium silicate-based sealer versus mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine apical plugs in simulated immature permanent teeth. METHODS: Thirty-nine extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were selected, prepared to simulate immature permanent teeth with an apical diameter 1.1 mm, placed in moist foam and divided into three groups. Group 1: Obturation with a single customized gutta percha cone and calcium silicate sealer. Group 2: MTA apical plug. Group 3: Biodentine apical plug. After incubation, teeth were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm and 3 mm from the apex and marginal adaptation was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: Biodentine showed the least mean gap size at both 1 and 3 mm from the apex with no statistically significant differences compared to MTA (p > 0.05). The single customized cone with calcium silicate based sealer showed the greatest mean gap size at both 1 and 3 mm from the apex with a statistically significant difference compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Biodentine and MTA apical plugs provide a significantly better marginal adaptation to the dentinal walls than a single customized gutta percha cone with calcium silicate based sealer in simulated immature permanent teeth.

Effect of blood and artificial saliva contamination on marginal adaptation and sealing ability of different retrograde filling materials: A comparative analysis.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of blood and artificial salivary contamination of different root-end filling materials on microleakage using a confocal laser scanning microscope and on marginal adaptation using a scanning electron microscope. Materials and Methods: Eighty noncarious single-rooted teeth with mature apices were taken. After retro-cavity preparation, they were randomly assigned into two major groups (n = 40). They were contaminated with blood and artificial saliva, respectively. Each major group was divided randomly into four subgroups (n = 10) and filled as follows: Subgroup A, Biodentine; Subgroup B, bioactive bone cement; Subgroup C, Cention N; and Subgroup D, Bio-C Repair. The samples were sectioned transversely at 1 and 2 mm from the root apex and checked under a confocal laser scanning microscope for microleakage and under an scanning electron microscope for marginal adaptation. The average mean values were calculated. Independent samples t-tests, paired t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc tests were done to analyze the data. Results: All the tested materials showed marginal gaps and dye leakage. The Bio-C Repair group showed the least mean marginal gap and dye leakage values, followed by bioactive bone cement, Biodentine, and Cention N, respectively, in both blood and artificial saliva contamination. However, the mean marginal gaps and dye leakage between the major groups were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: In an overall comparison, Bio-C Repair was found to be superior in terms of marginal adaptation and sealing ability under the test conditions.

Impact of dental operative microscopes on precision in minimally invasive dental restoration procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dental operative microscopes on precision in minimally invasive dental restoration procedures. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included patients who underwent minimally invasive dental restoration procedure at Nanjing Stomatological Hospital from March 2018 to December 2019. Patients were categorized into two groups, an observation group treated with microscope-guided provisional restorations, and a control group treated using conventional methods. Clinical indices, including implant survival rates over five years, were compared between the groups. Multivariate analysis was employed to identify independent risk factors for implant failure. RESULTS: After treatment the observation group exhibited significantly lower labial vertical marginal discrepancies and absolute marginal discrepancies, as well as improved labial gingival indices and periodontal probing depths compared to the control group (all P<0.001). Additionally, the observation group scored significantly higher in efficiency, accuracy, and overall quality of tooth preparation (all P<0.001). Clinicians using microscopes demonstrated significantly lower mean Rapid Upper Limb Assessment scores, indicating reduced ergonomic strain (P<0.001). Higher age, worn tooth defects, poor oral hygiene, and non-use of a microscope were identified as independent risk factors for implant failure at the five-year mark. CONCLUSION: Dental operative microscopes significantly enhance the precision, efficiency, and ergonomic comfort in minimally invasive dental restorations for both clinicians and patients. Widespread adoption of this technology is strongly recommended.

Microstructural architecture of the bony scutes, spine, and rays of the bony fins in the common pleco (Hypostomus plecostomus).

Studying scute and fin morphology are advantageous approaches for phylogenetic identification and provide information on biological linkages and evolutionary history that are essential for deciphering the fossil record. Despite this, no prior research has precisely characterized the histological structures of scutes in the common pleco. Therefore, this research investigated the microstructure and organization of bone tissue within the dermal skeleton, including the scutes and fins, in the common pleco, using light microscopy, stereomicroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The dermal scutes were organized in a pentagonal shape with denticular coverage and were obliquely aligned with the caudal portion pointing dorsally. The dermal scutes consisted of three distinct portions: the central, preterminal, and terminal portions. Each portion comprised three layers: a superficial bony plate, a basal bony plate, and a mid-plate. Both the superficial and basal bony plates were composed of lamellar bone and lamellar zonal bone, whilst the mid-plate consisted of secondary osteons and woven bone. In the terminal portion, the superficial and basal bony plates became thinner. The pectoral fin consists of spines and rays composed of lepidotrichium (two symmetrical hemi-rays). The spine contained centrifugal and centripetal lamellar and trabecular bones. A centripetal fibrous bone was implanted between the lamellar bones. Besides being oriented in a V shape, the hemi-rays were also composed of thin centrifugal and centripetal lamellar bones and trabecular bones. A fibrous bone was identified between the centrifugal and centripetal bones. The trabecular bone and lamellar bone were made up of bone spicules.

PMSOMA: optical microscope algorithm based on piecewise linear chaotic mapping and sparse adaptive exploration.

The optical microscope algorithm (OMA) is a metaheuristic algorithm that draws inspiration from the magnifying functionality of optical microscopes. This study introduces an enhanced variant of OMA, termed PMSOMA, designed to mitigate the original version's limitations, notably its slow convergence rates and vulnerability to local optima. PMSOMA integrates a piecewise linear chaotic map to refine population initialization and augment diversity, alongside a sparse adaptive exploration mechanism to bolster search efficacy. The performance of PMSOMA was rigorously tested using a suite of 50 benchmark functions, the CEC2017 test suite, feature selection datasets, and three classical engineering challenges. The empirical findings confirm that PMSOMA surpasses both the original OMA and competing algorithms by delivering superior solutions, accelerating convergence, and demonstrating enhanced robustness in convergence.

Wood biochar induced metal tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.) plants under heavy metal stress.

Due to metal toxicity, widespread industrialization has negatively impacted crop yield and soil quality. The current study was aimed to prepare and characterize biochar made from wood shavings of Pinus roxburghii and to determine the plant growth promoting and heavy metal detoxification of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) contaminated soil. FTIR SEM coupled with EDX characterization of biochar was performed; Cd and Cr were used at a rate of 20 mg/kg. Biochar was used at the rate of 50 mg/kg for various treatments. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used for the experiment and three replicates of each treatment were made. Various agronomic and enzymatic parameters were determined. The results indicated that all growth and enzymatic parameters were enhanced by the prepared biochar treatments. The most prominent results were observed in treatment T5 (in which shoot length, root length, peroxidase dismutase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalyzes (CAT), and chlorophyll a and b increased by 28%, 23%, 40%, 41%, 42%, and 27%, respectively, compared to the control). This study demonstrated that biochar is a sustainable and cost-effective approach for the remediation of heavy metals, and plays a role in plant growth promotion. Farmers may benefit from the current findings, as prepared biochar is easier to deliver and more affordable than chemical fertilizers. Future research could clarify how to use biochar optimally, applying the minimum amount necessary while maximizing its benefits and increasing yield.

A Rare Case of Fabry's Disease-Induced Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Fabry's disease, also known as Anderson-Fabry Disease (AFD), is caused by mutations in the α galactosidase A (α GalA) gene found on the X chromosome. This condition results in an accumulation of sphingolipids, including globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in cells throughout the body. The main effects of Fabry disease typically involve heart, kidney, and nervous system complications. A common cardiac dysfunction is left ventricular hypertrophy. In this case study, we share findings about cardiomyopathy resulting from Fabry disease to explain how this condition impacts the heart and the importance of a biopsy in making a diagnosis. A 57-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease likely attributed to hypertension was evaluated for a kidney transplant. An echocardiogram revealed severe ventricular hypertrophy. The clinical team ordered blood levels of alpha-galactosidase, globotriaosylceramide, and globotriaosylsphingosine enzymes, which demonstrated significant deficiency. Consequently, a genetic test along with an endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) was ordered. Under microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin stain (H/E) and periodic acid Schiff stain (PAS), myocyte vacuolization was observed, which remained unchanged when diastase was added. Electron microscopy revealed inclusion bodies described as myeloid and curvilinear bodies within cells, interstitial cells, and cardiomyocytes. Diagnosing Fabry disease can be challenging, as it may be confused with other medical conditions. Our case study showed how EMB played a role in diagnosing the disease and guiding proper treatment.

Radiation and mechanical performance of cementitious materials containing ecofriendly nano laboratory waste glass.

This study helps in managing waste glass and greening the environment by incorporating laboratory waste glass into mortar production to make an eco-friendly shielding material against gamma rays. The efficiency of using waste glass powder as a cement replacement or addition in mortar production was studied by using two waste glass sizes: micro glass (particle size range from 10.09 to 24.73 µm) and nano glass (particle size range from 10.57 to 26.42 nm) to design different mortar specimens with varying percentages of fine glass powder from 0 to 30%. Compressive strength and flexure strength were evaluated to determine mechanical properties. The results indicated that adding WGP to mortar positively affects the characteristics of cementitious composites. The linear and mass attenuation coefficients of the samples were experimentally determined using a NaI detector and various radioactive sources (Am-241, Ba-133, Eu-152, Cs-137, and Co-60) with gamma energies ranging from 59.53 to 1332 keV. The obtained coefficients were then compared to the theoretical values of the composites using XCOM software to verify their accuracy. Additionally, the half-value layer, tenth-value layer, mean free path, and effective atomic number were computed. Furthermore, the results revealed that the mortar sample with 30% nano additive glass was the most effective in reducing gamma radiation.

Mechanistic Understanding of the Underlying Energy Storage Mechanism of α-MnO2-based Pseudo-Supercapacitors.

Manganese dioxide (α-MnO2) has attracted significant research interest in supercapacitors recently. However, the reaction mechanism of α-MnO2 in supercapacitors remains unclear. Therefore, a nano-supercapacitor using Environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) is conducted and investigated the reaction mechanism of α-MnO2 based on three ionic liquids (ILs). It found that in the aprotic ionic liquid (AIL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIMOTF), α-MnO2 nanowires (NWs) undergo an oxidation reaction due to the presence of an active proton at the second position (H2) of the imidazole ring. As a result, α-MnO2 NWs undergo a phase transition and transform into Mn3O4, exhibiting pseudo-capacitive properties. Furthermore, characterization of the macroscopic α-MnO2 electrodes after cycling reveals that after the initial charging cycles, the dominant energy storage mechanism of the supercapacitor transitions from pseudo-capacitance to a dual-layer capacitance formed by the combination of Mn3O4 and unreacted α-MnO2. Simultaneously, due to the coexistence of these two energy storage mechanisms, the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor in EMIMOTF electrolyte reaches up to 80 F g-1, and the cycle number reaches as high as 1000 cycles. The results are expected to provide insights into the selection of electrolytes in supercapacitors and offer a fundamental understanding of the internal reaction mechanisms in capacitors.

The potential of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) in the transesterification of lipids produced by Rhodotorula minuta.

The urgent need to address energy security risks and global warming has led to exploration of renewable energy sources. One such avenue is biodiesel specifically focusing on the potential of Rhodotorula minuta, a type of yeast known for producing lipids that can be used as a sustainable alternative for production of biodiesel. In the current study, this promising yeast was evaluated for its potential to produce lipids. The morphological characterization was carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and intracellular detail was studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Changes in content and cellular biomass were monitored at time intervals with the highest biomass yield of 12.4 g/l and lipid content of 6.2 g/l achieved after 72 h. In the present work, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were synthesized and extensively characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), SEM, TEM, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). By employing response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD), optimal process conditions for transesterification could be determined. The best result achieved was a yield of 88.6% when the conditions were optimized, using methanol to oil ratio of 18:1 and 8% (w/w) amount of catalyst maintaining a reaction temperature of 55 °C and allowing the reaction to proceed for 120 min.

The influence of different radiotherapy doses on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the enamel and dentin of human premolar teeth.

OBJECTIVE: Radiation therapy is applied in the treatment of head and neck cancer patients. However, oral-health-related side effects like hyposalivation and a higher prevalence of caries have been shown. This study aims to assess the influence of different radiotherapy doses on the mechanical properties, roughness, superficial microstructure, and crystallinity of the enamel and dentin of human premolar teeth. METHODS: Specimens (n = 25) were categorized into five groups based on the radiation dose received (0, 10, 30, 50, and 70 Gy). The enamel and dentin of these specimens were subjected to a microhardness tester, profilometer, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X­ray diffraction (XRD) before and after different irradiation doses and compared to hydroxylapatite in each group. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: Therapeutic radiation doses of 30, 50, and 70 Gy led to a decrease in the microhardness and an increase in the average roughness of the enamel, and rougher surfaces were observed in the mixed three-dimensional images. Moreover, in the dentin, a similar outcome could be observed for more than 10 Gy. The main crystalline phase structure remained hydroxylapatite, but the crystallinity decreased and the crystalline size increased above 10 Gy. The superficial micromorphology revealed granulation, fissures, and cracks in a dose-dependent manner. Radiation below 70 Gy had little effect on the hydroxylapatite concentration during the whole experiment. CONCLUSION: Above a radiation dose of 30 Gy, the micromorphology of the tooth enamel changed. This occurred for dentin above 10 Gy, which indicates that dentin is more sensitive to radiotherapy than enamel. The radiation dose had an effect on the micromorphology of the hard tissues of the teeth. These results illustrate the possible mechanism of radiation-related caries and have guiding significance for clinical radiotherapy.

Neurosurgical applications of the exoscope: from in vitro studies to real-life surgical use in selective dorsal rhizotomy.

BACKGROUND: The microscope has been the gold standard in neurosurgical practice due to its ability to magnify anatomical structures. However, it has limitations, including restricted visual fields and ergonomic challenges that can lead to surgeon fatigue and musculoskeletal issues. The exoscope is an emerging technology that may address these limitations by offering comparable magnification with improved ergonomics. METHODS: This study compares the traditional microscope (KINEVO 900) with a 3D digital exoscope (Aeos Digital Microscope) in visual field width, image sharpness, and ergonomic impact. Visual field assessments were conducted using millimeter paper at a fixed distance, while image sharpness was evaluated using graph paper with pins at different depths. Ergonomic evaluation involved simulating surgical positions using a spine anatomical model. The practical applicability was tested during Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy (SDR) procedures, comparing the surgeon's experience with both devices over 20 consecutive cases. RESULTS: The exoscope provided a larger visual field (81.18 cm2) compared to the microscope's (54.10 cm2). Image sharpness was similar for both devices across various depths and zoom levels. Ergonomically, the exoscope allowed the surgeon to maintain a neutral posture while visualizing extreme angles, unlike the microscope, which required significant upper body movement. In SDR procedures, the exoscope improved surgeon comfort and interaction with the operating team, despite an initial learning curve. CONCLUSIONS: The exoscope presents notable advantages in terms of visual field and ergonomics. The exoscope's ability to facilitate better posture and team communication without compromising image quality makes it an addition to neurosurgical practice, as in SDR.

Enhancing Precision in Endodontic Procedures: An In vitro Investigation of Magnification and Enhanced Visualization.

Background: Endodontic procedures require precise manipulation and visualization to achieve optimal treatment outcomes. Magnification and enhanced visualization tools, such as dental loupes and dental operating microscopes (DOMs), have been introduced to enhance precision in endodontic practice. Materials and Methods: Extracted human teeth with single-rooted canals were divided into two groups: a control group without magnification and an experimental group with magnification and enhanced visualization. Endodontic procedures, including access cavity preparation, cleaning, shaping, and obturation, were performed on both groups. The experimental group utilized either dental loupes or a DOM for enhanced visualization. Treatment outcomes were assessed based on predefined criteria, including the quality of access cavity preparation, canal cleanliness, shaping, and obturation. Scores were assigned to each criterion to quantify treatment precision. Results: The use of magnification and enhanced visualization significantly improved precision in endodontic procedures compared to the control group. Access cavity preparation in the experimental group resulted in more conservative tooth structure removal and improved visualization of canal orifices. Canal cleanliness, shaping, and obturation were markedly superior in the experimental group, with higher scores indicating better precision. The experimental group also exhibited a reduced incidence of procedural errors and complications compared to the control group. Conclusion: Magnification and enhanced visualization tools, such as dental loupes and DOMs, enhance precision in endodontic procedures.

Identification of Middle Mesial Canal in Mandibular Molars Using Five Different Techniques: An In vitro Study.

Aim: The purpose of the study was to find out the incidence of the middle mesial canal in mandibular molars by using five different techniques. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 extracted human mandibular first molars were selected, and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were taken. Then, conventional access cavities were made, followed by troughing under dental loupes (3X), and were also examined under a dental operating microscope (DOM) (6X). Incidence of intermediate canals was noted from all these stages. Later, these teeth underwent a clearing method procedure, and incidence was noted from this stage and compared. Results: The overall diagnostic accuracy of CBCT (9 mm) had 97.48%, and evaluation under DOM had an overall accuracy of 97.33%. The least accuracy was found with the naked eye (92.67%). Conclusion: This study advocates the usage of newer methods like CBCT and DOM to find out and negotiate these accessory canals.

Use of Color Channel Optimization in 3D Heads-Up Vitrectomy vs Standard Operating Microscope for Macular Surgeries.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of color channel optimization with 3-dimensional (3D) heads-up vitrectomy (3D HUD group) vs standard operating microscope vitrectomy (control group) for macular surgery. Methods: This retrospective multicenter comparative study comprised patients having 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for macular hole, epiretinal membrane (ERM), or vitreomacular traction. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. Surgeons completed a subjective questionnaire after each case. The main outcome measures were safety related (dye reinjection rate, macular ERM or internal limiting membrane [ILM] peeling time, endoillumination intensity). Other outcome measures included total surgical time, surgical outcomes, and subjective surgeon-related parameters. Results: The study included 74 eyes (36 in 3D HUD group; 38 in control group). There were no statistical differences in baseline parameters between groups. Significantly more eyes in the control group than in the 3D HUD group required dye reinjection (23.7% vs 5.6%; P = .03). Less time was required for ERM and ILM peeling in the 3D HUD group (both P < .01); however, the total surgical time was the same between groups. Eyes in the 3D HUD group required lower endoillumination (P < .001). There were no between-group differences in the rates of complications. Surgeons said depth perception was better in the control group (P < .001), with no differences in comfort or visibility. Conclusions: 3D heads-up-based color channel optimization for macular surgeries is safe and effective. Although it may have safety advantages, it did not affect the visual or anatomic outcomes or total surgical time and did not improve surgeon comfort or visibility.

Unveiling the synergistic effect of octenyl succinic anhydride and pulsed electric field on starch nanoparticles.

In this study, guinea starch nanoparticles (GSNP) were prepared by nanoprecipitation technique and modified with octenyl succinic anhydride (3 %) and pulsed electric field (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 kV/cm). The effect of dual modification on the physicochemical, structural, morphological, thermo-pasting, and rheological properties of GSNP was investigated. The dual modification successfully incorporated octenyl groups into GSNP, as confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The degree of substitution increased from 0.0254 to 0.0347, with particle size ranging from 241.30 to 292.50 nm and zeta potential of -23.11 to -29.98 mV. TEM micrographs revealed that all SNP samples had self-aggregated granules with a mean size below 120 nm, and XRD confirmed a V-type crystalline structure. The amylose content and water absorption capacity decreased from 34.02 % to 24.63 % and from 2.45 to 1.91 g/g, respectively, while the oil absorption capacity and relative crystallinity increased from 3.42 to 4.01 g/g and from 17.82 % to 34.76 %, with modification. The gelatinization and degradation temperature of modified samples were higher while pasting properties exhibited variation with modification. The rheological properties of modified SNP samples exhibited more pronounced shear thinning, attributed to their weaker gel structure and fluid-like gel network. Overall, results suggested that modified GSNPs have potential for stabilizing Pickering emulsion and delivery of carrier materials for active functional substances.